包含左手介质的4层平板波导的转移矩阵和模式本征方程

研究了一个芯子层由左手介质构成、其他3层由普通介质构成的4层平板光波导系统。从波动方程出发,根据电磁场的边界条件,得到了TE波的转移矩阵和模式本征方程,并用图解法对这种左手介质4层平板波导中TE波的场分布分别进行了数值模拟。     

Reflectivity of buried slab waveguides

The scattering properties of an abruptly ended buried slab waveguide for both TE and TM modes are examined by an improved iteration technique that is based on the integral equation method with "accelerating" parameters. The waveguide is considered a symmetrical slab, for which the weakly guiding conditions are invalid, and it is embedded in a different dielectric material. The tangential electric field distribution on the terminal plane, the reflection coefficient of the first TE and TM guided modes, and the far-field radiation pattern are computed. Numerical results are presented for several ended waveguides, while special attention is given to the far-field radiation pattern rotation and the terminal field distributions.     

Analysis of mode size transformation with a tapered directional coupler

A simple tapered directional coupler with a five-layered structure is employed for mode conversion between a single-order and higher-order modes. We investigate coupling from higher-order modes to a single-order field theoretically and experimentally. As a result, we confirm that the first two modes in the tapered waveguide are coupled with a single-order mode in another waveguide by computer simulation using the beam propagation method. Furthermore, we fabricated the actual device and observed the streak patterns of the first three modes.     

Numerical simulation of an arbitrarily ended asymmetrical slab waveguide by guided-mode extracted integral equations

The scattering phenomenon from an arbitrary-shaped end of a asymmetrical slab waveguide for the cases of TE and TM guided modes is simulated by means of boundary integral equations that are called guided-mode extracted integral equations. The integral equations that we derive can be solved by the conventional boundary-element method. Numerical results are presented for problems of three-layer asymmetrical waveguides with tilted ends. The reflection coefficient, reflected and scattered powers, and radiation patterns are calculated numerically for the cases of incident TE and TM guided modes.     

Random Multimode Optical Media: I. Mode Coupling Process in Slab Waveguide with Stochastic Wall Perturbations

Abstract

The scope of the paper is to present in explicit form the mode coupling coefficients in slab waveguide, in the case when both boundaries of guiding core or gradient refractive index distribution are perturbed by random deviations from an ideal model. The central idea is to present the relationships between the processes, depicting the waveguide deformations and the estimators of the mode coupling processes. The correlation functions and the spectral density functions of both groups of processes are linearly interdependent; we examine the complex coefficients of these relations. In particular, the TE modes are analysed in detail in step-index slab. For the case of parabolic profile (n(x) = A(1 ? Bx²), within the core) the method which derives the statistic integral form of coupling coefficients is presented (also for guided TE modes). All modes are assumed to be monochromatic, i.e. time-dependence is exp (?iωt).     

Reflectivity properties of an abruptly ended asymmetrical slab waveguide for the case of transverse magnetic modes

We deal with the scattering phenomenon from an abruptly terminated asymmetrical slab waveguide for the case of transverse magnetic (TM) modes. The analysis uses both the integral equation method and the variational technique. The reflection coefficient of the dominant TM guided mode and the far-field radiation pattern are computed, and the discontinuity of the electric field distribution on the core-clad interface is exhibited. Numerical results are presented for several cases of abruptly ended waveguides, including the three-layer slab guide and the structure with variable profile of the refractive index.     

Reflectivity properties of an anisotropic slab waveguide with isolated substrate

The scattering properties for both TE and TM modes of an abruptly ended two-layered slab waveguide with anisotropic core and isolated substrate are examined by an improved iteration technique, which is based on the integral equation method with accelerating parameters. The relative dielectric constants of the core for the three Cartesian directions are considered to be different, but cases with isotropic core are also considered. The electric field distribution on the terminal plane and the reflection coefficients of the dominant TE and TM guided modes, as well as the near-field distribution and the far-field radiation pattern, are computed, while numerical results are presented for several cases of the core anisotropy.     

Prism Coupling of Light to Discrete Substrate Modes

Abstract

The most common coupling between a prism and a waveguide requires a gap between the prism and the waveguide. The modes in the waveguide are guided modes. We show that discrete substrate modes may be excited if the waveguide film is directly deposited onto the prism. These discrete substrate modes have many similarities to guided modes.     

A slab optical waveguide with negative effective thickness

Two new asymmetric slab optical waveguides with a left-handed media (LHM) cover or substrate are studied. The effective thickness is derived by using normalized waveguide parameters. An analytical method is then proposed to calculate the universal effective thickness. We show that negative effective thickness exists in the waveguide with a LHM substrate, unlike in conventional waveguide or other LHM waveguides studied previously. However, for the waveguide with a LHM substrate, the shape of high-order mode behaves like that of a traditional slab waveguide, and neither the fundamental mode nor the other higher order modes have the novel phenomena of negative effective thickness. Both TE and TM modes are discussed.     

Optical branching effect in Ti:LiNbO3 waveguides: near-field pattern studies

The paper presents a detailed study of a single optical beam splitting into several beams (the branching effect) in photorefractive sensitive Ti:LiNbO3 optical slab waveguides. The near-field patterns of the multibeam structures are presented for different values of optical power coupled into TE guided modes of different orders. The process of partial recovery of the optically damaged waveguide (the partial shrinking of the multibeam bundle created) is also described.     

Phase effects in guided mode resonances: spectral phase

When a suitably designed waveguide grating couples an external wave to a local wave, a well-known (and well-studied) resonance anomaly can appear in the reflectance spectrum. We employ a guided mode resonance in a silicon-on-insulator waveguide to study the spectral phase response using backside illumination, in which interference fringes from a weak substrate reflection allows the extraction of the phase. Comparing a slab analysis, rigorous coupled wave analysis, and experiment shows that the strongest resonances in this structure are associated with modes confined in the silicon layer that are very close to cut-off.     

Planar photonic crystal structure with inherently single-mode waveguides

A planar photonic crystal that allows inherently gap-guided single-mode waveguides is proposed and discussed. This novel structure consists of a two-dimensional lattice of silicon rods embedded on a thin silica slab sandwiched between two silica claddings whose refractive indices are slightly lower than the index of the silica core. The physical parameters of the structure, i.e., rod radius and core thickness, are optimized to maximize the bandgap width for odd modes. Lossless guided modes inside the bandgap and below the claddings' light cone are obtained by reducing the radius of a row of rods. The waveguide bandwidth can be increased by inserting a thin silicon dielectric waveguide instead of the row of rods. The proposed approach may overcome many of the common drawbacks in conventional holes-on-dielectric planar photonic crystal waveguides.     

A physical interpretation of elastic guided-wave reflection from normal ends of a waveguide

Studied in this paper are two-dimensional guided wave reflections from normal boundaries in an isotropic elastic media. By making use of the transverse resonance concept, the reflections of the waveguide modes from normal interfaces are interrogated. A general condition is obtained under which the guided waves in an isotropic medium will undergo no mode conversion when interaction occurs with a normal traction free or fixed end. Under some circumstances, similarities are obtained between waveguide modes and bulk-wave modes, for example, doubling of the displacement field at a free end and doubling of the stress field at a fixed end. The results obtained are applicable to all two-dimensional, guided-wave modes, along one waveguide direction with lossless boundaries on the surface(s) parallel to the waveguide direction, including all possible guided-wave modes, propagating and nonpropagating, in plates, one half space, interface of two different half spaces, layers on a half space, multilayer structures, and all axisymmetric modes in cylindrical structures. In addition, the function of displacement potentials is analyzed in the course of guided-wave mode conversion at a normal end.     

Evanescent surface-wave modes in a slab with application to miniaturised waveguide components

Characteristics of surface-wave modes in a slab with either negative permittivity or negative permeability are considered. It is shown that this kind of slab is a monomode structure which supports TM mode when the permittivity is negative and TE mode when the permeability is negative. It is shown that tightly bound surface-wave modes exist, also backward waves, in a slab with small thickness. These surface-wave modes will certainly have applications in trying to miniaturise waveguide components in microwave techniques and in optics. As an example, characteristics for a planar plasma waveguide are given     

The surface mode of a dielectric waveguide with metal substrate

The conditions of excitation and the waveguide characteristics are determined in an analytical form for the TM₀ mode of a planar waveguide with metal substrate. This mode has a surface character, in contrast to other (bulk) modes excited in the system. The propagation and damping constants and the energy flux density distributions are compared for the TM₀ and TE₀ modes.     

Modal analysis and device considerations of thin high index dielectric overlay slab waveguides

The effect of adding a thin high index dielectric overlay layer onto a 3-layer slab waveguide demonstrates several interesting features that can be exploited in integrated optical device configurations. A simple modal analysis is employed to examine the behavior of guided light launched from a 3-layer waveguide structure then coupled and propagated in the 4-layer overlay region. Modal properties typically overlooked in conventional slab waveguides are made use of in the design and theoretical analysis of an MMI device and optical index of refraction sensor. The optical structure presented here can form the backdrop waveguide design for more complex and active devices.     

Long-range surface plasmon polariton mode cutoff and radiation in slab waveguides

The normal-mode-analysis method is used to model the radiative spreading of long-range surface plasmon polariton modes injected into regions where the bound surface mode is cutoff or radiative. Mode cutoff is induced by an asymmetry between the index of refraction of the top cladding layer and that of the bottom. The analysis was performed at lambda(0)=1.55 microm for infinite-width (slab) metal waveguides where the metal was Au and the bounding dielectrics were SiO(2). Results show that a change in insertion loss of > 20 dB is possible for an appropriate waveguide geometry and dielectric asymmetry.     

Focusing-grating-coupler arrays for uniform and efficient signal distribution in a backboard optical interconnect

Several one-dimensional arrays of focusing grating couplers are designed for uniform distribution of incident optical powers to several processing boards in a backboard interconnection scheme. As main design parameters, both the length and the duty cycle of each focusing grating coupler are determined on the bases of ray-optic propagation-mode analysis in a slab waveguide and of rigorous coupled-wave diffraction analysis for out-coupled radiation modes. The backboard interconnection scheme incorporating the one-dimensional focusing-grating-coupler arrays, when used to distribute a guided optical power of TE(0) mode to several converging waves radiated only toward a glass substrate, displayed a power uniformity of 5% and a total coupling efficiency of 99.1%, which can be highly acceptable in practical use.