TiAlZr合金微动磨损性能研究

采用高精度液压式微动磨损试验机研究了TiA lZr合金在不同微动运行区域的微动磨损行为,建立了其运行工况微动图。试验结果表明:滑移区、混合区和部分滑移区的摩擦因数随循环次数变化呈现不同的规律,其中部分滑移区摩擦因数较低,磨损体积随着位移幅值的增大而增大;滑移区、混合区磨损体积随着法向载荷的增加而增大,而部分滑移区磨损体积随着法向载荷的增加而减小;滑移区磨屑堆积于中心区域,磨损以磨粒磨损和剥层机制为主;混合区磨损机制主要表现为粘着磨损与磨粒磨损并存;部分滑移区磨损轻微。     

LZ50车轴钢转动微动摩擦学特性研究

在新型转动微动磨损试验机上,进行LZ50车轴钢/GCr15钢在法向载荷为10N、转动角位移幅值为0.125°～0.5°的转动微动磨损试验。在摩擦动力学行为分析的基础上,结合磨痕的微观分析,研究材料的转动微动磨损机理。结果表明,LZ50车轴钢的微动运行区域仅呈现部分滑移区和滑移区,未观察到混合区。滑移区的摩擦因数明显高于部分滑移区;摩擦因数随着转动角位移幅值的增加而增大。车轴钢在部分滑移区损伤轻微,磨痕呈环状;而在滑移区,接触中心呈现材料塑性流动累积造成"隆起"特征,LZ50钢的转动微动磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损、剥层和氧化磨损。     

位移幅值对ZG230-450铸钢微动磨损行为的影响

在不同位移幅值(60～140μm)下对ZG230-450铸钢进行微动磨损试验,研究了位移幅值对摩擦因数、磨损体积和磨损机制的影响.结果表明:随着位移幅值增大,铸钢的微动磨损行为由混合滑移转变为完全滑移,耗散能逐渐增大;混合滑移状态下,摩擦因数经过上升阶段后就迅速进入稳定阶段,而完全滑移状态下的摩擦因数经历了上升阶段、波...     

AZ31B镁合金在不同温度下的微动磨损行为

采用球/平面接触方式在自制的试验设备上对AZ31B镁合金进行切向微动磨损试验,研究了AZ31B镁合金在20,100,200,300℃下的微动磨损行为,并分析了其磨损机制和摩擦氧化作用。结果表明:在不同试验温度下,镁合金的微动主要通过滑移来实现;随着试验温度的升高,上升阶段时的摩擦因数增大,摩擦因数到达峰值和稳定阶段所需的循环次数减小;随着试验温度的升高,AZ31B镁合金的磨损体积和摩擦副的总磨损体积均先减小后增大,200℃时,AZ31B镁合金的磨损体积最小;在微动磨损过程中,AZ31B镁合金磨痕表面的摩擦氧化起主导作用;当试验温度低于200℃时,AZ31B镁合金磨痕表面形成了铁的氧化物转移膜,磨损体积随试验温度的升高而减小,但在300℃时,铁的氧化物转移膜被破坏,磨损体积增大。     

人股骨皮质骨轴面微动摩擦磨损特性研究

采用高精密微动试验台外加体液恒温循环装置,在一定法向载荷和不同位移幅值条件下,研究了天然活性人股骨皮质骨对纯钛的微动摩擦磨损行为。试验结果显示：随位移幅值的增加,股骨皮质骨的微动运行状态从部分滑移向完全滑移状态转变,详细讨论了不同位移幅值下摩擦因数随循环次数的演变规律。微观观察表明：接触表面处于部分滑移状态时损伤轻微,而在完全滑移状态下磨损较严重。人股骨皮质骨的磨损机理主要表现为磨粒磨损和微骨折导致的剥层剥落。微动磨痕的深度随位移幅值的增加而增加,而且磨痕深度与摩擦因数有很好的对应关系。研究认为控制植入体/骨界面的微动幅度有利于提高皮质骨抗微动损伤的能力。     

钛合金球与骨水泥界面之间的微动磨损机制研究

采用钛合金球与自制骨水泥试样以球/平面接触方式,在自制的微动摩擦磨损试验机上开展干摩擦和25%小牛血清介质中切向微动磨损试验研究,考察钛合金球与骨水泥界面之间的微动运行特性,并采用S-3000N型扫描电镜观察磨痕形貌来分析其微动磨损机制。结果表明:随着微动振幅的增加,微动运行由部分滑移区向混合区转变。随着接触载荷的增加,试样接触面之间更容易发生黏着。与干摩擦相比,在小牛血清溶液中部分滑移区向较大振幅区扩展。部分滑移区摩擦因数值较低且保持稳定,混合区的摩擦因数先增大后保持不变。稳定摩擦因数随着接触载荷的增加而减小,随微动振幅增大而增大。骨水泥试样的磨损量在小牛血清介质中比在空气中大,并且随接触载荷增大而增大。骨水泥在小牛血清介质中微动磨损的损伤机制主要为黏着磨损和疲劳磨损,溶液分子在应力作用下对骨水泥基体有削弱作用。     

高温下位移幅值对TC4合金磨损性能的影响

钛合金的微动磨损会加速裂纹的形成与扩展,导致其构件提前失效。利用摩擦磨损试验机考察TC4合金在300和500℃温度下的微动磨损行为,利用扫描电子显微镜和激光共聚焦显微镜对磨痕轮廓及磨痕表面进行分析,探讨在300和500℃温度下TC4合金在不同位移幅值作用下的微动磨损机制。实验结果表明：高温条件下,试样平均摩擦因数和磨损率随位移幅值的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势;两种高温环境中,小位移幅值时,微动运行区域为部分滑移区,主要损伤机制为黏着磨损和氧化磨损;位移幅值为100μm时,微动运行区域为混合滑移区,主要磨损机制为氧化磨损、剥层磨损及塑性变形;大位移幅值时,微动运行区域为完全滑移区,主要磨损机制为磨粒磨损和疲劳磨损。对比300和500℃条件下磨损结果,表明温度越高TC4合金耐磨性能越好,这主要是由于摩擦生成的氧化物TiO₂和Fe₂O₃对磨损表面具有保护作用。     

镀银铜材料在大电流条件下的载流微动磨损特性

利用化学电镀方法在T2紫铜管表面镀银制备镀银铜试样,采用自主研制的切向微动磨损试验设备在圆柱/圆柱的正交点接触模式下进行室温载流切向微动磨损试验,探究了镀银铜试样在5 A电流以及不同法向载荷(5,10,15 N)和位移幅值(30,50,70,100μm)下的载流微动磨损行为及其磨损机制。结果表明：随着位移幅值的增加,镀银铜试样的载流微动磨损程度加剧,随着循环次数的增加,不同位移幅值下的摩擦因数整体呈先减小后增大最后趋于稳定的趋势,而接触电阻呈相反趋势,不同位移幅值下稳定阶段的摩擦因数相差不大;随着载荷的增加,载流微动磨损程度先变大后变小,当载荷为10 N时,磨损程度最大,此时有效接触面积较大,接触电阻较低;随着载荷的增加,稳定阶段的摩擦因数增大。镀银铜试样在磨损初期的磨损机制主要黏着磨损和氧化磨损,在磨损后期主要为磨粒磨损、氧化磨损和剥层,且随着循环次数的增加,氧化磨损程度加剧。     

压铸镁合金AZ91D摩擦磨损性能的研究

采用MM-200型磨损试验机，研究了干滑动摩擦条件下载荷和磨损时间对液态压铸成形镁合金AZ91D摩擦磨损性能的影响，借助扫描电镜探讨了材料的磨损机理。试验结果表明：当滑动速率为0．618m／s、载荷为20～250N时，液态压铸镁合金的磨损速率和摩擦因数均随着载荷的增大而增大，当载荷增大到250N之后，试样的磨损质量反而减小；随着磨损时间的增加，压铸镁合金的磨损质量损失呈线性比例增大，其摩擦因数在0．220～0．235范围内波动；T4和T6热处理对高载荷下镁合金材料的耐磨性能有一定的影响；随着载荷的增大，各种状态下镁合金材料的磨损机制均发生了由氧化磨损、剥层磨损、粘着磨损到熔化磨损的转变。     

温度对不同运行工况下Zr-4锆合金微动磨损行为的影响

采用高温微动磨损试验机对Zr-4合金管进行切向微动磨损试验，通过改变法向载荷研究了试验温度(25,100,200,325℃)对不同运行工况(完全滑移区和部分滑移区)下微动磨损行为的影响。结果表明：在相同试验温度下完全滑移区的摩擦因数高于部分滑移区，不同运行工况下200,325℃时的摩擦因数更早达到稳定状态。在完全滑移区，合金的磨损机制包括磨粒磨损、氧化磨损和剥层，温度的升高对合金微动磨损程度的影响较大，325℃时的微动磨损程度最大；而在部分滑移区，磨损机制包括剥层、黏着磨损和氧化磨损，试验温度的升高对微动磨损程度的影响很小。在相同试验温度下，部分滑移区的微动磨损量远低于完全滑移区；试验温度的升高对完全滑移区微动磨损量的影响较明显，而对部分滑移区的影响不大。     

Fretting wear behavior of AZ91D and AM60B magnesium alloys

The fretting wear behavior of the AZ91D and AM60B magnesium alloys are investigated using a reciprocating fretting wear machine under dry conditions with different numbers of cycles, different normal loads, slip amplitudes and frequencies. The worn surfaces and wear debris were examined using scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy in order to understand the predominant wear mechanisms of two magnesium alloys. The results indicate that the AZ91D alloy displays a lower friction coefficient and lower wear quantity than the AM60B alloy. The AZ91D shows a higher capability than AM60B in resisting crack nucleation and propagation. Both AZ91D and AM60B show similar friction and wear characteristics. The wear quantity increases with increasing normal load, but decreases with increasing frequency. The friction coefficient also decreases as the normal load is increased. Fretting frequency had little effect on the friction coefficient. In a long term, the fatigue wear and abrasive wear were the predominant wear mechanisms for AM60B and delamination wear, adhesive wear and abrasive wear for AZ91D.     

Oil-Lubricated Fretting Behaviors of 304 Stainless Steels under Different Fretting Strokes and Normal Loads

The influence of oil lubrication on the fretting wear behaviors of 304 stainless steel flat specimens under different fretting strokes and normal loads has been investigated. The results proved that fretting regimes and fretting wear behaviors of 304 stainless steels were closely related to the fretting conditions. In general, the increase in normal load could increase wear damage during sliding wear. However, according to the results, a significant reduction in wear volume and increase in friction coefficient was observed when the normal load was increased to critical values of 40 and 50 N at a fretting stroke of 50 μm due to the transformation of the fretting regime from a gross slip regime to partial slip regime. Only when the fretting stroke further increased to a higher value of 70 μm at 50 N, fretting could enter the gross slip regime. There was low wear volume and a high friction coefficient when fretting was in the partial slip regime, because oil penetration was poor. The wear mechanisms were fatigue damage and plastic deformation. There was high wear volume and low friction coefficient when fretting was in the gross slip regime, because the oil could penetrate into the contact surfaces. Unlike the wear mechanisms in the partial slip regime, fretting damage of 304 stainless steels was mainly caused by abrasive wear in the gross slip regime.     

基于双重扩展自适应卡尔曼滤波的汽车状态和参数估计

准确实时地获取行驶过程中的状态信息是汽车动态控制系统研究的关键,为此提出了一种新的汽车状态估计器。建立了包含不准确模型参数和未知时变统计特性噪声的非线性汽车动力学模型,针对该非线性系统提出一种双重扩展自适应卡尔曼滤波算法（DEAKF）。该算法采用两个卡尔曼滤波器并行运算,状态估计和参数估计互相更新,同时将带遗忘因子的噪声统计估值器嵌入到状态校正过程和参数校正过程之间,以解决系统的噪声时变问题。基于ADAMS的虚拟试验和实车试验结果表明,该算法的状态估计精度高于EKF方法和DEKF方法的状态估计精度,同时具有良好的模型参数校正能力,对汽车动态控制系统中估计器的设计具有理论指导意义。
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Friction behavior of quenched and tempered steel in partial and gross slip conditions in fretting point contact

Tangential traction caused by friction in contacting surfaces is a major factor in fretting fatigue that increases stress levels and leads to a reduction in fatigue life. Friction in fretting contact was studied in partial, mixed and gross slip conditions on quenched and tempered steel. Measurements were made with sphere-on-plane contact geometry for polished and ground surfaces. Friction was evaluated from on-line energy ratio and, after the tests, from wear marks. A maximum friction coefficient of over 1.0 was measured at mixed slip zone with polished surfaces, whereas ground surfaces promote lower values in similar operating conditions. The friction coefficient dependence on load cycles and loading frequency is also presented and briefly discussed. The friction data and understanding thus gained is to be used for evaluation of crack initiation with the numerical fretting fatigue model.     

Fretting Wear Behavior and Mechanism of Inconel 690 Alloy Related to the Displacement Amplitude

Fretting wear tests on Inconel 690 alloy were carried out at different displacement amplitudes. The results indicated that with an increase in displacement amplitude, the ratio of tangential force to normal load and wear volume increased. The fretting mode gradually transformed from mostly stick, mixed stick–slip, to full sliding, showing the competition of fretting-induced fatigue cracking and fretting-induced wear. There was a gradient plastic strain created by fretting, which resulted in the formation of a nanocrystalline tribologically transformed structure (TTS) and plastic deformation layers. The plastic strain in the plastic deformation layer gradually increased with an increase in displacement amplitude.     

Development of a test device for the evaluation of fretting in point contact

Fretting wear and fatigue may occur between any two contacting surfaces, wherever short‐amplitude reciprocating sliding is present for a large number of cycles. A test device has been developed for the evaluation of fretting fatigue and wear in partial and gross slip conditions. Three similar sphere‐on‐plane contacts run at the same time. Normal force, tangential force or displacement amplitude and constant bulk stress can be controlled and measured separately. Reciprocating tangential displacement is produced with rotational motion, the amplitude and frequency of which can be adjusted and controlled accurately by an electric shaker. The number of load cycles for crack initiation and growth is determined with strain‐gauge measurements near the fretting point of contact. The contact surfaces are measured with 3D optical profilometer before fretting measurements to determine actual contact geometry. The measurements were done with quenched and tempered steel. The initial results indicate that cracks are mostly formed in partial slip conditions, whereas fretting wear is more heavily involved in gross slip conditions. The initiation of a crack occurs near the edge of the contact in the slip direction, where the calculated cracking risk has its maximum value in partial slip conditions. The number of cracks increases as the displacement amplitude, i.e. friction force, increases in partial slip conditions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

四种核电用包壳材料的微动磨损性能研究

在切向微动磨损试验机上对4种核电用包壳材料(Zr合金、Zr/Cr涂层、FeCrAl和ODS-FeCrAl)进行切向微动磨损试验,考察不同包壳材料的微动磨损特性.研究结果表明:不同包壳材料的摩擦因数、耗散能曲线和形变有显著差异;4种包壳材料在切向微动过程中均处于部分滑移区.通过分析磨痕微观形貌和磨痕轮廓,发现ODS-Fe...