石墨化对微螺旋炭纤维热氧化动力学的影响

以乙炔为碳源,镍粉为催化剂,噻吩为助催化剂,采用化学气相沉积法制备微螺旋炭纤维;在氩气气氛中,2500℃下对所制微螺旋炭纤维进行石墨化处理.通过扫描电子显微镜观察微螺旋炭纤维的螺旋形貌和微观结构,用热重法研究微螺旋炭纤维的耐氧化性能,并探讨了微螺旋炭纤维的氧化动力学行为.结果表明:石墨化处理对微螺旋炭纤维具有显著的纯化作用,其螺旋形貌基本保持不变.微螺旋炭纤维的氧化反应较好地服从一级反应.微螺旋炭纤维石墨化前后的氧化反应活化能分别为263.004kJ/mol和297.191kJ/mol.石墨化处理明显提了微螺旋炭纤维的抗氧化性能.     

微米炭纤维吸附水溶液中镉离子的性能

采用煤基炭棒阳极,在氦气/乙炔气氛下直流电弧放电制备了直径0.4μm～0.6μm、长度数十微米的炭纤维。以该微米炭纤维(MCFs)为吸附剂,研究水中镉离子在其上的吸附性能。考察了MCFs的表面性质、时间、溶液pH值及镉离子初始浓度对吸附的影响。实验表明,浓硝酸氧化处理可明显增加MCFs表面含氧官能团数量,吸附能力显著增加;吸附动力学数据符合准二级速率方程。pH值对吸附影响较大。酸性条件下,吸附等温线可用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程拟合;沉淀发生条件下,可用表面沉淀模型拟合。MCFs的单位质量和单位比表面积的吸附量都很大,当pH=5.50和平衡浓度为2 mg.L-1时其吸附量分别为5.7 mg.g-1和0.058 mg.m-2。结果表明,MCFs在环境保护中显示出潜在应用前景。     

炭纤维阳极氧化法表面改性

采用阳极氧化法对聚丙烯腈（PAN）基炭纤维进行表面改性，利用原子力显微镜（AFM）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和动态力学热分析（DMTA）对炭纤维表面改性效果进行了研究。研究结果表明，炭纤维经适当的阳极氧化表面改性后，表面的粗糙度和比表面积增大，表面羟基含量提高31％，羰基含量提高61％。表面改性炭纤维增强树脂基复合材料（CFRP）较未改性炭纤维CFRP，玻璃化温度（Tg）升高，损耗角正切峰值（tanδmax）降低，定量计算出的界面黏结参数A和a与CFRP的层间剪切强度（ILSS）所反映的炭纤维与树脂间界面黏结效果一致。采用适当的改性条件可使CFRP的ILSS提高25％，纤维抗拉强度仅损失5％。     

Degradation of 2,4-dinitrophenol by combining sonolysis and different additives.

Based on the effects of various additives on ultrasonic degradation of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) in aqueous solution, the degradation mechanisms and reaction kinetics of DNP in different processes were proposed. The results showed that some additives, such as CuO, CCl(4), O(3), NaCl and KI, were favorable for DNP sonochemical degradation. On the contrary, DNP degradation efficiency was restrained by Na(2)CO(3), indicating that OH radicals oxidation played an important role in DNP ultrasonic removal. The significant increases in DNP degradation in US/CuO/H(2)O(2), US/CCl(4) and US/O(3) systems were also related to the intermediates formed during the reactions, such as HO(2)/O(2)(-) radicals, chlorine-containing radicals and HClO. In addition, DNP ultrasonic removal was observed to behave as pseudo-first-order kinetics under different experimental conditions tested in the present work.     

Ferromagnetic behavior of copper oxide-nanowire-covered carbon fibre synthesized by thermal oxidation

Copper oxide nanowires were synthesized on carbon fibre surfaces by annealing of copper thin films at 400 °C for 4 h in air. The nanowires were characterized with field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The magnetic properties of CuO nanowires were measured with a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Its diameters range covered 40–100 nm and lengths range covered 1–3 μm. It is interesting that the CuO nanowires on the carbon fibres showed ferromagnetism at room temperature.     

Preparation of cadmium telluride nanoparticles from aqueous solutions by sonochemical method

Cadmium telluride nanoparticles with sizes between 8 and 13 nm have been synthesized via a sonochemical route using cadmium sulfate hydrate (CdSO₄·8/3H₂O), cadmium chloride (CdCl₂) and elemental Te as precursors and aqueous solutions of NaOH and EDTA as solvents. The qualitative characterization and estimation of nanoparticle size were carried out by using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The morphology of nanoparticles was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Changes of physical and chemical properties of the prepared CdTe nanoparticles at increased temperature were studied by thermal analysis (TGA, SDTA). A probable mechanism for the sonochemical formation of CdTe is proposed.     

阳极氧化对炭纤维电镀镍的影响

采用阳极氧化法对炭纤维进行连续表面改性,并在其表面进行电镀镍处理,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、热重分析和酸碱滴定等方法研究了炭纤维阳极氧化前后的物理化学结构及对炭纤维电镀镍镀层的影响。结果表明:经过阳极氧化处理后,炭纤维表面的总酸性官能团提高约10倍;炭纤维拉伸强度降低先慢后快;阳极氧化可以改善镀层的生长过程,使镍镀层的生长由(V-W)模式转变为(F-M)模式,并且促使镀层晶粒细晶化,N i晶粒尺寸由14.5nm降为11.2nm,提高了镀镍炭纤维的抗氧化性以及镀层与炭纤维的结合力,阳极氧化后镀镍的炭纤维初始氧化温度较镀镍炭纤维提高了50℃。     

Removal of phenol from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto activated carbon prepared from biomass material

Activated carbon derived from rattan sawdust (ACR) was evaluated for its ability to remove phenol from an aqueous solution in a batch process. Equilibrium studies were conducted in the range of 25–200 mg/L initial phenol concentrations, 3–10 solution pH and at temperature of 30 °C. The experimental data were analyzed by the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm models. Equilibrium data fitted well to the Langmuir model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 149.25 mg/g. The dimensionless separation factor R_L revealed the favorable nature of the isotherm of the phenol-activated carbon system. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model best described the adsorption process. The results proved that the prepared activated carbon was an effective adsorbent for removal of phenol from aqueous solution.     

Carbon nanotubes and diamond-like carbon films produced by cathodic micro-arc discharge in aqueous solutions

This letter reports the synthesis of carbon nanotubes and diamond-like carbon films using cathodic micro-arc discharge in aqueous solutions. The conditions and mechanisms for the growth of these structures were briefly discussed based on the experimental observations.     

Electrical properties of diamond films prepared from carbon disulfide and ethanol in hydrogen

Sulfur doping of diamond samples produced by the hot-filament chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process using carbon disulfide highly diluted in ethanol and hydrogen has been investigated. The polycrystalline morphology observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and the characteristic diamond Raman peak were practically not affected by addition of CS₂ in the range of 0.8-2.0% by volume. The electrical resistivity dependence due to CS₂ addition showed a “down-and-up” curve with minimum resistivity of about 3.6 × 10⁻⁴ Ωcm. Hall mobility as high as 325.9 cm²V⁻¹s⁻¹ have been achieved. PIXE and XRF measurements showed that sulfur (100-400 ppm) was incorporated during the deposition independent of the CS₂ added. Unintentional contaminations with Si, W, Cu and Cr have been detected. All the samples, measured by hot-point method and Hall effect, showed p-type characteristics.     

Degradation of tetracycline in aqueous media by ozonation in an internal loop-lift reactor

The degradation of tetracycline by ozone was investigated in this paper. In the laboratory scale experiments, the effect of major parameters, including pH, gas flow rate, gaseous ozone concentration, hydrogen peroxide concentration and hydroxyl radical scavenger (tert-butyl alcohol) on the degradation of tetracycline was studied. A pseudo-first order kinetic model was used to simulate the experimental results. The results indicated that the tetracycline degradation rate increased with pH, gaseous ozone concentration and gas flow rate. The addition of hydrogen peroxide or hydroxyl radical scavenger had little effect on tetracycline removal, indicating that the direct oxidation of tetracycline by ozone was dominant process and the radical contribution to the tetracycline oxidation could be neglected. The main intermediates were separated and identified as well as the simple degradation pathway of tetracycline was proposed. The COD removal reached to 35% after 90 min reaction. The acute toxicity experiments illustrated that the Daphnia magna mortality reached the maximum after 25 min ozonation and then decreased to zero after 90 min ozonation.     

微氧化对二维炭/炭复合材料组织结构及试样宏观尺度的影响

对二维炭/炭（2D C/C）复合材料在700 ℃～1 300 ℃温度范围内的微氧化（氧化失重率小于6 %）行为进行了研究,并采用SEM和千分尺等仪器考察了氧化前后C/C复合材料的组织结构和宏观尺度的变化,分析了微氧化对材料组织结构及试样宏观尺度（即试样的体积）的影响规律.结果表明：在700 ℃～1300 ℃温度范围内,2D C/C复合材料的微氧化行为服从线性规律,且氧化速率随温度的升高而增大.同时,随温度的升高,微氧化区域由材料的表面层区和近表面层区向材料的外表面和表面层区集中,微氧化程度加剧,而微氧化深度减小;宏观表现为试样表面处的纤维/基体界面分离明显化和纤维端头的锐化,以及C/C复合材料的体积下降.     

Ultrasonic degradation of Rhodamine B in aqueous solution: influence of operational parameters

The aim of the study was to investigate decolorization of Rhodamine B (RB) in aqueous solution using ultrasonic degradation. The results showed that decolorization follows pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics. The apparent reaction rate constant (kap) was found to increase with decreasing pH and decreases with increasing initial RB concentration. Power density was very important parameter and increasing it causes a considerable increase of removal efficiency. UV-vis spectral changes of RB indicate that in the sonolysis of RB, the cleavage of aromatic chromophore ring structure and the N-deethylation take place, but decomposition of aromatic structure is predominant.     

Combined advanced oxidation and biological treatment processes for the removal of pesticides from aqueous solutions

Advanced oxidation processes were combined with biological treatment processes in this study to remove both pesticides and then the COD load from aqueous solutions. It was found that O(3) and O(3)/UV oxidation systems were able to reach 90 and 100%, removal of the pesticide Deltamethrin, respectively, in a period of 210 min. The use of O(3) combined with UV radiation enhances pesticides degradation and the residual pesticide reaches zero in the case of Deltamethrin. The combined O(3)/UV system can reduce COD up to 20% if the pH of the solution is above 4. Both pesticide degradation and COD removal in the combined O(3)/UV system follow the pseudo-first-order kinetics and the parameters of this model were evaluated. The application of the biological treatment to remove the bulk COD from different types of feed solution was investigated. More than 95% COD removal was achieved when treated wastewater by the O(3)/UV system was fed to the bioreactor. The parameters of the proposed Grau model were estimated.     

空气氧化处理对三维编织炭复合材料性能的影响

利用真空浸渍法制得三维编织炭纤维增强环氧复合材料,研究了空气氧化处理前后炭纤维表面状态的变化以及表面处理对三维编织复合材料力学性能的影响。结果表明:空气氧化处理使炭纤维的比表面积和表面粗糙度发生了变化,随着氧化温度和氧化时间的增加,炭纤维的比表面积有不同程度的增加;但同时伴随着炭纤维强度的下降。经450℃-1h空气氧化处理后,复合材料的弯曲强度、弯曲模量和剪切强度分别提高了149%,91%和29%,但冲击强度下降了23%。     

Detoxification of methyl-parathion pesticide in aqueous solutions by electrochemical oxidation

Commercial methyl-parathion (MeP) was detoxified using an electrochemical method that employed a Ti/Pt anode and stainless steel 304 as cathode. Sodium chloride was added as electrolyte and the mixture was passed through an electrolytic cell for 2 h. Due to the strong oxidizing potential of the produced chemicals, the organic pollutants were wet oxidized to carbon dioxide and water. A number of experiments were run at laboratory scale. Reductions of COD and BOD(5) were both over 80% and the mean energy consumption was 18-8 kWh per kg(-1) COD reduced (COD(r)). The degradation of MeP was more effective when the pH of the brine solution was in the acid range than when it was in the alkaline range. From the results it can be concluded that electrolysis could be used as an oxidation pre-treatment stage for detoxification of toxic wastes with MeP.     

Removal of cadmium from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto orange waste

The use of orange wastes, generated in the orange juice industry, for removing cadmium from aqueous solutions has been investigated. The material was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and batch experiments were conducted to determine the adsorption capacity of the biomass. A strong dependence of the adsorption capacity on pH was observed, the capacity increasing as pH value rose. Kinetics and adsorption equilibrium were studied at different pH values (4-6). The adsorption process was quick and the equilibrium was attained within 3h. The maximum adsorption capacity of orange waste was found to be 0.40, 0.41 and 0.43 mmol/g at pH 4-6, respectively. The kinetic data were analysed using various kinetic models - pseudo-first order equation, pseudo-second order equation, Elovich equation and intraparticle diffusion equation - and the equilibrium data were tested using four isotherm models - Langmuir, Freundlich, Sips and Redlich-Peterson. The data were fitted by non-linear regression and five error analysis methods were used to evaluate the goodness of the fit. The Elovich equation provides the greatest accuracy for the kinetic data and the Sips model the closest fit for the equilibrium data.     

Sorption of plutonium in various oxidation states from aqueous solutions on Taunit carbon nanomaterial

Sorption of Pu from weakly acidic and weakly alkaline solutions on Taunit carbon nanomaterial was studied. Under these conditions, both polymeric Pu(IV) and ionic Pu(V, VI) species are recovered from freshly prepared solutions. Also, Pu is efficiently sorbed from simulated groundwater after more than 10 months of storage. The Pu sorption in all the forms by carbon nanotubes is rapid and almost quantitative (95 ± 5%) at the sorbent-to-solution ratio of 1 : 80 g ml⁻¹. Plutonium preliminarily sorbed on Taunit can be efficiently immobilized in a magnesium potassium phosphate ceramic whose physicochemical properties meet the requirements of prolonged environmentally safe storage of long-lived radionuclides.     

Oxidative degradations of reactive blue 4 dye by different advanced oxidation methods

The degradations of an anthraquinone dye, the reactive blue 4 (RB4), were studied by wet air oxidation (WAO), wet peroxide oxidation (WPO), photocatalytic oxidation, and electro-Fenton (EF) advanced oxidation. The RB4 oxidation was evaluated by the decrease in total organic carbon (TOC) content and concentration. The most efficient method for mineralization of RB4 was WPO, but in all methods TOC removal efficiency was above 75% after 60 min of treatment.     

Reversible formation of CdSe nanoparticles in aqueous solutions by high-energy electron beam irradiation

An unusual reversible effect was observed in the synthesis of CdSe nanoparticles in the aqueous tertiary butanol solutions containing equimolar Cd[NH₃]₄SO₄ and Na₂SeSO₃ by the high-energy electron beam irradiation. These nanoparticles were found to be unstable in the aqueous solutions and decomposed upon exposure to air/oxygen. However, they were stable in the de-aerated aqueous solutions and both aerated and de-aerated organic solvents. The decomposed aqueous solutions again produced these nanoparticles upon irradiation with the electron beam. On the contrary, the cadmium selenide nanoparticles synthesized with the cobalt-60 γ-irradiation, were stable under ambient conditions and did not exhibit any reversible behavior. This was attributed to the vast differences in the dose rates involved in the two types of synthetic processes, leading to a remarkable variation in the crystal structure and size of the nanoparticles.