New technology for the comprehensive utilization of Chinese oil shale resources

In China, the conventional utilization of oil shale is concentrated mainly on retorting oil shale to produce shale oil and fuel gas, and burning oil shale to generate electricity. The growth of petroleum price, and the development in heavy industry, make these conventional utilization facilities become unavailable on the energy market. In this paper, a new comprehensive utilization system is recommended for the future use of Huadian oil shale, based on the current status of energy and the characteristics of oil shale. The system involves three subsystems: retort subsystem, where coarse oil shale (8–80 mm) is retorted to shale oil, hydrocarbon gases and oil shale semicoke; combustion subsystem, where the mixture fuel of oil-shale semicoke and fine oil shale (0–8 mm) is fed to a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) furnace to burn, in order to generate high-pressure steam which is used to supply heat and generate electricity via a traditional steam-electric power mode; and ash processing subsystem, where oil shale ash from the CFB furnace is utilized to produce building materials. A comprehensive utilization system with handling capacity of 2.6×10⁶ t/a Huadian oil shale is economically analyzed, showing that it can advantage oil shale utilization in the economic efficiency and the product type.     

The effect of acid treatment on pyrolysis of Longkou oil shale

The effect of acid treatment on mineral removal and pyrolysis of Longkou oil shale were investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) indicated that the HCl treatment can remove the calcite, the H₂SO₄ treatment can convert the calcite to CaSO₄, and the HF treatment can remove the quartz and convert the calcite to CaF₂; moreover, all three treatments cannot remove the pyrite in the oil shale. Oil shale was individually treated with HCl, H₂SO₄, and HF before conducted the pyrolysis experiment. The pyrolysis results showed that oil shale treated with H₂SO₄ or HF almost equally enhanced the oil yield, while HCl treatment had a negative effect on the oil yield. Thermogravimetry (TG) analysis indicated that the carbonates had a catalytic effect, sulfates may also had a catalytic effect and the silicates had an inhibitive effect on the decomposition of kerogen. Combining the TG analysis, oil yield and the price of every acid, the H₂SO₄ treatment was considered to be the best method to treat oil shale.Moreover, the carbonate minerals can be removed after H₂SO₄ treatment, so it would reduce the amount of pyrolysis feed to increase production efficiency.     

Kinetic modeling of liquid generation from oil shale in fixed bed retort

Kinetics of shale oil generation in a fixed bed retort is modeled using a second order rate equation. Samples from Ellajjun oil shale deposits are tested in 350–550 °C temperatures range. In each run, 400 g are charged to reactor and heated in a range of 2.2–10 °C min⁻¹. Shale oil liquid is condensed at 0 ± 2 °C and its rate measured as function of time and temperature.     

The effect of minerals on the pyrolysis and the combustion of oil shale

Oil shale (OS) is a particularly promising alternative fossil fuel source. However, very different from coal, its inorganic mineral content is very high. The organic matters (mainly kerogen) are finely distributed in the inorganic minerals. Therefore, the minerals may affect the processing of OS, whose elucidation is critical to the choice of processing conditions. In this work, different minerals (SiO₂, CaCO₃, and Al₂O₃) were added to OS with different mass ratios of OS to mineral, respectively. Then, the thermogravimetric (TG) technique was employed to analyze the reaction behavior of these different OS/mineral mixtures in N₂ and in air for studying the influence of minerals on the OS pyrolysis in N₂ (i.e., retorting) and on the OS combustion in air. The results show that CaCO₃ and Al₂O₃ have a promoting effect on both pyrolysis and combustion of OS, and they can decrease the reaction activation energy of both kinds of processes. However, SiO₂ has an inhibitive effect and can increase the reaction activation energy for both kinds of processes. It is hoped that the present study can further increase the understanding toward the effect of different minerals on the OS reactions.     

Prediction of some performance characteristics of shale oil in the gas turbine combustor

Measurements of radiation, smoke and temperature in a developed experimental combustor at various air pressures, inlet temperatures and air-fuel ratios have shown the effects of such fuel properties as volatility, boiling range and H percentage mass content on ignition, lean blow-out, liner temperature and exhaust smoke. This study has been extended to cover some of these performance characteristics for shale oil.     

油页岩燃烧反应活化能不同求解方法的比较

利用热重分析仪在非等温条件下测得的桦甸油页岩燃烧试验数据，分别采用Coats-Redfern法和等转化率法（KAS法）对油页岩燃烧反应的表现活化能进行了求取，并对结果进行了比较。结果发现，用两种方法得出的活化能都表明油页岩燃烧分为两个阶段，且燃烧前期的活化能低于燃烧后期；等转化率法分析的结果表明，油页岩燃烧是一个复杂的多步反应过程，而C-R法将反应的机理简单假设为遵循反应级数模型，本身就存在问题，所以其得出的活化能值可靠性不高。     

菜籽油环氧化新工艺制备润滑油基础油的研究

菜籽油是一种非常有潜力的矿物润滑油替代产品,但菜籽油中含有大量双键,导致其氧化稳定性差,难以达到常规润滑油的性能标准.以强酸性阳离子树脂为催化剂,采用无溶剂法合成环氧菜籽油.通过正交试验对环氧化反应条件进行优化.试验结果表明:环氧菜籽油具有较低的碘值,较高的粘度指数,再加入一定量的添加剂后.其氧化诱导时间大于80 h,凝点达到-28℃.     

Structural model of Longkou oil shale kerogen and the evolution process under steam pyrolysis based on ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulation

ABSTRACT

The product distribution and reaction mechanism of steam pyrolysis of Longkou oil shale kerogen was researched by molecular dynamics simulation. Molecule structural model used in the simulation was constructed according to the analysis results of a series of detection about kerogen extracted from Longkou oil shale. Reactive force field molecular dynamics (ReaxFF MD) was used to simulate both steam pyrolysis and direct pyrolysis process of the kerogen at the temperature of 1600, 2000, 2400 and 2800 K. The results show that temperature is a critical factor affecting product distribution in steam pyrolysis, and 2000 K is a proper set temperature for studying steam pyrolysis via molecular simulation method. Besides that, adding the H₂O molecules during steam pyrolysis can form complexes with heterogeneous atoms, thus destroying the intermolecular interactions in kerogen. Moreover, as the hydrogen radicals come from H₂O molecules can inhibit cross-linking reactions between small fractions, it can reduce the average molecular weight of organic molecules product. These conclusions could be helpful for rational use of oil shale.     

Influence of temperature and steam on the products from the flash pyrolysis of Jordan oil shale

Oil shale samples from the Sultani deposit in the south of Jordan, were pyrolysed in a semi‐continuous fluidized bed reactor under nitrogen and nitrogen/steam atmosphere. The pyrolysis temperature between 400 and 650°C were investigated. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature from 400 to 520°C caused a large increase in the oil yield. Further increase of the pyrolysis temperature resulted in a decrease in oil yield and a large increase in the evolved gases. This increase in the hydrocarbon gas yield was attributed to oil thermal cracking reactions. The evolved gases were composed of H₂, CO, CO₂, and hydrocarbons from C₁ to C₄. The presence of steam improved the oil yield which may be a result of reducing the degree of decomposition. The derived oils were fractionated into chemical classes using mini‐column liquid chromatography. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种新型机车油压减振器的研究与开发

介绍了一种陶瓷油压减振器,该减振器采用复合陶瓷处理技术、液压油单向流动结构设计、特氟龙涂层处理密封件材料和压力调节阀实现阻尼性能的可调节等多种创新技术,达到了提高减振器性能、延长减振器使用寿命的目的。     

An experimental study for a combined system of tar sand, oil shale, and olive cake as a potential energy source in Jordan

Jordan is an example of a third world country that is non-oil producing but contains huge reserves of other energy sources such as tar sand, oil shale, and olive cake. Some limited research is available about how to utilize these energy sources in pure form. However, available research does not deal with combinations of these energy sources. This experimental study investigates combinations of these energy forms as potential energy sources in Jordan. The experimental procedure involves characterization of samples by proximate analysis, calorific value determination of different combinations, and a compacting process of the different particles. The best combination, with respect to calorific value, is found to be 20% tar sand, 20% olive cake, and 60% oil shale. Compacting materials either with starch or with heated tar sand up to 110°C for 1 h indicates a feasible process for handling, packaging, and transporting.     

Effect of oil shale semi-coke on deposit mineralogy and morphology in the flue path of a CFB burning Zhundong lignite

The effect of oil shale semi-coke (SC) on the mineralogy and morphology of the ash deposited on probes situated in the flue path of a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) which burns Zhundong lignite (ZD) was investigated. 10 wt% or 20 wt% SC was added to ZD, which were then combusted in the CFB furnace at 950°C. Two probes with vertical and horizontal orientations were installed in the flue duct to simulate ash deposition. Both windward and leeward ash deposits on probes (P₁W, P₁L, P₂W and P₂L) were analyzed by using a scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry ICP-OES, and a particle size analyzer. When ZD was burned alone, the P₁W deposit was comprised of agglomerates (<30 mm) enriched in CaSO₄ and Na₂SiO₃, incurring significant sintering. The P₁L and P₂W deposits, however, were of both discrete and agglomerated particles in similar mineral phases but with coarser sizes. The P₂L deposit was mainly fine ash particles where Na₂SiO₃ and Na₂SO₄ were absent. As SC was added, the agglomerates in both P₁W and P₁L decreased. Moreover, SiO₂ and Ca/Na aluminosilicates dominated the mineral phases whereas Na₂SiO₃ and Na₂SO₄ disappeared, showing a decrease in deposit stickiness. Likewise, the P₂W deposit was found less spread on the probe, decreasing its deposition propensity. Na-bearing minerals turned into (Na, K)(Si₃Al)O₈ and (Ca, Na)(Si, Al)₄O₈ in the P₂W deposit. Moreover, Na in the deposits decreased from 32 mg/g to less than 15 mg/g as SC presented. The addition of SC would therefore help alleviate the propensity of ash deposition in the flue path in the CFB combustion of ZD.     

Exporting the “Norwegian Model”: The effect of administrative design on oil sector performance

Norway has administered its petroleum resources using three distinct government bodies: a national oil company engaged in commercial hydrocarbon operations; a government ministry to direct policy; and a regulatory body to provide oversight and technical expertise. Norway's relative success in managing its hydrocarbons has prompted development institutions to consider whether this “Norwegian Model” of separated government functions should be recommended to other oil-producing countries. By studying ten countries that have used widely different approaches in administering their hydrocarbon sectors, we conclude that separation of functions is not a prerequisite to successful oil sector development. Countries where separation of functions has worked are characterized by the combination of high institutional capacity and robust political competition. Unchallenged leaders often appear able to adequately discharge commercial and policy/regulatory functions using the same entity, although this approach may not be robust against political changes. Where institutional capacity is lacking, better outcomes may result from consolidating commercial, policy, and regulatory functions until such capacity has further developed. Countries with vibrant political competition but limited institutional capacity pose the most significant challenge for oil sector reform: Unitary control over the sector is impossible but separation of functions is often difficult to implement.     

基于海洋油气开采设施的海洋新能源一体化开发技术

提出了海洋传统油气和海洋新能源一体化开发构想,依托于海洋油气生产设施在进行传统油气开采的同时,对天然气水合物进行全面的开发利用;同时依托于海洋油气设施,充分利用波浪能、潮汐能、洋流及海洋温差能等海洋能进行发电。该一体化开发还能够实现二氧化碳温室气体以水合物的形式在大洋深处进行封存,降低全球温室效应,这将大大拓宽海洋石油工业的发展领域,实现对可再生能源的充分利用,保证了未来能源的可持续发展。     

A study on the future of unconventional oil development under different oil price scenarios: A system dynamics approach

Fluctuations in the oil global market has been a critical topic for the world economy so that analyzing and forecasting the conventional oil production rate has been examined by many researchers thoroughly. However, the dynamics of the market has not been studied systematically with regard to the new emerging competitors, namely unconventional oil. In this paper, the future trend of conventional and unconventional oil production and capacity expansion rates are analyzed using system dynamics approach. To do so, a supply-side modeling approach is utilized while main effective loops are modeled mathematically as follows: technological learning and progress, long and short-term profitability of oil capacity expansion and production, and oil proved reserve limitations. The proposed model is used to analyze conventional and unconventional oil production shares, up to 2025, under different oil price scenarios. The results show that conventional oil production rate ranges from 79.995 to 87.044 MB/day, which is 75–80 percent of total oil production rate, while unconventional oil production rate ranges from 19.615 to 28.584 MB/day. Simulation results reveal that unconventional oil can gain a considerable market share in the short run, although conventional oil will remain as the major source for the market in the long run.     

基于统计分析原理的城镇生态工业园能源利用规划编制方法

以江阴市顾山镇生态工业园区的建设为例,探讨了生态工业园区建设中能源利用规划的编制方法,分析了生态工业园能源利用规划所带来的经济效益,并阐述了能源利用规划对于建设生态工业园的重要意义.     

The effect of the 2010 Gulf oil spill on public attitudes toward offshore oil drilling and wind development

In April 2010, the Deepwater Horizon oil well exploded, releasing over four million barrels of oil into the Gulf of Mexico. This paper presents data from two national mail surveys undertaken in 2008 and 2010 that compare public attitudes to both offshore oil drilling and offshore wind development pre- and post-spill. The results show that while there was a drop in support for expanded drilling (from 66% in 2008 to 59% in 2010) the change was not significant. There was, however, a significant decrease in support for offshore drilling among coastal residents. There was a slight, non-significant increase in support for offshore wind development which remained significantly higher than support for offshore oil (80% in 2008 and 82% in 2010). Despite there being no significant change in overall support levels, there was a shift in the strength of feeling regarding offshore oil, with 80% of Americans either less supportive or more opposed to expanded drilling in 2010 than they were in 2008.     

Effect of hydraulic oil compressibility on the volumetric efficiency of a diaphragm compressor for hydrogen refueling stations

The low volumetric efficiency of the diaphragm compressor under hydrogen refueling process, which hereby results in poor energy efficiency and high cost of hydrogen applications, should be paid attention to. This paper presents theoretical analysis and experimental investigation of the factors affecting the volumetric efficiency of the diaphragm compressor for hydrogen refueling process, focusing on the influence of hydraulic oil compressibility. A mathematical model was established to estimate the volumetric efficiency of diaphragm compressors, in which the effects of clearance volume, superheating of suction gas and pressure loss were taken into account and the emphasis was focused on the compressibility of hydraulic oil. A test rig was built to validate the theoretical model and further experimental investigations were carried out to identify the factors influencing the oil compressibility and hereby the volumetric efficiency. The volumetric efficiency was measured and compared under varied oil compressibility conditions by varying elastic modulus, oil overflow pressure and oil volume. The results indicated that the measured volumetric efficiency agrees well with the calculated value. The compression and expansion of hydraulic oil have a dominant influence on the volumetric efficiency, resulting in a loss of 37% of volumetric efficiency as compared to 2.4%, 18% and 1%, respectively for losses associated with clearance volume, superheating of suction gas and pressure loss, for a diagram compressor under refueling conditions with suction pressure of 30 MPa and discharge pressure of 90 MPa. The volumetric efficiency reduced rapidly with the increased oil overflow pressure, at a rate of 5% decrease with every 10 MPa rise in oil overflow pressure. As the oil volume increased by 100% of the stroke volume, the volumetric efficiency droped by 5.5%.     

区域产值单耗的行业因素影响分析方法研究

基于区域性的总体产值单耗和分行业的产值单耗数据,运用逐步回归模型建立行业数据与区域总体数据的关系,不断筛选进入模型方程的行业,最终选择出对区域总体产值单耗产生显著影响的行业,并与区域总体数据建立线性回归方程.分析了行业对区域总体产值单耗产生的重要影响,并量化出影响系数.研究结果有利于指导节能监管部门加强主要行业的节能监管力度,降低区域产值单耗,促使区域工业经济向低能耗方向发展.     

Impacts of different diameter combinations on the temperature of a crude oil pipeline when colocating with a products pipeline

In order to show the effects of different diameter combinations on crude oil temperature when a crude oil pipeline and a products pipeline are laid in one trench, four typical diameter combinations are selected to conduct numerical simulation. After a series of calculations, the minimum mean temperature difference and the maximum temperature difference of the crude oil along the pipelines are obtained. In real pipeline constructions, the effects of other diameter combinations on crude oil temperature can be predicted by the method of linear interpolation to calculate results of the four diameter combinations obtained in this study.