小型化软X光能谱仪研制

为研制小型化软X光能谱仪,首先研制了一批小型化软X光探测元器件,包括中子辐照的砷化镓探测器、质子辐照的砷化镓探测器、多层膜反射镜、平面镜和小型化X射线二极管(XRD)等等。配置了多层镜光电导软X光能谱仪、平面镜小XRD软X光能谱仪和平面镜光电导软X光能谱仪等。这些谱仪都在“神光”Ⅱ上做了考核实验,并对这些谱仪作出了客观的评价。     

多层膜镜用于激光等离子体发射软X光谱测量

本文研究软Ｘ光Ｗ／Ｓｉ多层镜色散特性，多层镜与Ｘ射线二极管（ＸＲＤ）的配合，用于激光等离子体发射软Ｘ射线诊断，通过与滤片－ＸＲＤ探测结果比较，估计给出了Ｗ／Ｓｉ（ｄ＝２．４７ｎｍ）在光子波长λ＝１．８９ｍｍ处的能量分辨及反射率。     

软X射线多层膜技术

软Ｘ射线多层膜技术是目前工程光学和应用光学中的一个热点,用多层膜可以组成类似于可见光波段的各种软Ｘ射线光学仪器,如望远镜,显微镜,投影光刻系统和光谱仪器等,文章简要介绍了长春光学精密机械研究所近年来软Ｘ射线多层膜技术的研究概况。     

软X射线波段多层膜-多层膜光栅单色器

从多层膜和多层膜光栅的衍射特性出发,得到了适用于软Ｘ射线波段的组合式多层膜－多层膜光栅单色器的工作原理和色散性质。如果多层膜和多层膜光栅的反射面之间保持适当的夹角,该夹角取决于多层膜的周期和光栅的周期之比,则由单色器出射的光束仍保持与入射光束平行,且有很好的色散及最大的光强输出。     

用于ICF软X光能谱仪时标系统的功分器研制

在ICF软X光能谱仪诊断实验中,为了将能谱仪各通道输出的纳秒尺度测量信号在时间上精确关联,需要测试系统提供定时精度好于200ps多路一致的时标信号.为此研制了无源纯电阻8路功分器来提供时标信号,通过对其性能进行的测试,表明该功分器基本满足现有物理实验要求.同时对功分器的进一步改进进行了分析,提出了解决方案.     

8.0nnX射线激光反射镜Mo／B4C多层膜制备及其特性

用磁控溅射法制备工作波长约８．０ｎｍ的Ｍｏ／Ｂ４Ｃ的多层膜作为正入射短波长（λ〈１０．０ｎｍ）软Ｘ射线激光反射腔的反射镜,经Ｘ射线衍射仪和ＴＥＭ检测,多层膜周期结构准确,热稳定性高。     

同步辐射软X光Al衰减膜透射率的测量

分参数测量Ａｌ衰减膜的质量厚度和氧化层后，通过计算到了Ａｌ膜的透过率。为检验计算结果的正确性，在北京同步辐射软Ｘ光反射率装置上进行Ａｌ衰减膜透过率的直接测量。二者的结果在最大偏差１１％范围内符合。     

软X射线激光用分束镜研究

软X射线干涉测量是通过软X射线激光经过马赫-詹德干涉仪完成的，是测量驱动激光临界面附近等离子体状态的重要方法。本基于软X射线多层膜的性能特点，指出软X射线干涉测量的干涉仪各光学元件的入射角越接近正入射越好，分束镜的设计应以其反射率和透过率的乘积为衡量标准。用离子束溅射法制作了类镍银13．9nm软X射线激光干涉测量所需的分束镜，实测表明其面形精度达到纳米量级，反射率和透过率乘积大于1．6％。     

北京同步辐射软X射线偏振测量装置及其应用

在北京同步辐射装置（BSRF）设计建造了一套基于多层膜偏振元件的软X射线偏振测量分析装置,可工作在双反、双透、前反后透和前透后反四种工作模式,既可作为偏振测量装置,用于同步辐射光束线和多层膜偏振元件偏振特性测量,也可作为通用反射率计,用于多层膜和薄膜的反射或透射率测量,又可用于磁性材料的磁光效应研究等。利用自行研制的装置和光学元件对BSRF的3W1B光束线的偏振特性进行了系统的测量。测量结果指出,在206 eV时,输出光的线偏振度从起偏前的0.585上升到起偏后的0.995,同步光的线偏振度得到极大改善。利用非周期宽带Mo/Si多层膜开展了铁磁性材料的磁光法拉第效应测量,获得了Ni薄膜3p边附近（60–70 eV）的法拉第旋转角度,最大偏转角度在65.5 eV和68 eV分别为1.85±0.19°和–0.75±0.09?。     

金刚石光电导探测器研制及在软X光测量中的初步应用

介绍了我们自己设计制造的天然Ⅱａ型金刚石光导探测器的结构，原理，制造工艺，实验标定及其在ＩＣＦ实验中软Ｘ光测量中的应用等。     

Spatially-resolved flat-field soft X-ray spectrometer on experimental advanced superconducting tokamak

A space- and time-resolved flat-field soft X-ray spectrometer with the wavelength range of 1–13 nm has been developed to study impurity behavior on the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST). Using an entrance slit, a varied line spacing grating (2400 grooves/mm at the grating center), and a charged coupled device (CCD) system, time evolution of profiles of impurity line emissions were recorded. The spectral resolution of the spectrometer is 0.006 nm at 5 nm when the width of entrance slit is set at 0.03 mm. The best spatial resolution obtained is 24.5 mm with the height of slit at 1.0 mm. The spectrometer is placed 8000 mm away from the plasma center and the observed spatial range covers 0–450 mm from the equatorial plane of EAST. The first experimental results were obtained from the recent EAST campaign. The system was shown to be capable of observing spectral lines from both intrinsic low-Z impurities (C, O, et al.) and highly ionized medium- and high-Z impurities (Fe, Cr, Ni, Cu, et al.). Spectral lines from the full wavelength range (1–13 nm) can be obtained by moving the position of the CCD. Spectra with the wavelength intervals of 1–2 nm show strong metal lines for H-mode discharges. Time evolutions of C VI (3.373 nm) and O VIII (1.897 nm) lines are presented and detail analysis is performed combining electron density intensity, D_α and soft X-ray and extreme ultraviolet (XUV) radiation intensities. Evolutions of profiles of C VI (3.373 nm) and O VIII (1.897 nm) at core plasma were also shown, indicating that the spectrometer can be applied for impurity transport studies,     

ROSS滤片法测量软X光谱强度

介绍了ROSS滤片差分法基本原理,给出了ROSS滤片差分对的理论设计及实际应用分对的响应函数计算结果。并用此方法获得了激光等离子体发射软X光谱的绝对强度测量值。最后对软X光谱测量值进行了误庆功分析和估算。     

Readout electronics for a high-resolution soft X-ray spectrometer based on silicon drift detector

The readout electronics for a prototype soft X-ray spectrometer based on silicon drift detector (SDD),for precisely measuring the energy and arrival time of X-ray photons is presented in this paper.The system mainly consists of two parts,i.e.,an analog electronics section (including a pre-amplifier,a signal shaper and filter,a constant fraction timing circuit,and a peak hold circuit) and a digital electronics section (including an ADC and a TDC).Test results with X-ray sources show that an energy dynamic range of 1-10 keV with an integral nonlinearity of less than 0.1％ can be achieved,and the energy resolution is better than 160 eV@5.9 keV FWHM.Using a waveform generator,test results also indicate that time resolution of the electronics system is about 3.7 ns,which is much less than the transit time spread of SDD (＜100 ns) and satisfies the requirements of future applications.     

用于激光等离子体诊断的滤波-差分硬X光谱仪

介绍了利用滤片和Si导体探测器差分阵列组合的硬X光谱仪的工作原理、结构性能和测谱特点。给出ICF实验考核结果。     

A windowless ionization chamber for soft X-ray dosimetry

A new simplified model of a free air ionization chamber called a windowless air ionization chamber (WIC), for kerma in air measurements from the soft X-ray sources, has been designed and tested. The design is based on Monte Carlo calculations. The assembled WIC for testing has the electrodes in the form of half cylinders (internal diameter 36 mm; internal length 85 mm). The volume of the collecting sector of this chamber is around 1 cm³. An entrance aperture has 6 mm diameter. The results of MC calculations and tests for X-ray qualities: ranging 0.3-0.7 mm Al HVL are given.     

受控热核聚变装置软X射线反演成像探测研究

介绍了探测系统的角向分辨率、径向分辨率、探测器空间分辨率、探测器阵列空间分辨率和探测系统的时间分辨率的设计原则。其角向分辨率由探测阵列数目决定．其径向分辨率由阵列中探测器数量决定。根据装置的具体条件,研制专用的条形探测器可以获得最佳的探测器空间分辨率和探测器阵列空间分辨率。研制宽频带放大滤波电路系统可以保证高时间分辨率。高质量反演探测系统可采用多角度多阵列方式或在刚体旋转假设下采用完美的单阵列方式。小装置上的高灵敏的反演成像探测系统可在中心电子温度约150eV,电子密度约10^15cm-3的低参数条件下探测到稳定信号并完成图像反演。     

Optimized online filter stack spectrometer for ultrashort X-ray pulses

Currently,with the advent of high-repetition-rate laser-plasma experiments,the demand for online diagnosis for the X-ray spectrum is increasing because the laser-plasma-generated X-ray spectrum is very important for characterizing electron dynamics and applications.In this study,scintillators and silicon PIN(P-type-intrinsic-N-type semiconductor)diodes were used to construct a wideband online filter stack spectrometer.The X-ray sensor and filter arrangement was optimized using a genetic algorithm to minimize the condition number of the response matrix.Consequently,the unfolding error was sig-nificantly reduced based on numerical experiments.The detector responses were quantitatively calibrated by irradiating the scintillator and PIN diode with various nuclides and comparing the measured y-ray peaks.A prototype 15-channel spec-trometer was developed by integrating an X-ray detector with front-and back-end electronics.The prototype spectrometer could record X-ray pulse signals at a repetition rate of 1 kHz.Furthermore,an optimized spectrometer was employed to record the real-time spectra of laser-driven bremsstrahlung sources.This optimized spectrometer offers a compact solution for spectrum diagnostics of ultrashort X-ray pulses,exhibiting improved accuracy in terms of spectrum measurements and repetition rates,and could be widely used in next-generation high-repetition-rate high-power laser facilities.