不同加工方式对面筋蛋白的影响

面制品是食品中重要的组成部分,面筋蛋白是其中的最重要的组分。在加工过程中,面筋蛋白发生复杂的物理化学变化,赋予面制品良好的质构和风味。面制品加工中常用的冷冻、油炸、发酵和挤压等4种加工技术,显著影响着面筋蛋白的物理化学性质,如蛋白质表面疏水性、巯基与二硫键的相互转化、变性和降解,进而影响面制品的品质。作者主要综述了加工技术对面筋蛋白性质的影响及作用机理,对其中存在的问题进行了展望并提出了研究思路。     

冷冻面制品品质改良研究进展

冷冻面制品具有方便快捷、保质期长、便于储藏运输、生产效率高、易实现产品质量标准化等优点,其产业规模发展迅速。但在其生产和冷冻过程中,由不稳定的环境条件所引起的产品品质劣变不容忽视,仍需对其品质改良方法进行探究。本文从引起冷冻面制品品质劣变的影响因素为切入点,从生产工艺优化和添加剂使用2个方面对目前冷冻面制品改良方法的研究进展进行了综述,包括生产方式、加工条件、冷冻解冻方式、辅助冷冻技术以及各类食品添加剂的使用情况,对冷冻面制品品质改良的未来研究前景进行了展望,旨在为其创新性发展和研究提供借鉴。     

加工方式对面筋蛋白结构及性质影响的研究进展

面筋蛋白是面类食品中重要的组成成分。常见的面类食品加工方法,如加热、冷冻、机械处理及发酵工艺会破坏面筋蛋白的二级结构,面筋蛋白的疏水性、二硫键发生变化,面筋蛋白会发生变性、聚集等复杂的物理化学变化,进而影响面制品的质构与风味。文章主要介绍了加热、冷冻、粉碎、揉面、挤压及发酵工艺等加工方式对面筋蛋白的结构、性质影响的研究现状,并展望了面筋蛋白未来的研究方向。     

抗冻蛋白的制备及对冷冻面筋蛋白的改良研究进展

冷冻面团在运输储藏过程中,温度波动引起的冰晶生长和重结晶会导致面团品质劣变,致使最终产品感官特性变差,消费性下降,这限制了冷冻面团的大规模应用。面筋蛋白作为冷冻面团的重要组分,在冻藏过程中冰晶对其特性的影响与冷冻面团的品质密切相关。抗冻蛋白（AFPs）能够与冰晶结合,调控冰晶生长行为,对冷冻面筋蛋白有着很好的改良效果。但生物体内的天然AFPs含量少,提取纯化困难,这使AFPs一直以来难以实现工业化生产与应用,因此,探寻合适的制备方法提高AFPs的产量对于AFPs的发展是至关重要的。本文即综述了AFPs的生产现状及对冷冻面筋蛋白的改良研究,以期为AFPs在冷冻面制品中的应用提供理论基础。     

冻藏对面团中面筋蛋白分子结构及功能特性影响的研究进展

冷冻面团具有降低生产成本、提高产品质量和方便消费者优点,可用于加工生产面包、蛋糕和馒头等面制品。面团品质劣变是导致冷冻面团货架期缩短的主要原因,而冷冻面团品质下降的主要诱因是小麦面筋蛋白的品质劣变。本文综述了冷冻面团中面筋蛋白的分子组成、空间结构及功能特性等的变化,并对冷冻面团的未来发展方向进行了展望。     

抗冻保护剂在冷冻面食中的应用

随着食品工业的发展,冷冻面食制品产业也迅速发展。由于冷链条件的影响,在储运过程中经常发生温度波动变化,导致食品品质下降。阐述了不同抗冻保护剂对冷冻面制品的抗冻保护作用机理以及抗冻剂在不同品类冷冻面食中的应用。     

冷冻面制品的研究现状及改良进展

人们生活中所接触到的冷冻食品种类是非常多样化的,并且冷冻量是非常大的,冷冻面制品也是一种冷冻食品。因此,本文就针对冷冻面制品给产品的各方面因素造成的影响进行了分析,从而也进一步的看着了现代冷冻面制品改良进展。     

影响冷冻面团因素及其品质改良研究进展

冷冻面团技术作为一种面制品加工工艺,具有防止产品老化,便于冷藏和运输等优势,因此在国内外得到广泛应用。然而,在冷冻面团生产和贮藏过程中存在一系列问题,例如：面筋结构完整性丧失、酵母细胞失活以及淀粉结构被破坏等,这些都导致了面制品品质的劣变。本文综述了影响冷冻面团品质的主要因素,总结了提高冷冻面团品质特性的有效方法,改良剂的添加不仅可以提高酵母的耐冻性,而且可以保持面团的流变学特性。基因工程技术修饰可以提高酵母的耐冻性和发酵能力。通过优化冷冻和储存条件,确保酵母的活性和面团的网络结构,使冰晶造成的冻害最小化。此外,新型冷冻技术的应用如超声波辅助冷冻可以在加速冷冻过程的同时生成均匀的冰晶,从而保护面团的网络结构。以期为改善冷冻面团品质以及为开发新型的冷冻面团技术提供理论依据。     

小角X-射线法解析恒温冻藏过程对面筋蛋白分子链结构的影响

冷冻面制品在食品行业发展迅速,但在冻藏过程中对面制品品质影响的关键性问题仍未明朗。本研究采用小角X射线散射仪(SAXS)探讨了恒温冻藏(-18℃)对小麦面筋蛋白分子链构形、均方根旋转半径(Rg)及分子量的影响。实验发现,冻藏前,面筋蛋白分子在500 m M乙酸溶液中链结构较疏松,属于质量分形(分形维数Dm:2.05),呈现网络状的结构。随着冻藏时间的延长,Dm值呈现下降的趋势,表明面筋蛋白高聚物的链结构逐渐疏松,同时发现在冻藏过程中面筋蛋白平均分子量和Rg都随着冻藏时间的增加也呈现下降趋势,并且Rg与Dm的变化正相关,说明在冻藏过程中由于冰晶的重结晶等作用使得高聚物发生了解聚现象,造成了面筋蛋白分子链的断裂,从而使得其网络结构的疏松。     

水分对冷冻小麦面团质构及面筋蛋白二级结构的影响

应用质构分析仪和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪测定小麦面团质构特性和微观结构(面筋蛋白二级结构),分析不同加水量对冷冻和未冷冻面团品质的影响。结果表明:加水量和冷冻对小麦面团的质构特性和面筋蛋白二级结构影响显著。随着加水量的增加,冷冻后小麦面团与未冷冻相比硬度增加、黏性升高、内聚性下降、弹性降低,而对面团的回复性影响很小。经冷冻后面团面筋蛋白的二级结构β-折叠和α-螺旋的相对含量增加,β-转角的相对含量降低,使面筋蛋白的网状结构趋于稳定。以上结果可以说明水分可能是影响冷冻面团品质的一个重要因素,也为进一步揭示加水量在小麦冷冻面团中的作用机理提供了重要的研究参考。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the