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1.
Shaken,shrinking, hot,impoverished and informal: Emerging research agendas in planning 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This is the second of two special issues in Progress in Planning exploring emerging research agendas in planning. It brings together scholars from diverse schools working on new areas of research and application in urban design and planning. Emergent research agendas include both novel areas of research and important shifts in the direction of a research area. The challenge for planning schools is to reflect critically on these changes and develop long-term research agendas that can better position our field in society and academia, and provide a basis from which to assess our academic programmes. The chapters in this issue display the different scales and fields of planning, including planning for: disaster recovery; climate change, especially opportunities for mitigation; shrinking cities in the First World; and rapidly urbanising informal and impoverished cities in the global South. At the same time, the chapters identify research areas that respond to major social and environmental changes. Olshansky and Chang highlight the increasing losses from catastrophic disasters, and address the need for disaster recovery planning. Wheeler, Randolph and London focus on climate change, and, noting the urgency of action now, their research agenda emphasises opportunities for planners to develop research and policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Hollander, Pallagst, Schwarz and Popper look at increasing economic and population trends in many First World cities that result in city ‘shrinkage’. They present new opportunities for improving cities’ green space networks and natural features, and for research. The trebling of urban population in African cities by 2050, in conditions of poverty and informality, is the major trend driving Parnell, Pietriese and Watson's chapter. They present an agenda for new planning theories and for supporting empirical research to address the actual conditions of African cities. 相似文献
2.
Urban planning indicators,morphology and climate indicators: A case study for a north-south transect of Beijing,China 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Eleven sites, representing different urban morphologies across central Beijing, are used to simulate urban heat island effects and explore the relationship between urban planning indicators and climate indicators such as daily maximum and minimum surface temperatures. The results indicate that mesoscale urban planning indicators can explain the majority of the urban climate differences among the sites. For example, green cover ratio and floor area ratio can explain 94.47–98.57% of the variance for daily maximum surface temperature, green cover ratio and building height can explain 98.94–99.12% of the variance for daily minimum surface temperature, and floor area ratio, green cover ratio and building density together can explain 99.49–99.69% of the variance for time of peak surface temperature. Furthermore, green cover ratio is identified as the most significant urban planning indicator affecting the urban thermal environment. 相似文献
3.
规划与设计中城市气候问题探讨 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
从城市气候角度论述了当前我国城市规划与设计中对城市气候特征认识不足的几个问题,指出正确认识城市气候特征是城市可持续发展的先决条件。 相似文献
4.
Sebastian Seelig 《Cities》2011,28(6):545-556
With 60% of the population younger than 26 years, a need of about 1.5 million residential units per year for the next 5 years and the necessity of mitigating its rapidly growing GHG emissions together with adapting cities to the expected drastic effects of climate change, Iran’s urban agglomerations are facing tremendous challenges now and in the future. The paper presents interim findings of the German–Iranian research initiative “Young Cities” (2005–2013) that investigates approaches for these immense challenges. The project aims at developing energy-efficient and resilient housing in a real-life pilot project, the 35 ha area in Hashtgerd New Town in the Tehran province. The article explores the framing conditions and the master plan of this pilot and identifies four key planning strategies. Besides applying climate-sensitive urban form, the project stresses the need to develop culturally adapted building typologies for reduced heating and cooling, an efficient public transport in a mixed and dense urban structure and integrated water and energy systems on the neighborhood level. Simulations of these planning approaches have proven a significant reduction of energy- and resource consumption and the capacity of the design to adapt to (a potentially changing) environment. These promising strategies for energy-efficiency and resilience were transferred into a legally binding comprehensive plan commissioned in October 2010, though the major challenge in the second phase of the project (2011–2013) will be making these innovations a built reality. 相似文献
5.
通过分析当今国际上以英国等国为例的城市规划应对气候变化的适应发展方法与策略,论述城市规划作为发展战略的重要专业工具,需要在规划的政策管理体系、规划编制的内容与方法、场地规划的基础设施适应设计三个方面进一步深化研究适应发展战略,以提高城市系统的恢复能力。 相似文献
6.
Urban planners are faced with the decision of what planning policy to pursue in order to achieve the best possible future. Many cities in developed nations use comprehensive models that simulate various aspects of the urban system, capable of predicting implications of a given set of policy inputs, to assist the planning process. However, in developing countries, demographic and socioeconomic data with appropriate spatial disaggregation are difficult to obtain. This constrains the development of such comprehensive urban models to support planning decisions. In the absence of models, the plan-making process usually inclines towards a more intuitive approach. 相似文献
7.
Maarten Markus 《Planning Theory & Practice》2016,17(4):497-515
Frameworks of environmental regulations are fundamental yet problematic factors in achieving climate mitigation and adaptation policy goals. Recent theoretical arguments claim the value of general legal frameworks to enable experimentation and contextual adaptation of policies. However, empirical research regarding the effects of both general and specific norms in the practice of urban intervention remains limited. In this article we empirically discern how city governments deal with the tension between control and flexibility in the implementation of urban climate change goals. We argue that policies of adaptation/mitigation face two types of implementation problems: non-adaptive implementation and non-implementation. The first stems from an excessively constraining use of rules, while the second derives from a too general and undefined regulatory framework. Analysing two empirical cases in Amsterdam, Netherlands and Boston, MA, USA, we conclude that there are three elements that affect the way actors deal with these deficits: the level of scale at which regulations are established, the degree of land ownership which provides margin of manoeuvre to public authorities, and the sense of political urgency behind mitigation and adaptation policies. 相似文献
8.
德国柏林波茨坦广场的城市设计 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
波茨坦广场的规划建设很好地反映了现代城市设计实施的全过程。本文简述了波茨坦广场由总体城市设计到区块城市设计,再到最后的建筑设计的步骤,在不同阶段中规划师、建筑师的分工、合作,以及与普通群众的交流沟通.并把上海浦东陆家嘴地区与波茨坦广场的城市设计做了简要的横向比较旨在更深入地了解波茨坦广场设计的启示和城市规划师、建筑师的责任。 相似文献
9.
Zachary Lamb 《Planning Perspectives》2019,34(3):463-495
Faced with two existential threats – nuclear war and climate change – planners have responded by proposing sweeping reforms for city-regions, often deploying the newfound rationales to re-package earlier ideas about ‘the good city’. This paper analyses how mid-twentieth-century planning discourses regarding Cold War urban dispersal in the USA might help us understand contemporary conversations about urban climate change adaptation. We apply Kingdon's Multiple Streams Analysis and his concept of policy entrepreneurs to show how planners frame problems and shape policy agendas. We propose a subtype of ‘design-policy entrepreneurs’ who use the spatial and visual tools of planning and design to advocate for preferred policies. By analysing the rhetoric and visual representations made by planners and designers from 1945 to 1965, we examine how they repurposed long-standing ideas about urban deconcentration into ‘dispersal for defence’ proposals. Such proposals for dispersing urban settlements into separated and ‘self-contained’ units received a dysfunctional partial acceptance: housing and transportation legislation embraced the dispersal part but resisted the complementary elements aimed at limiting damages from nuclear attack by concentrating development into distinct nodes. We conclude by asking how the perils of such partial policy-making success might play out on the terrain of climate change adaptation. 相似文献
10.
《Journal of Urbanism》2013,6(2):95-112
In response to the structural changes of recent decades, many European cities and towns have invested in production, consumption and transportation infrastructures, marketing and branding measures, and urban design schemes, in order to manage and stimulate urban regeneration. This paper contributes to a discussion of urban planning and design in the context of structural change, emphasizing the consequences that such change has had for urban heritage and the sense of place. The paper addresses two cases from Swedish infrastructure planning practice to construct a conceptual framework for the discussion and analysis of contemporary theory and practice in urban planning and design. Throughout this paper, we argue that the urban landscape should not be seen as solely resulting from deliberate planning and design measures. Rather, understanding the regeneration of that landscape requires a deeper consideration of decisions related to infrastructure planning, as well as emergent processes of economic, social and spatial processes of structural change. We put forward the term Emergent Urbanism to describe this expanded understanding. 相似文献
11.
Climate, flow rate and land use are all known drivers of water quality in river systems, but determining the relative influences of these factors remains a significant challenge for aquatic science and management. Long-term data from the Schuylkill River at Philadelphia is assessed here in an attempt to ascertain the separate and combined influence of these major drivers on water quality in a developed watershed. Water quality measures including nutrients, conservative solutes and bacteria all elicited distinct seasonal patterns driven primarily by river discharge. Mass transport rates of sodium and chloride have increased with time, and were elevated in winter, presumably as a function of road salt deposition. A steady increase in developed land area in the watershed has occurred in recent decades, which allowed the use of time as a surrogate parameter for regional development in the construction of multiple factor linear models predicting the relative influences of precipitation, river discharge and developed land area on river water quality. Linear models predicting annually averaged water quality measures showed the effects of precipitation, discharge and developed land area to be of nearly equal importance in regulating levels of conductivity, alkalinity, sodium, and chloride in the river. Models predicting water quality variables for discrete samples demonstrated that river flow was the major determinant of daily variability in alkalinity, conductivity, hardness and calcium levels, while still resolving the highly significant influence of watershed development on water quality. Increases in solute transport in the Schuylkill River in recent decades appear to be the direct result of modern suburban development in the watershed. 相似文献
12.
从几个转变看城市公共设施的发展与规划 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
目前我国城市发展正处于多重外因交织作用的特殊时期,城市公共设施作为城市最具代表性的组成部分,体现出较为鲜明的市场化、信息化和区域化的转变特征,对此在规划建设上需有针对地采取相应的策略和措施,这对城市整体的健康发展十分重要。 相似文献
13.
通过研究,把保护范围拓展到了整个广州市域,建立了广州市历史文化遗产保护规划层次,并强调了对非物质文化遗产和地下埋藏文物的保护,提出了与规划管理密切结合的历史文化保护区保护规划图则的编制形式,以方便规划管理。 相似文献
14.
基于生物气候条件的城市设计生态策略研究——以冬冷夏热地区城市设计为例 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文基于自然梯度原理和生物的适应性与补偿性原则,通过对生物气候要素、自然要素和人工要素的整合与应用,初步形成一套适应冬冷夏热地区气候条件的城市设计生态策略和方法。 相似文献
15.
Comprehensive concept planning of urban greening based on ecological principles: a case study in Beijing, China 总被引:24,自引:2,他引:24
Greenspace is an important part of complex urban ecosystems and provides significant ecosystem services. It benefits urban communities environmentally, esthetically, recreationally and economically. Beijing Province is in north of China, and has a total area of 16,807.8 km2 and a population of about 13.8 million. This paper aims to develop a comprehensive conceptual framework for urban greening of Beijing Province based on landscape ecological principles. It attempts to answer how to establish an urban greening plan at the regional, city and neighborhood levels to achieve long-term sustainability. At the regional level, a big natural and semi-natural forest area in the northwest and an ecological buffer belt in the southeast are planned to protect the environmental quality of Beijing and provide habitats for wildlife. At the city level, a green network system of green wedges, parks and green corridors has been proposed. This green network helps to limit future urban expansion, improve urban environmental quality and serve as habitats and migration routes for wildlife. At the neighborhood level, green extensions and connections of riverside greenway, road greenway, parks and vertical greening permeate into the built-up areas. They provide open space close to residential areas and offer places for recreation. This three-level green system constitutes an integrated ecological network for urban sustainable development of Beijing. For future development of Beijing, urban parks, forestry, agriculture, water and infrastructure should be planned and designed in an integrated way. After this greenspace plan is legislated and completely realized, Beijing will develop an interconnected and integrated network of urban greenspaces. It has the prospect of achieving the aim of “Green Olympic City 2008” and the long-term goal of developing Beijing towards an “Eco-City”. 相似文献
16.
Climatic city: Two centuries of urban planning and climate science in Manchester (UK) and its region
This paper traces the history, and current challenges, of climate science and urban design in Greater Manchester, UK. The Mancunian metropolis is a remarkable example of a ‘climatic city’, one that shapes its climate as much as it is shaped by it. From the efforts to control smoke and clear slums in the 19th century, to today’s race to be at the forefront of ‘green’ and ‘sustainable’ cities, climate is a central actor in Manchester’s history and will likely be so in the near future. We analyse the continuities and inflections of this history of climate science and urban planning in the metropolis by drawing on historical material and interviews with key local stakeholders, to understand the natural, social and political construction of this singular ‘industrial ecology’. Ultimately, we ask whether stakeholders in the Greater Manchester area can overcome existing challenges to go towards a greener, more resilient and sustainable city. 相似文献
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18.
我国城市在快速发展进程中出现了城市规划滞后于城市开发、"被开发商牵着鼻子走"的怪现象,主要原因在于城市规划缺乏土地开发运作的经济观念、土地开发运作的理论支持和恰当的土地开发运作应用方法.应通过对城市规划实践当中有关土地开发运作的理论进行框架性梳理、增加学科知识点和加强应用性研究等措施,加强土地的价值规划,加强对土地开发运作的经济分析,增强城市规划对土地的控制力度和弹性. 相似文献
19.
阐述了古村镇保护规划实施的政策建议,从居民参与的法律及政策保障、保护管理的组织体系、居民参与保护管理的途径及程序等方面对居民参与古村镇保护规划的实施过程进行了论述,使古村镇传统风貌得以继续延续。 相似文献
20.
该文以漳州市南凌项目区新城开发为例,阐述了新城建设的多种理念与模式选择,摒弃传统的单一模式的新城开发迷局,先从理论上解析了多种城市建设理念和新城开发模式,接着以本项目为例,具体阐述了如何融合多种城市建设理念建设现代新城。并进行实证讨论。 相似文献