粒径对褐煤煤粉流动性影响研究

为了给工业制备流动性好的煤粉提供技术支撑,采用工业分析仪、扫描电子显微镜和超声衰减粒度仪对6种不同粒径的褐煤进行了分析,并采用流动性指数法研究了粒径对煤粉流动性的影响规律,分析表明6种不同粒径褐煤的工业分析组分相近,褐煤颗粒表面粗糙、结构疏松且具有丰富的孔隙结构.研究发现采用休止角、平板角、压缩度或流动性指数获得褐煤煤粉流动性的结论存在差异,流动性指数法用于评判煤粉流动性具有较高的可靠性.流动性指数法表明124～1000μm的煤粉流动性良好,74～124μm的褐煤流动性相当良好,45～74μm的褐煤流动性一般,小于45μm的褐煤流动性不大好,褐煤的流动性随粒径减小而变差.     

煤粉料仓通气下料流动行为

在可视化有机玻璃料仓系统上对煤粉下料过程及其特性进行了实验研究。研究表明,煤粉介质粒径小、比表面积大,属于黏附性非自由流动粉体,下料流动困难;料仓通气技术可以显著改善煤粉流动性从而促进料仓下料,但过量通气反而会抑制煤粉下料。通过分析下料过程中料仓壁面的压力信号,揭示了料仓压力分布特性,分析了超侧压现象并定义了压力转换面。实验发现,通气可以在一定程度内减小超侧压幅度,扩大煤粉流化疏松区域,提升转换面高度。此外,研究还发现通气下料过程中存在气体穿透现象,穿透临界高度随通气量的增加而提高,并且穿透后煤粉下料流率降低。     

煤粉料仓通气下料流动行为

在可视化有机玻璃料仓系统上对煤粉下料过程及其特性进行了实验研究。研究表明,煤粉介质粒径小、比表面积大,属于黏附性非自由流动粉体,下料流动困难;料仓通气技术可以显著改善煤粉流动性从而促进料仓下料,但过量通气反而会抑制煤粉下料。通过分析下料过程中料仓壁面的压力信号,揭示了料仓压力分布特性,分析了超侧压现象并定义了压力转换面。实验发现,通气可以在一定程度内减小超侧压幅度,扩大煤粉流化疏松区域,提升转换面高度。此外,研究还发现通气下料过程中存在气体穿透现象,穿透临界高度随通气量的增加而提高,并且穿透后煤粉下料流率降低。     

煤粉外水含量对上出料式发送罐供料特性的影响

在上出料式发送罐密相气力输送实验台上,研究了外水含量对煤粉供料质量流率、固气比以及供料稳定性的影响,获得了内蒙古褐煤的极限供料外水含量和最佳供料外水含量,并结合煤粉流动特性分析,探讨了煤粉极限供料外水含量和最佳供料外水含量的判别方法。结果表明：在初始外水含量为3.3%条件下,在上出料式发送罐壁面以及提升管入口处能够观察到明显的静电放电现象;当外水含量增加至10%时,发送罐内会出现煤粉结拱现象;实验所用内蒙古褐煤的极限供料外水含量在8.7%~10%之间,其最佳供料外水含量大约为4%,在最佳供料外水含量下煤粉供料质量流率和固气比均达到最大值,且供料稳定性最好;当外水含量为供料实验获得的最佳外水含量4%时,煤粉的流动函数达到最大值,同时黏附力达到最小值,煤粉的流动性也达到最佳。在外水含量由8.7%增加至10%的过程中,煤粉流动性由容易流动区域转为有黏性区域,流动性变差。当外水含量为10%时,煤粉处于有黏性区域,流动困难。与供料实验相比,通过剪切实验获得煤粉的流动函数和黏附力,可以作为工业应用中初步判别煤粉极限供料外水含量和最佳供料外水含量的便捷方法。     

煤粉外水含量对上出料式发送罐供料特性的影响

在上出料式发送罐密相气力输送实验台上,研究了外水含量对煤粉供料质量流率、固气比以及供料稳定性的影响,获得了内蒙古褐煤的极限供料外水含量和最佳供料外水含量,并结合煤粉流动特性分析,探讨了煤粉极限供料外水含量和最佳供料外水含量的判别方法。结果表明:在初始外水含量为3.3%条件下,在上出料式发送罐壁面以及提升管入口处能够观察到明显的静电放电现象;当外水含量增加至10%时,发送罐内会出现煤粉结拱现象;实验所用内蒙古褐煤的极限供料外水含量在8.7%~10%之间,其最佳供料外水含量大约为4%,在最佳供料外水含量下煤粉供料质量流率和固气比均达到最大值,且供料稳定性最好;当外水含量为供料实验获得的最佳外水含量4%时,煤粉的流动函数达到最大值,同时黏附力达到最小值,煤粉的流动性也达到最佳。在外水含量由8.7%增加至10%的过程中,煤粉流动性由容易流动区域转为有黏性区域,流动性变差。当外水含量为10%时,煤粉处于有黏性区域,流动困难。与供料实验相比,通过剪切实验获得煤粉的流动函数和黏附力,可以作为工业应用中初步判别煤粉极限供料外水含量和最佳供料外水含量的便捷方法。     

级配粒度对宁东煤成浆性影响的研究

以宁东煤为研究对象,采用正交试验法进行了煤粉粒度分布对水煤浆成浆性能影响的分析研究。自制了不同颗粒区间的煤粉,并将各种粒径的煤粉配制成相同浓度的水煤浆,以水煤浆的黏度和流动性作为试验指标,探讨了不同粒度级配对宁东煤成浆性的影响。采用超声衰减粒度仪进行了粒度分布测定,并得到了分布曲线。试验结果表明:双峰级配的煤粉粒度级配合理,大颗粒和小颗粒之间相互填充,煤粉堆积效率达到最大,煤粉空隙中的水量最小,表现为浆体的黏度低、流动性好。     

清洁煤粉加工过程中的煤粉流变特性及其应用

系统研究了兖矿动力煤粉的流变特性,包括松装密度、内聚力、无约束屈服强度、流动函数、内摩擦角及压缩性等;研究结果表明,从洁净煤生产线上采取的动力煤粉粘聚性较强,是一种流动性较弱的粉体;以实测煤粉流变特性为基础,提出了煤粉仓设计的一般原则;根据Jenike理论和样品的流变特性测试结果,给出了整体流筒仓的设计参数。     

细粉粉末涂料流动性能的表征研究

为了更好地解决细粉及超细粉末涂料颗粒在加工、气流输送、喷涂等工艺中遇到的问题,本文对影响细粉粉末涂料流动性能的各粒径参数进行了实验研究和回归分析。研究发现:工业上通常应用中粒径(D50)来表征细粉涂料流动性并不够准确。通过对不同特征粒径以及粒径分布跨度等因素的考察,本文提出了一种由代表粒径大小和粒径分布的D10-D50-D90多变量关联模型来表征细粉粉末涂料流动性的方法,使细粉涂料流动性的预测更为可靠和准确,为细粉涂料特别是超细粉末涂料的工业应用提供理论指导。     

Jenike剪切测试仪与PFT流动测试仪对炭黑N660流动性测试结果的对比分析

针对橡胶轮胎厂常用物料炭黑N660,使用Jenike剪切测试仪与PFT流动测试仪对其流动性进行了测试和对比分析,主要介绍了炭黑的粒径及其分布、壁面摩擦性能、压缩性能流动函数等测试。简要介绍了以上测试的仪器原理和使用方法,为颗粒物料流动性测试进行指导。     

煤粉粒径及燃烧工况对PM10排放特性的影响

采用沉降炉研究了煤粉粒径及燃烧工况（包括不同温度和气氛等）对可吸入颗粒物粒径分布的影响．实验煤种为六盘水烟煤,分为三种煤粉粒径,在两种燃烧气氛和三种温度下,在沉降炉中进行燃烧．实验用低压撞击器（LPI）按不同粒径从0．03μm～10μm分为13级,分别采集燃烧后的可吸入颗粒物．分析结果显示,煤粉粒径和燃烧工况是影响PM10的粒径分布的重要因素;PM10粒径分布呈双峰分布,两峰值对应不同的生成机理;随着温度升高和含氧量增加,PM10排放浓度大幅增加;粒径小于63μm的煤粉排放PM10较多,相比之下,粒径为100μm～200μm和63μm～100μ煤粉燃烧生成的PM10粒径分布的差异不明显．     

高含量β-胡萝卜素微胶囊干粉流动性的考察及其影响因素

The flowability of five kinds of microencapsulation powders,with differentβ-carotene contents and by two alternative particle-forming technologies i.e.spray-drying and starch-catching beadlet technology,was meas- ured.The actual flow properties of the five powders were compared based on bin-flow test,and three flow indexes (Hausner ratio,repose angle and flow index)were measured.It was found that the repose angle is the most suitable index to reflect the flowability of these powders for the particle properties would not be altered due to compaction or tapping during the measuring process.Particle size and particle size distribution play most important roles in the flowability of these granular materials,which was also influenced by other factors like shape,surface texture,sur- face roughness,etc.Microcapsules with wall material of gelatin and a layer of modified starch absorbed on the sur- face showed excellent flowabilities and good mechanical properties,and they are favorable for tabletting to supply β-carotene.     

Comparison of different flowability tests for powders for inhalation

A series of placebo powders for inhalation was characterized regarding bulk density and powder flowability using different techniques. The powders were of the ordered mixture type and were prepared by mixing a pharmaceutical carrier grade of lactose with different fractions of intermediate sized and fine (i.e., micronized) lactose. A modified Hausner Ratio was obtained by measurement of the poured and the compressed bulk densities. Other tests investigated were the angle of repose, the avalanching behaviour using the AeroFlow, and the yield strength using the Uniaxial tester. Furthermore, the relation between ordered mixture composition and flowability was examined.Of the methods investigated, the modified Hausner Ratio discriminates well between the investigated powders and seems to have the widest measuring range. It was also found that the poured and compressed bulk densities provide information about the packing of the particles in the powders. A good correlation was obtained between the modified Hausner Ratio and the angle of repose. The AeroFlow was suitable for powders with a low percentage of fine particles, but could not discriminate between the more cohesive powders. The Uniaxial tester, on the other hand, seems to be better suited for more cohesive powders.Regarding the powder composition, addition of micronized particles has a strong influence on the flowability of ordered mixtures, while intermediate sized particles have little impact on the powder flow.     

Hot melt granulation of coarse pharmaceutical powders in a spouted bed

The hot melt granulation of a coarse pharmaceutical powder in a top spray spouted bed is described. The substrate was lactose-polyvinylpyrrolidone particles containing or not acetaminophen as a drug model. Polyethylene glycol (MW, 4000) used as binder was atomized onto the bed by a two-fluid spray nozzle. The granulation experiments followed a 2³ factorial design with triplicates at the center point and were carried out by varying the spray nozzle vertical position, the atomizing air flow rate and the binder feed rate. Granules were evaluated by their pharmacotechnical properties like size distribution, bulk and tapped densities, Carr index, Hausner ratio and tableting characteristics. Analysis of variance showed that granule sizes were affected by the PEG feed rate and atomizing air pressure at the significance levels of 1.0 and 5.0%, respectively, but spray nozzle distance to the substrate bed was not significant. The spray conditions also affected granule flow and consolidation properties, measured by the Carr index and Hausner ratio. Measured densities, Carr indexes and Hausner ratios proved that granules flowability and consolidation properties are adequate for pharmaceutical processing and tableting. Tablets prepared with acetaminophen-containing granules showed good properties and adequate release profiles in in vitro dissolution tests. The results indicate the suitability of spouted beds for the hot melt granulation of pharmaceutical coarse powders.     

Flowability of moist pharmaceutical powders

The effect of moisture content on four pharmaceutical powders (an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), Aspartame, Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC), and Respitose ML001) has been investigated. The API and Respitose powders were found to be nonhygroscopic and were tested at their native moisture contents only. The Aspartame was tested at moisture contents of 0%, 2%, 5%, and 8% and the HPMC was also tested at moisture contents of 0%, 2%, 5%, and 10%. Powder flowability was measured using the Jenike shear index, the Hausner Ratio, the Carr Index, and the static and dynamic angles of repose. The flowability of Aspartame increased with an increase in moisture content, which is attributed to the formation of large, round agglomerates. The flowability of HPMC decreased with an increase in moisture content, attributed to the increasing strength of liquid bridges. The Jenike shear index was the only flowability indicator to capture this complex behaviour.     

细粉下料过程的气固流体动力学作用分析

细颗粒粉体下料时受气固流体力学作用在料仓出口附近形成逆压力梯度,使得粉体下料流率实验值远低于理论预测值。而且该压力梯度力直接测量较困难,对模型修正和发展提出了挑战。以玻璃微珠、流化催化裂化（FCC）催化剂颗粒、褐煤和聚氯乙烯（PVC）颗粒为实验材料,首先开展粉体静力学与动力学测试,借助休止角（AOR）、豪斯纳比（HR）和卡尔流动指数（CFI）多个粉体流动性判据综合分析不同粉体的流动特性;在分析粉体料仓出口附近气固流动特征的基础上,结合Jenike流动与不流动判据,将作用在细颗粒粉体上的逆压力梯度力引入到拱应力平衡方程;进一步,提出了利用迭代算法获得逆压力梯度力的方法,实现了对逆压力梯度力与粉体料仓下料流率的预测。建立的粉体下料流率模型考虑了气固流体动力学作用对粉体下料流动的影响,有效改善了传统模型对细粉体流率预测偏高的问题,模型预测偏差从60%以上降低至±20%。     

Powder flowability and density ratios: the impact of granules packing

The propensity of powders to flow under given circumstances (flowability) affects a large number of industrial applications. A single, reliable and widely applicable flowability test does not exist, because of the variety of both granular materials and influence of handling on the measurements results. Here we critically examined the results provided by Hausner's method, based on apparent densities ratio, with several granular materials. Major limitations appeared to be the achievement and measurement of a dense packing condition, provided by the tapped density in the Hausner's ratio. After a detailed discussion of standard and modified techniques to measure bulk density, we eventually suggest a new flowability criterion based on a novel technique to determine a high packing density. The proposed criterion is more sensitive to differences in flowability, as quantified by the repose angle. In order to investigate also the domain of cohesive powders, we developed a novel procedure to measure the repose angle of such powders. Eventually, the new criterion was able to account consistently for free-flowing and cohesive powders. It also stimulates the discussion on subtle issues involved in the determination and use of elementary powder's properties.     

Development of a Phytopharmaceutical Intermediate Product via Spray Drying

The influence of concentration and incorporation time of different drying excipients on the processing yields and physical properties of Eugenia dysenterica DC spray-dried extracts were investigated following a factorial design. Under the established conditions, the process yield ranged from 57.55 to 89.14%, and in most experiments, the recovered products presented suitable flowability and compressibility, as demonstrated by the Hausner factor, Carr index, and angle of repose. Additionally, in a general way, the parameters related to the dried products' flowability varied over a range acceptable for pharmaceutical purposes. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) proved that both factors and some of their interactions significantly affected most of the investigated responses at different levels. Mannitol proved to be an interesting alternative as an excipient for the drying of herbal extracts, even at low concentrations such as 12.5%. Furthermore, these results imply that the best condition to obtain dry extracts of E. dysenterica with high performance and adequate pharmacotechnical properties involves the lowest concentration and the highest incorporation time of mannitol.     

水泥粉体流动行为及其与不同材质库壁粘附性研究

水泥粉体流动性与其储存、输送、给料、混合等操作密切相关.通过休止角、内摩擦角、粘聚力和无侧限抗压强度测试方法,研究了含水率对水泥粉体流动性的影响,对比了水泥粉体与砂浆、钢、涂料、防腐卷材四种壁面材料的壁摩擦角和附着力.结果表明:随着水泥粉体含水率增加,休止角、粘聚力和无侧限抗压强度增加,水泥粉体流动性变差.松散堆积水泥...     

The effect of surface modification of aluminum powder on its flowability, combustion and reactivity

Surface modification of aluminum powders for the purpose of flow improvement was performed and several samples were prepared. Correlations between the flowability and reactivity for these powders as well as for the initial untreated aluminum powder were established. The powders were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), particle size distribution, angle of repose flowability test, Constant Volume Explosion (CVE) combustion test, and Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). The surface modification of micron-sized aluminum powders was done by: (1) dry coating nano-particles of silica, titania and carbon black onto the surface of spherical aluminum powders and (2) chemically and physically altering the surface properties of the same powders with methyltrichlorosilane. All surface modifications improved flowability of the powders. CVE measurements indicate that powders with an improved flowability exhibit improved combustion characteristics if the powder treatment does not add an inert component to aluminum. The TGA results do not show significant differences in the reactivity of various powders. Based on combined flowability and CVE characteristics, the silane modified material gave the best results followed by the powders dry coated with carbon, titania and silica, respectively.