Cecal function of rats on long-term intravenous feeding with different mixtures

Gain in body mass, mucosal morphology and microflora of the contents of the cecum were experimentally studied in adult growing male rats kept for 15 days on parenteral (intravenous) feeding with various nutrient mixtures. The rats on parenteral feeding and the control ones fed orally (via the natural route), kept on diets including all the major nutrients, gained in body mass about 40 g, during the experiment. Body mass of the animals on parenteral feeding with mixtures not containing the nitrous component was practically unchanged by the end of the experiment in all the groups of animals. Dystrophic changes in the cecum were detected in rats kept completely on parenteral feeding. These changes manifested mainly in altered nuclear structure of cryptal epithelium, being especially grave, up to the death of cells, in cases of reduced depth of the cryptae, in rats fed diets free from nitrous components. In rats parenterally fed diets including the principal nutrients the level of anaerobic Lactobacilli in the cecum was significantly reduced, as compared to rats on natural feeding.     

Comparative studies on the enzymatic absorption of protein hydrolysates in the small intestines of the rat. 3. The absorption of trypsin, thermitatic and trypsin thermitatic wheat gluten hydrolysates in comparison with equimolar mixtures of free amino acids

Tryptic, thermitatic, and tryptic-thermitatic wheat-gluten hydrolyzates as well as their equimolar amino-acid mixture were perfused through proximal and distal parts of the intestine (10 cm length) of non-narcotized rats. The total amino-acid concentration of the perfused solution was 50 mM. The tryptic hydrolyzate showed a significantly lower absorption of nitrogen and total amino acids than the amino-acid mixture. Both the supplied forms were very different as to their absorption pattern of the amino acids. The high variability of the percental absorption of the individual amino acids of the tryptic hydrolyzate results in a high coefficient of variation. The absorption of nitrogen and total amino acids from thermitatic and tryptic-thermitatic hydrolyzates is equal to that from the amino-acid mixture. In a peptidic form glutamic acid is more rapidly absorbed from the two hydrolyzates, and methionine from the tryptic-thermitatic hydrolyzate in both the intestinal parts. As to alanine and glycine this concerns only the distal intestinal part for both the hydrolyzates. There are no differences between the absorption patterns of the two hydrolyzates but in comparison with the amino-acid mixture and the tryptic hydrolyzate differences were evident. The coefficients of variation of both the hydrolyzates are significantly lower as compared to those of the tryptic hydrolyzate and the amino-acid mixture. All forms of supply are more rapidly absorbed in the distal than in the proximal part of the intestine.     

37—THE SITES OF REACTION OF PHENYL ISOCYANATE WITH WOOL

An investigation is described in which some of the sites of reaction of phenyl isocyanate with wool in dimethylformamide solution were identified by analysis of enzyme hydrolysates of the treated wool. These hydrolysates were prepared by oxidation of the wool with performic acid, followed by digestion with three proteolytic enzymes. This procedure releases amino-acid derivatives, which would be converted to the parent amino acids by conventional acid hydrolysis. In one case, the analysis was facilitated by the use of radioactively labelled phenyl isocyanate. Four amino-acid derivatives, arising from the reaction of phenyl isocyanate with the side chains of lysine, serine, threonine, and glutamic acid, were found in the hydrolysates. Their identities were confirmed by comparison with authentic samples, whose synthesis is described.     

Changes undergone by free amino-acids during the manufacture of black tea

(1) An increase in total free amino-acids during the withering stage of tea manufacture was confirmed, and was found to be dependent on storage conditions which promote the onset of senescence in plucked tea shoot tips (especially desiccation). The rate of increase was positively related to temperature up to the point where the tissues were killed, after which no further changes took place. Individually, all the major amino-acids increase during withering except the most abundant amino-acid, theanine, which shows an appreciable decrease. (2) During the fermentation stage of black tea manufacture the concentrations of leucine, isoleucine, serine, glutamic acid, glutamine, threonine and phenylalanine are appreciably reduced. Other free amino-acids undergo little change in concentration. (3) During the drying stage of tea manufacture there is a small general decrease in free amino-acid concentration. (4) There is an active metabolism of free amino-acids in plucked tea shoot tips. Within 3 h of feeding glycine-¹⁴C, radioactivity could be detected in all the free amino-acids and especially in serine which contained about ten times as much ¹⁴C as did glycine after this period. Caffeine increased in concentration and in degree of labelling with time from feeding of glycine-¹⁴C which suggests that the amino-acids are the precursors of this purine compound in tea shoot tips. (5) The effect of these changes on the organoleptic properties of black tea are discussed.     

Comparative studies on the enzymatic absorption of protein hydrolysates in the small intestine of the rat. 3. The absorption trypsins thermatatic and trypsin-thermatatic hydrolysates of a fava bean protein isolate compared to an equimolar mixture of free amino acids

Tryptic, thermitatic, and tryptic-thermitatic Faba bean protein hydrolyzates as well as their equimolar mixture of amino acids were perfused through proximal and distal parts of the intestine (10 cm length) of non-narcotized rats. The total amino-acid concentration of the perfused solution was 50 mM. The absorption of nitrogen and total amino acids from the tryptic and tryptic-thermitatic hydrolyzates was lower than that from the amino-acid mixture, the absorption from the thermitatic hydrolyzate was in accordance with that from the amino-acid mixture. The absorption pattern of the amino acids which preferably undergo a peptidic absorption is similar with the three hydrolyzates: in the proximal intestinal part this concerns glutamic acid and serine, in the distal intestinal part--methionine, alanine, glycin, and serine. The absorption pattern of the amino acids is different between the three hydrolyzates and the amino-acid mixture. Between the absorption pattern of the amino acids from the three hydrolyzates little differences were evident only in the proximal intestinal part. The coefficients of variation of the tryptic-thermitatic hydrolyzates are in accordance with those of the amino-acid mixture, whereas that of the thermitatic hydrolyzates is significantly lower. In the distal intestinal part all supplied forms are more rapidly absorbed than in the proximal part of the intestine.     

Enterochromaffin cells of the intestinal mucosa during long-term parenteral and intragastric feeding

The authors studied the response of enterochromaffin cells (Ec-cells) of the duodenal mucosa of rats during parenteral and intragastric administration of food mixtures containing a fatty emulsion venolipid (Japan) and of food mixtures containing no fat. The food mixture was administered round the clock, uniformly throughout 15 days. The Ec-cells were detected by the argentaffinity method modified by Phontane . It was discovered that during parenteral and intragastric administration of the food mixture containing a fatty emulsion, the amount of the Ec-cells in the duodenal mucosa was 3 times greater as compared with control. There were cells with varying intensity of the argentaffinity response, which attests to an active release of hormones synthesized by the Ec-cells. During intragastric administration of the food mixture containing no fatty emulsion, the status of the Ec-cells was the most similar to that seen in control. This is suggestive of an important role of the diet fat for changes in the Ec-cells. The changes found should be taken into consideration in the assessment of the effects of parenteral and intragastric feeding on the body and intestine and in the choice of the most optimal methods of feeding.     

Study of taste-active compounds in the water-soluble extract of mature Cheddar cheese

The chemical composition of the water-soluble extracts of mature Cheddar cheese were identified, with the emphasis on understanding the interplay of compounds contributing to the savoury taste in Cheddar. The ultra-filtered water-soluble extracts of two mature Cheddar cheeses were fractionated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). By sensory evaluation, two taste-active GPC fractions were identified from each cheese. On the basis of chemical profiling of these fractions, aqueous model tastant mixtures were prepared and sensory omission tests carried out. Glutamic acid, organic acids and mineral salts were the main tastants, whereas the other amino acids had a limited impact on taste. The characteristic umami taste was explained by a synergistic effect of glutamic acid and salts. Matching umami taste intensities were obtained from different concentrations of glutamic acid and salts. Unmasking of a bitter or sweet taste from mixtures of sub-threshold concentrations of amino acids without glutamic acids was also observed.     

Free Amino Acids and Other Nitrogenous Fractions in Wine Grapes

SUMMARY: The concentration of eight free amino acids, total nitrogen, amino-acid fraction nitrogen, and nonamino-acid-fraction nitrogen in the juices of 26 red- and 23 white-wine varieties of grapes was determined at early and late stages of fruit maturity. Proline was the most prominent amino acid in 31 of the varieties at early harvest and in 45 of the varieties at late harvest while arginine was the main amino acid in 16 and 3 varieties at early and late harvest, respectively. "Salvador" and "Scarlet" were the only varieties in which α-alanine was the predominant amino acid. The concentration of total nitrogen in the juices of the various varieties ranged from 44 to 256 mg/100 ml and the amino-acid fraction nitrogen ranged from 26 to 171 mg/100 ml juice. The amino acid fraction and nonamino acid fraction nitrogen in the juices ranged from 53 to 76% and 23 to 56% of total Kjeldahl nitrogen respectively. Alanine, γ-aminobutyric acid, arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, proline, serine and theronine accounted for 29 to 72% of the total nitrogen and 47 to 96% of the amino acid fraction nitrogen. Arginine contributed the most nitrogen of the amino acids, accounting for 6 to 44% of the total nitrogen in the juices of the various fruits.     

Comparative study of the absorption of enzymatic protein hydrolysates in the small intestine of the rat. 2. The absorption of tryptic, thermitatic and tryptic-thermitatic casein hydrolysates compared with the equimolar composition of free amino acids

Tryptic, thermitatic, and tryptic-thermitatic casein hydrolyzates as well as their equimolar amino-acid mixture were perfused through proximal and distal parts of the intestine (10 cm length) of nonanaesthesized rats. The total amino-acid concentration of the perfused solution was 50 mM. The absorption of nitrogen and total amino acids respectively did not reveal significant absorption advantages in favour of the hydrolyzates. In contrast to this, some peptidic bound amino acids of these hydrolyzates show a significantly better absorption as compared to free amino acids. At this, dependences of the kind of hydrolyzate and the part of the intestine are evident. Glutamic acid, e.g. is generally more rapidly absorbed when peptidic bound; methionine is more rapidly absorbed only from the thermitatic and tryptic-thermitatic hydrolyzates, and alanine and glycin only in the distal part of the intestine. Independent of the amino acid or peptide substrate the total absorption of all the amino acids is higher in the distal part of the intestine. The comparison concerning the ranking order of the single amino-acid absorption rates shows in the two parts of the intestine distinct differences between the amino-acid mixtures and the enzymatic hydrolyzates. The lowest differences were found between the thermitatic and the tryptic-thermitatic hydrolyzate. Both of them have approximately the same degrees of hydrolysis (30 and 35%, respectively). The variability of the amino-acid absorption from the three casein hydrolyzates is lower in comparison with the amino-acid mixture. The tryptic-thermitatic hydrolyzates have the lowest coefficients of variability.     

基于高温瞬时α化大米酿造清酒的发酵工艺研究

本实验通过料液比、加曲量、起始pH 值、接种量四个因素的中心组合实验设计对高温瞬时α化大米酿造清酒的发酵工艺进行研究。对酒精度、α氨基氮、总酸、残糖指标进行了测定,并根据实验结果利用响应面(RSM)分析方法建立酒精度模型并进行了优化。验证实验结果表明,所建立的模型能较好地预测实验结果;补料发酵实验结果表明,补料有助于酵母活力的维持;氨基酸谱表明,酒样(α0、α1、α2、α3)中氨基酸含量介于普通清酒和黄酒之间。     

流加混合碳源的谷氨酸发酵工艺研究

采用糖蜜与葡萄糖的混合液作为流加碳源，对谷氨酸发酵工艺进行了探索。试验采用葡萄糖为基础碳源，以发酵初糖浓度为160g／L的培养基进行谷氨酸发酵，以糖蜜与葡萄糖的混合液为流加碳源，结果表明当糖蜜中还原糖占混合液总还原糖30％时，发酵产酸水平和糖酸转化率分别达到142.2g／L和64．88％，与葡萄糖作为唯一流加碳源的谷氨酸发酵工艺比较，其发酵水平十分相近。但生产谷氨酸的碳源成本可降低5％左右。     

提高L- 谷氨酸产量的后期发酵工艺参数研究

以谷氨酸生产菌S9114 为供试菌株,利用50m3 发酵罐研究了L- 谷氨酸的发酵过程,确定发酵后期产酸速率过低是影响L- 谷氨酸产量的主要原因。优化发酵工艺的参数以提高L- 谷氨酸后期发酵的比产酸速率,结果表明：采用溶氧控制的葡萄糖流加方式,控制发酵后期的pH 值,在发酵的适当时期流加一定量的生物素和KCl 等措施可有效提高L- 谷氨酸的后期产酸水平。在最优条件下,单罐最高产量可达148g/L,糖酸转化率为60.5%。     

Determination of Connective-Tissue Components in Beef Using Simultaneous Equations Based on Amino-Acid Analyses

Collagen, elastin and residual actomyosin in connective tissue of some lower grades of beef were determined from the contents of hydroxy-proline, valine and glutamic acid, using three simultaneous equations based on amounts of these amino acids found in the pure proteins. The complete amino-acid profiles of the connective tissues agreed with the calculated protein compositions. Connective tissues were removed from the meat by dissection, and sequential saline extractions removed sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins. Glycoproteins were removed by extraction with half-saturated calcium hydroxide; collagen, by autoclaving. Changes in composition after extraction or au-toclaving were confirmed by histological investigations.     

反应型可可香料的氨基酸和还原糖的Plackett-Burman设计筛选

本研究采用Plackett-Burman试验设计,选取缬氨酸、甘氨酸、苯丙氨酸、亮氨酸、酪氨酸、苏氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸、精氨酸、葡萄糖、果糖11个可能的可可风味相关因子进行筛选。统计分析结果表明:苯丙氨酸、丝氨酸、亮氨酸、谷氨酸、精氨酸、甘氨酸对美拉德反应的可可风味产物中的几种重要的致香成分具有最显著的影响。未发现葡萄糖和果糖对可可风味有任何差异贡献。选择这5种氨基酸和两种还原糖制备反应型可可香料,产物进行感官分析,并用GC-MS分析其中的致香成分和含量,鉴定出52种成分。     

茶中游离氨基酸测定标样的选择

茶中游离氨基酸测定中,国家标准没有对标准样品谷氨酸和茶氨酸加以区别,造成这一指标测定结果的混乱。运用统计学成对比较t检验方法,将2种标样的2个吸光度、按2种标样算出的样品的2种氨基酸含量以及文献中2种标样下游离氨基酸的2种含量分别一一配对,进行样本差数方差分析,结果表明,谷氨酸的吸光度高于茶氨酸,达到极显著水平,且差异随着氨基酸量的增加而增大;样品游离氨基酸含量谷氨酸标样测定结果普遍低于茶氨酸测定结果,差异达到极显著或显著水平。根据茶中各种氨基酸各自的含量和分子量,用加权法计算出混合氨基酸的相对平均分子量为147~150u,与谷氨酸分子量147.1u接近,偏离茶氨酸分子量174.2u;此外,谷氨酸吸光值高,测定更加灵敏。为此,认为茶中游离氨基酸测定的国家标准应该保留谷氨酸做标样,取消茶氨酸作标样。     

TG-SPME-GC-MS研究谷氨酸和葡萄糖的固相美拉德反应

为了进一步研究无溶剂条件下的美拉德反应,自行设计热重-固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱(TG-SPME-GC-MS)联用系统,建立谷氨酸-葡萄糖固相美拉德模式体系。采用划分温度段取样的方法,比较葡萄糖纯品和谷氨酸-葡萄糖体系自热解起始温度起在200℃范围内的热解行为差异,并对谷氨酸和葡萄糖在进行美拉德反应过程中各阶段热解产物的逸出规律进行研究。结果表明：固相美拉德模式体系中,即使在谷氨酸和葡萄糖质量比为1:10的情况下,美拉德体系的热解起始温度均比葡萄糖纯品提前55℃;反应初期(130～170℃)主要表现为葡萄糖热解产物的逸出;美拉德体系(谷氨酸-葡萄糖质量比1:4)的含氮热解产物自170℃开始生成,包括2-吡咯烷酮、L-焦谷氨酸甲酯、乙酰胺吡咯烷酮、5-甲基吡咯-2-甲醛。     

一种"分瓶"培养与二次接种优化谷氨酸发酵条件的方法

该试验优化了谷氨酸发酵工艺,通过谷氨酸产量的变化寻找细胞由"生长型"转入"生产型"的发酵时间,分时间段与"分瓶"培养并结合二次接种工艺发酵生产谷氨酸,取得较好的发酵结果.最终得到谷氨酸产量113g/L,糖酸转化率58%.     

Amino-acid composition of maturing wheat

Amino-acids were determined in hydrolysates of two wheat varieties harvested at various stages of maturity, and in flours milled from the wheat samples. During maturation, the concentration in protein of lysine, aspartic acid, glycine. alanine and valine decreased; and concentrations of glutamic acid and proline increased. Milling of wheat into flour reduced the concentrations of lysine, arginine, aspartic acid, threonine, glycine and alanine. Concentrations of glutaniic acid and proline were higher in flour than in wheat proteins. Concentrations of cationic side-chains in amino-acids were higher in wheat than in flour, and in both decreased with maturity. Total carboxyl and amide groups were higher in flour than in wheat, and their concentrations increased as the wheat matured. About 84% of the dicarboxylic acids were in amide form. Small changes were observed in concentrations of amino-acid residues with hydroxylic or hydrophobic groups, and in cystine.     

Chemical composition of microbial matter in the rumen

Microbial fractions, comprising protozoa, large and small bacteria and whole particulate matter, have been isolated from rumen contents of sheep given a mainly concentrate diet, a mixture of hay and concentrate, and hay only. Samples of rumen contents were taken before and 2 h after feeding. The main components determined were: protein, lipid, nucleic acids, carbohydrate and ash. The amount of cell wall was estimated in terms of known cell wall constituents (diaminopimelic acid (DAP) and glucosamine). The concentration of some of the constituents varied with diet and with respect to the time of feeding. Many of the differences disappeared when the results were expressed on a polysaccharide-free basis. The amino acid composition of large and small bacteria was virtually the same. The amino acid composition of protozoa was similar except for the proportions of glutamic acid and lysine which were greater in protozoa, and alanine, glycine and DAP, the proportions of which were greater in bacteria. There were higher proportions of protein in large bacteria and protozoa than in small bacteria. Small bacteria contained more lipid, ash and DNA, and less RNA than the other two fractions. The polysaccharide content of protozoa and large bacteria increased from about 8% before feeding to about 30% after feeding, while the polysaccharide content of small bacteria increased only slightly after feeding.     

A method for the identification and quantitative investigation of denatured proteins in mixtures based on computer comparison of amino-acid patterns.

A procedure is described in which stepwise regression is adapted to permit comparison of the amino-acid pattern from a composite sample with those of simple substances arranged in an easily accessible data bank. The computer program automatically selects from the bank those proteins whose amino-acid patterns best correspond to that of the sample, and calculates the proportion of the proteins contained in the mixture. The procedure is applicable to food analytical problems that involve the identification and determination of proteins in mixtures, and also to situations in which the properties of the proteins have been altered by denaturation or enzymatic degradation. The determination is limited to 3-4 proteins in the mixture.