Hydrogen generation from noncatalytic hydrothermolysis of ammonia borane for vehicle applications

Ammonia borane (AB) is a promising hydrogen storage material as it contains 19.6 wt % hydrogen. In this article, our recently developed hydrothermolysis approach to release hydrogen is studied over a wide range of AB concentrations (6–88 wt %), at pressure 14.7 and 200 psia, and temperature 85–135°C. It is shown that with increasing AB concentration up to 77 wt %, the H₂ yield increases, and that the role of thermolysis, when compared with hydrolysis, increases. The maximum hydrogen storage capacity, obtained at 77 wt % AB and T_reactor ～ 85°C along with rapid kinetics, was 11.6 and 14.3 wt % at pressure 14.7 and 200 psia, respectively. To our knowledge, on a material basis, the AB hydrothermolysis process is the first one to provide such high hydrogen yield values at near PEM fuel cell operating temperatures without use of catalyst, and thus is promising for use in fuel cell‐based vehicle applications. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011     

氨电氧化催化剂及其低温直接氨碱性膜燃料电池性能的研究进展

氨是一种无碳富氢的能源载体,体积能量密度高,易液化储存,是理想的储氢介质。以氨直接作为燃料,在低温碱性膜燃料电池中通过氨氧化反应实现化学能到电能的转化,是氨能源高效利用的理想路径之一。然而,低温氨氧化反应动力学缓慢、催化剂价格昂贵、易中毒等问题严重影响氨燃料电池性能,限制其大规模的商业化应用。因此,设计高效、廉价、稳定的催化剂是发展低温氨燃料电池技术的关键。本文首先综述了近些年研究者在氨氧化反应机理方面的探索,在深入理解反应体系的基础上,重点介绍了含贵金属和非贵金属催化剂设计制备及其在氨氧化反应中的进展,并总结了氨氧化催化剂在氨燃料电池中的性能。最后针对氨氧化催化剂目前存在的问题和未来的发展方向提出了建议,旨在为氨氧化催化剂的设计及低温氨燃料电池技术的发展提供研究思路。     

氨电氧化催化剂及其低温直接氨碱性膜燃料电池性能的研究进展

氨是一种无碳富氢的能源载体,体积能量密度高,易液化储存,是理想的储氢介质。以氨直接作为燃料,在低温碱性膜燃料电池中通过氨氧化反应实现化学能到电能的转化,是氨能源高效利用的理想路径之一。然而,低温氨氧化反应动力学缓慢、催化剂价格昂贵、易中毒等问题严重影响氨燃料电池性能,限制其大规模的商业化应用。因此,设计高效、廉价、稳定的催化剂是发展低温氨燃料电池技术的关键。本文首先综述了近些年研究者在氨氧化反应机理方面的探索,在深入理解反应体系的基础上,重点介绍了含贵金属和非贵金属催化剂设计制备及其在氨氧化反应中的进展,并总结了氨氧化催化剂在氨燃料电池中的性能。最后针对氨氧化催化剂目前存在的问题和未来的发展方向提出了建议,旨在为氨氧化催化剂的设计及低温氨燃料电池技术的发展提供研究思路。     

汽车用La0.79Mg0.21Ni3.95储氢合金的制备与电化学性能研究

为开发出高能量密度镍氢电池负极材料,采用真空感应熔炼的方法制备了La_0.79Mg_0.21Ni_3.95储氢合金,对比分析了铸态和退火态储氢合金的物相组成、显微形貌和电化学性能。结果表明,铸态和800 ℃/24 h退火态La_0.79Mg_0.21Ni_3.95储氢合金中都只含有LaNi₅和（La,Mg）₂Ni₇相;升高温度至900 ℃及以上时,储氢合金中形成了不同含量的（La,Mg）₅Ni₁₉和（La,Mg）₆Ni₂₄相。900 ℃/24 h退火态储氢合金的可逆吸放氢性能要高于950 ℃/48 h退火态储氢合金。铸态和退火态储氢合金都在前3周循环过程中到达了最大放电比容量,950 ℃/48 h退火态储氢合金中主要为（La,Mg）₆Ni₂₄相,其具有较高的循环稳定性。铸态和退火态La_0.79Mg_0.21Ni_3.95储氢合金具有良好的电化学活化性能,高倍率放电性能（HRD₁₅₀₀）从高至低的顺序依次为950 ℃/48 h、950 ℃/24 h、900 ℃/24 h、 800 ℃/24 h、铸态;储氢合金的HRD₁₅₀₀与氢扩散速率（D）和交换电流密度（I₀）的变化趋势相同,950 ℃/48 h退火态储氢合金具有最大的HRD₁₅₀₀,这主要与合金电极中含有61.8%（质量分数）的（La,Mg）₆Ni₂₄相、具有较高的D和I₀有关。     

电催化分解氨制氢研究进展

氢能作为一种理想的能源载体之一，近些年来受制于储存和运输的难题并未大规模发展。但随着电催化技术的成熟，在温和条件下，通过电催化分解含氢介质的制氢路线或将具备规模化开发清洁能源的潜力。氨(NH₃)具有高储氢密度(17.6%，质量分数)、运输便利、无碳等优点，被认为是合适的储氢介质之一。电催化分解氨的过程主要包括析氢反应(hydrogen evolution reaction， HER)和氨氧化反应(ammonia oxidation reaction， AOR)。重点综述了阳极电催化分解氨的反应机理及AOR催化剂的研究现状，对氨氧化技术的发展和应用进行了总结和展望，可为开发具有更高活性、稳定性的AOR催化剂和“以氨制储氢”的发展路线提供思路和指导。     

Solid‐state Materials and Methods for Hydrogen Storage: A Critical Review

Hydrogen is important as a new source of energy for automotive applications. It is clear that the key challenge in developing this technology is hydrogen storage. Current methods for hydrogen storage have yet to meet all the demands for on‐board applications. High‐pressure gas storage or liquefaction cannot fulfill the storage criteria required for on‐board storage. Solid‐state materials have shown potential advantages for hydrogen storage in comparison to other storage methods. In this article, the most popular solid‐state storage materials and methods including carbon based materials, metal hydrides, metal organic frameworks, hollow glass microspheres, capillary arrays, clathrate hydrates, metal nitrides and imides, doped polymer and zeolites, are critically reviewed. The survey shows that most of the materials available with high storage capacity have disadvantages associated with slow kinetics and those materials with fast kinetics have issues with low storage capacity. Most of the chemisorption‐based materials are very expensive and in some cases, the hydrogen absorption/desorption phenomena is irreversible. Furthermore, a very high temperature is required to release the adsorbed hydrogen. On the other hand, the main drawback in the case of physisorption‐based materials and methods is their lower capacity for hydrogen storage, especially under mild operating conditions. To accomplish the requisite goals, extensive research studies are still required to optimize the critical parameters of such systems, including the safety (to be improved), security (to be available for all), cost (to be lowered), storage capacity (to be increased), and the sorption‐desorption kinetics (to be improved).     

活性氧化铝基质新型复合吸附剂的制备和储热性能

研制了一种以活性氧化铝为基质、CaCl₂为吸湿盐的新型复合吸附剂,可用于以水为吸附质的热化学吸附储热系统,并对其内部结构、吸附性能和储热性能进行了研究。利用恒温恒湿箱确定出现溶液泄漏现象的最大含盐量,并对30℃和多种相对湿度工况下的动态和平衡吸附特性进行测量,研究了含盐量和相对湿度对吸附剂的吸附特性的影响,结果表明含盐量和相对湿度越大,复合吸附剂的吸水能力越强。利用全自动比表面积与孔隙度分析仪测量材料的比表面积和孔体积,利用同步热分析仪测试了复合吸附剂的储热密度,其中含盐量最高的复合吸附剂的储热密度最高,质量和体积储热密度分别达到0.51 kW·h/kg和610.2 kW·h/m³,具有良好的储热性能。     

The effect of different Co phase structure (FCC/HCP) on the catalytic action towards the hydrogen storage performance of MgH2

High hydrogen desorption temperature and sluggish reaction kinetics are the major limitations for the practical application of MgH₂. In this study, Co particles with a face centered cubic (FCC) structure and a hexagonal close packed (HCP) structure were prepared facilely and proved to be good catalysts for magnesium hydride. Co particles with FCC structure presented better catalytic effect on MgH₂ than that with HCP structure. Both 7% (mass) Co FCC and HCP particle modified MgH₂ decreased the initial dehydrogenation temperature from 301.3 ℃ to approximately 195.0 ℃, but 7% (mass) Co with FCC structure modified MgH₂ has a faster desorption rate, and around 6.5% (mass) H₂ was desorbed in 10 min at 325 ℃. Hydrogen uptake was detected at 70 ℃ under 3.25 MPa hydrogen pressure and 6.0% (mass) H₂ was recharged in 40 min at 150 ℃. The hydrogen desorption and absorption activation energy for 7% (mass) FCC Co modified MgH₂ was significantly decreased to (76.6±8.3) kJ·mol^-1 and (68.3±6.0) kJ·mol^-1, respectively. Thermodynamic property was also studied, the plateau pressures of MgH₂ + 7% (mass) FCC Co were determined to be 0.14, 0.28, 0.53 and 0.98 MPa for 300 ℃, 325 ℃, 350 ℃ and 375℃. The decomposition enthalpy of hydrogen (ΔH) for MgH₂ + 7% (mass) FCC Co was (80.6±0.1) kJ·mol^-1, 5.8 kJ·mol^-1 lower than that of as-prepared MgH₂. Moreover, cycling performance for the first 20 cycles revealed that the reaction kinetics and capacity of MgH₂-FCC Co composite remained almost unchanged. The result of density functional theory calculation demonstrated that cobalt could extract the Mg—H bond and reduced the decompose energy of magnesium hydride. Our paper can be presented as a reference for searching highly effective catalysts for hydrogen storage and other energy-related research fields.     

太阳燃料甲醇合成

我国将力争于2060年前实现碳中和,而实现碳中和的根本途径是能源利用形式由化石能源向可再生能源转变。本文指出太阳燃料甲醇合成（又称“液态阳光”）是利用太阳能等可再生能源分解水制取绿氢,再将二氧化碳与绿氢结合转化为甲醇的综合性技术,它不仅可将再生能源存储在液体燃料甲醇中,还可解决重要领域如冶金、建材、化工中的刚性二氧化碳排放,是实现碳中和目标切实可行的技术路线和有力手段。本文就作者团队研究发展的液态阳光水分解制氢和二氧化碳加氢制甲醇技术进行总结,并对当前液态阳光技术的工业应用进行了介绍。     

成分对汽车用（La0.7Mg0.3）Nix合金储氢特性的影响

为开发出具有高循环寿命和高储氢性能的新能源汽车用稀土镁基储氢合金,考察了铸态和退火态的铸锭/快淬（La_0.7Mg_0.3）Ni_x（x=2.0、2.5、3.0）储氢合金的微观结构、物相组成和储氢特性。结果表明,当x=2.5时快淬法储氢合金具有较好的吸放氢平台压力,PCT曲线中体现出完全脱氢特征,吸氢容量约为1.44%（质量分数）。经过850~950 ℃退火处理,铸锭法（La_0.7Mg_0.3）Ni_2.5储氢合金相较（La_0.7Mg_0.3）Ni_2.0储氢合金具有更高的吸放氢平台压和更宽的吸放氢平台,表明前者具有相对更好的吸放氢性能;不同退火温度下（La_0.7Mg_0.3）Ni_2.5储氢合金的吸放氢平台压较为接近,吸氢和放氢容量可达到1.6%（质量分数）。铸锭法和快淬法（La_0.7Mg_0.3）Ni_x储氢合金中的LaNi₅和（LaMg）Ni₃相会随着退火温度的升高而逐渐转变为（LaMg）₂Ni₇相;铸锭法和快淬法（La_0.7Mg_0.3）Ni_2.5储氢合金的表面粉末颗粒分别在退火温度为950 ℃和900 ℃时最为细小。     

笼型水合物为能源化工带来新机遇

笼型水合物是利用水分子通过氢键作用构建的笼型结构对甲烷等能源气体进行存储和提取,具有高安全性、高储存容量、温和储存条件、环境友好等优点。天然气水合物是传统能源和绿色能源之间的桥梁燃料,已成为世界各国科学家竞相研究开发的热点。本文综述了笼型水合物在能源与环境、流动安全、工程应用三个方面的研究成果,涵盖了固化天然气（SNG）、CO₂捕获和气体分离、蓄冷、海水淡化、汽车燃料以及制氢与储氢等能量转换、能量储存的领域。文章指出大力发展笼型水合物衍生技术,实现提取甲烷同时捕获二氧化碳,有助于实现碳中和的目标。阐述了笼型水合物生成依赖于其自身的热力学相平衡条件、反应过程的动力学性质及传递过程强化,从生成到分解的过程主要包括溶解、成核、生长、晶裂和解吸等一系列步骤,过程的微观机理复杂。展望了利用多尺度方法研究水合物生成的微观结构、界面现象、宏观应用和作用机理,有助于扩展化学工程的原理和知识,对开发能源化工领域新材料新工艺也有裨益,从而促进能源化工的发展。     

三氢化铝应用于燃料电池的研究进展

三氢化铝（AlH₃）具有储氢量大、质量轻、释氢温度较低、产物洁净等优势,是应用于燃料电池的理想储氢材料,但因其合成成本较高、室温条件下难以再生,目前尚未大规模应用。本文从燃料电池对储氢材料的要求出发,介绍了AlH₃的基本性质、合成再生方法及其释氢性能与改进方法,简述了基于AlH₃的储氢装置及系统、车载储氢和便携式电源等应用的国内外研究现状,提出今后研究工作应集中在降低释氢温度、调控释氢速率、提高释氢率、设计高效储氢系统及开发低成本制备和再生工艺。     

碳酸钙热分解进展

CaCO₃热分解产生CaO与CO₂的反应,是钙循环过程中CaCO₃再生的重要反应。钙循环过程在烟气脱碳、反应吸附强化甲烷蒸气重整制氢以及太阳热能储存等过程中都有重要应用。评价CaCO₃热分解的重要性能是分解温度和分解速率。本文从CaCO₃分解机理、热力学和反应动力学方面,分析了颗粒粒径、结构和组成以及加热速率、分解气氛和分解压力等变量对CaCO₃分解温度和分解速率的影响,为工业应用时降低CaCO₃分解温度、提高分解速率、减少分解能耗的研究提供了参考。     

蛭石/氯化钙复合吸附剂的吸附特性和储热性能

为了储存120℃以下的热能,提出了以水为介质的热化学吸附储热方法。配制了一种以膨胀蛭石为多孔基质、氯化钙为反应盐的新型复合吸附剂,并对其进行了微观形貌表征、吸附性能测试、同步热分析测试和储热密度的理论计算。扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观测显示膨胀蛭石特有的片层状的大孔结构产生了相对巨大的孔体积;利用恒温恒湿箱实验排除有溶液泄漏问题的含盐量;通过恒温恒湿箱对30℃、3种相对湿度下的动态吸附过程进行测试,分析了含盐量和相对湿度对吸附特性的影响,证实了该复合吸附剂具有3个不同的吸水阶段,包括物理吸附、化学吸附和溶液的气-液吸收过程;利用同步热分析测试（STA）和数值计算进一步对上述3个吸附过程的吸水量、吸附热和反应温度进行分析。最终优选出含盐量47.9%（质量分数）的复合吸附剂,其吸水量高达1.24 g·g^-1,质量和体积储热密度分别高达1.25 kW·h·kg^-1和213.56 kW·h·m^-3。     

Radiation-induced release of hydrogen from C:H films: basic regularities and mechanism

Model calculations of the process of interaction between accelerated ions and C:H films have shown that the kinetics of the ion irradiation-induced hydrogen release (IIIHR) from C:H films and the final hydrogen concentration (ρ_f) depend only on the characteristics of the irradiating ions. The hydrogen release the cross-section K, the saturation dose Φ_sat and the ion energy loss dE/dx are connected by simple linear relationships. The final hydrogen concentration ρ_f is proportional to the number of vacancies per broken bond (C_v/P_i). The IIIHR processes are well described by the following parameter: C_v/P_i, dE/dx and C′₀. In the proposed model for the given a-C:H film and ion irradiation the primarily characteristics of the IIIHR, such as Φ_sat and ρ_f, can be estimated ‘a priori’.     

PdCo/SiO2双金属催化剂用于杂环储氢载体的高效脱氢

乙基咔唑/十二氢乙基咔唑（N-ethylcarbazole/dodecahydro-N-ethylcarbazole,NECZ/12H-NECZ）体系被认为在有机液体储氢领域具有较大的开发应用前景,但高活性、选择性的脱氢催化剂的设计开发制约着其工业应用。基于此,设计开发出一种具有高脱氢活性和高选择性的双金属催化剂Pd₁Co₃/ SiO₂（Pd质量分数为1.25%）,对其结构进行了XPS、XRD、HRTEM等表征分析,并评价了其催化十二氢乙基咔唑的脱氢性能。与5.0%（质量分数）Pd/SiO₂相比,表明引入一定量的Co金属形成的PdCo合金可提高12H-NECZ脱氢反应效率和NECZ选择性,动力学与DFT计算发现双金属催化剂可以有效降低三步基元反应的能垒,大幅提升第二步基元反应（8H-NECZ到4H-NECZ）的脱氢反应速率。研究结果为揭示12H-NECZ脱氢反应机理和高效脱氢反应催化剂的设计与开发提供了新的思路。     

制备锆基AB2型Laves相贮氢电极材料的影响因素

Ni-MH电池具有比能量高、比功率高、循环寿命长、无污染等优点.锆基AB2型Laves相贮氢合金是制备高性能Ni-MH电池的重要材料之一.本文综述了原子半径比、平均外层电子数、电负性、元素等因素对锆基Laves相贮氢合金的影响;评述了各种表面处理方法对电极表面催化活性和反应动力学的影响.     

Hydrogen adsorption in a copper ZSM5 zeolite: An inelastic neutron scattering study

Currently microporous oxidic materials including zeolites are attracting interest as potential hydrogen storage materials. Understanding how molecular hydrogen interacts with these materials is important in the rational development of hydrogen storage materials and is also challenging theoretically. In this paper, we present an incoherent inelastic neutron scattering (INS) study of the adsorption of molecular hydrogen and hydrogen deuteride (HD) in a copper substituted ZSM5 zeolite varying the hydrogen dosage and temperature. We have demonstrated how inelastic neutron scattering can help us understand the interaction of H₂ molecules with a binding site in a particular microporous material, Cu ZSM5, and by implication of other similar materials. The H₂ molecule is bound as a single species lying parallel with the surface. As H₂ dosing increases, lateral interactions between the adsorbed H₂ molecules become apparent. With rising temperature of measurement up to 70 K (the limit of our experiments), H₂ molecules remain bound to the surface equivalent to a liquid or solid H₂ phase. The implication is that hydrogen is bound rather strongly in Cu ZSM5.

Using the simple model for the anisotropic interaction to calculate the energy levels splitting, we found that the measured rotational constant of the hydrogen molecule is reduced as a consequence of adsorption by the Cu ZSM5.

From the decrease in total signal intensity with increasing temperature, we were able to observe the conversion of para-hydrogen into ortho-hydrogen at paramagnetic centres and so determine the fraction of paramagnetic sites occupied by hydrogen molecules, ca. 60%.     

太阳能波动特性大数据分析与风光互补耦合制氢系统集成

太阳能是一种可持续的能源,然而其随机和间歇的波动特性制约了其大规模高渗透率应用。从分析风力和光照的基础特性出发,通过国际气象组织和航天机构的数据库中挖掘和整合数据,运用频谱分析、滤波分析,揭示了风能与光能均存在日(24 h)和年(8760 h)的波动周期;并指明了风能和光能波动周期的相位差,构成了风光能互补以平抑波动性的科学基础。对我国北方和西北多个地区的数据分析表明,当地风能与光能之间的日周期波动相位差为7个多小时,年周期波动相位差为5个多月,风能和光能的耦合对单独能源的波动具有平抑效果。由此构建了大规模稳定性风光耦合制氢供氢系统的容量配置设计准则,选用合适的蓄电池组和储氢罐,实现供氢波动率在10%以下,供氢规模达7500吨/年。该系统的单位制氢成本为25.5 CNY/kg H₂,显著低于单独风能或单独光能制氢的成本;CO₂排放强度为2.34 kg CO₂/kg H₂,优于未互补耦合的太阳能制氢系统。     

可见光增强g-C_3N_4/Co_3O_4胶体催化剂的催化产氢性能

通过水热法制备了具有可见光增产氢高性能的g-C_3N_4/Co_3O_4胶体催化剂,采用XRD、TEM、SEM和EDS等分析样品的组成和形貌结构。催化产氢结果表明,光照条件下g-C_3N_4/Co_3O_4胶体催化剂具有极高的催化产氢活性,TOF值高达58.2 min~(-1),通过拟合温度动力学曲线,得到了催化反应的活化能为15.73 kJ·mol~(-1)。对样品进行UV-vis和PL测试发现,g-C_3N_4/Co_3O_4胶体催化剂具有极高的光能利用率和电子-空穴分离率,并进一步阐述了光能促进催化产氢的作用机理。