离子液体在硝基化合物电还原中的应用

概述了离子液体应用于硝基化合物电还原的进展,总结介绍了硝基化合物在不同性质离子液体中的电还原特性,并重点归纳出不同性质离子液体中硝基化合物电还原的优缺点及其前景.     

氨硼烷水解制氢研究进展

氢能是替代传统化石能源的重要清洁能源,然而实现氢能的高质量密度储存与温和条件下快速释放仍是一大瓶颈。氨硼烷储氢密度高达19.6%（质量）,在室温下水解即可制得氢气,是最有发展前景的储氢材料之一。然而氨硼烷在水中放氢速度缓慢,因此开发加速其水解过程的催化剂至关重要。对氨硼烷的水解催化剂的研究主要集中在金属单质、金属化合物与光催化剂三类材料。本文从实践方面,介绍了氨硼烷水解制氢的研究方法,从理论方面,通过介绍催化剂的发展,综述了氨硼烷水解反应的步骤与机理。通过对产氢过程的深入描述,介绍了对氨硼烷水解制氢反应正面调控的方法,并依据已有的研究提出了未来该类催化剂的设计策略。     

氨硼烷分解制氢及其再生的研究进展

氨硼烷具有储氢密度高（152.9g/L）、放氢条件温和、无毒以及常温下为稳定的固体而易于储运等特点而成为最有前景的储氢材料之一。本文综述了近年来氨硼烷在不同催化剂作用下,通过热解、醇解和水解这3种方式制氢以及分解后的副产物循环再生氨硼烷的研究进展。分析讨论了氨硼烷的热解制氢研究主要集中在降低温度和抑制气态副产物的生成这两方面,而水解或醇解制氢的研究热点是二元或三元非贵金属纳米核壳或负载型催化剂。与氨硼烷的热解相比,水解或醇解由于条件温和、制氢速度快而更具实用性。指出氨硼烷作为储氢材料最大的挑战是其再生问题,氨硼烷分解脱氢后的副产物不能直接氢化而再生氨硼烷,需要通过一系列反应来进行间接的离线再生,因此氨硼烷的再生将是今后的重点研究方向。     

离子液体中芳香醛选择性还原胺化反应研究

以离子液体为反应介质,对一系列还原胺化反应进行了研究.结果表明,经过缩合、还原两步连续反应,芳香醛与胺的产品收率在70%～98%,还原剂硼氢化钠在BMImBF4离子液体中对还原胺化反应表现出很好的还原能力和选择性,该合成反应条件温和,离子液体可稳定重复使用12次以上.     

离子液体及其催化有机还原反应

离子液体作为一种新型绿色溶剂,具有许多独特的物理化学性质,近年来逐渐被人们所认知,并应用于许多重要领域.简单介绍了离子液体的种类和特点,重点介绍了离子液体在重要的有机还原反应中的应用.     

环硼氮烷的研究进展

要对环硼氨烷的合成、结构和反应进行了综述。环硼氮烷可由氨或铵盐与氯化硼合成。经单晶X射线衍射分析证实其分子中存在共轭π键，其结构与苯相似，因而具有相似的物理性质，但因分子中硼和氮原子的电负性不同，它显示高度的反应活性，最典型的同氯化氢发生加成反应。环硼氮烷在化学中被称之“无机苯”。在应用基础研究中合成了氮化硼薄膜，它在替代有机物合成薄膜等材料中具有广泛的应用价值。     

不同结构催化剂催化氨硼烷产氢的研究现状

随着化石能源的消耗,新型清洁能源的开发迫在眉睫.氢能源因其燃烧性能好,且产物为水、无污染而备受关注.目前,氨硼烷(AB,NH3BH3)作为一种固体储氢材料已经引起了广泛的研究兴趣.氨硼烷分子量较轻,理论储氢密度高达19.6 wt％,其水解产氢反应条件温和、速率可控,且气体产物仅为氢气,因此氨硼烷作为一种质轻、无毒、环保...     

离子液体中合成硼化镍及其催化加氢性能研究

以化学还原手段分别在水溶液和离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([bmim]BF4)中制备了非晶态合金硼化镍(NiB),采用X射线衍射(XRD)、表面积测试仪、透射电镜(TEM)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、紫外漫反射光谱(Uv-Vis)对所制备样品的形貌和结构进行了表征。表征结果显示:与常规水溶液制备硼化镍相比,以离子液体[bmim]BF4为介质合成的硼化镍具有更大的无序度结构、更小的粒径分布和更大的比表面积。催化活性测试表明,在[bmim]BF4中制备的硼化镍催化苯乙烯加氢的活性显著高于常规方法制备的硼化镍催化剂。离子液体不仅仅作为反应的介质,而且与硼化镍表面间存在着一定的化学结合,有效地阻止了硼化镍的团聚。     

二氧化硅负载钌催化剂催化氨硼烷水解产氢研究

采用浸渍-还原法制备了Ru/SiO₂催化剂,并考察了钌负载量、还原剂硼氢化钠的用量、还原温度以及反应条件对催化剂Ru/SiO₂催化BH₃NH₃水解产氢的影响。结果表明,在钌的负载量为0.1%（质量分数）、还原剂硼氢化钠与钌的物质的量比为2.2∶1、还原温度为303 K时制备的催化剂,催化BH₃NH₃水解产氢速率最快[转化频率TOF为140.8 L H₂/（mol Ru·min）]。搅拌转速为450 r/min时,氨硼烷向催化剂表面传质最快,产氢速率最大。氨硼烷水解反应由催化剂界面反应控制,产氢速率与催化剂用量成正比。随着反应温度的升高,Ru活化的氨硼烷分子能量增加,反应速率逐渐增加。反应动力学计算表明Ru/SiO₂催化剂催化BH₃NH₃水解产氢反应对氨硼烷浓度为零级反应,活化能为45 kJ/mol。     

离子液体-甲醇混合溶剂促进对硝基苯甲醛的还原胺化

研究了对硝基苯甲醛在[Bmim]BF4和甲醇组成的混合溶剂体系中的还原胺化反应。以离子液体[Bmim]BF4和甲醇物质的量比为1∶4时的混合物为反应介质,室温下反应2h,产率可达96.5%。实验结果表明,该方法反应条件温和、产率高、反应时间短、后处理简单、离子液体可稳定重复使用6次以上。     

Study on Selective Dimerization of α-Methylstyrenes Promoted by Ionic Liquids

The catalytic systems composed of ionic liquids containing BF₄⁻ anion and HBF₄ showed high catalytic activity to produce 4-methyl-2,4-diphenyl-1-pentene (MDP-1) or 1,1,3-trimethyl-3-phenylindan (TPI) under different temperature conditions. Up to 90.8% selectivity to MDP-1 with a 98.7% conversion of α-methylstyrene was obtained at 60 °C in the presence of [HexMIm]BF₄–HBF₄, while exclusive TPI was yielded when the reaction temperature increased to 120 °C. Further studies showed that another ionic liquid, [BMIm]Cl · 2AlCl₃, could act as an excellent catalyst and solvent for the dimerization of α-methylstyrene to produce TPI. The dimerization of α-methylstyrene catalyzed by [HexMIm]BF₄–HBF₄ and [BMIm]Cl · 2AlCl₃ performed the same reaction mechanism and the proton was the active species.     

On the Extraction of Aromatic Compounds from Hydrocarbons by Imidazolium Ionic Liquids

The liquid-liquid equilibrium for the ternary system formed by n-octane and aromatic (alkylbenzenes) and heteroaromatic compounds (nitrogen and sulfur containing heterocyles) and 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids (ILs) associated with various anions has been investigated. The selectivity on the extraction of a specific aromatic compound is influenced by anion volume, hydrogen bond strength between the anion and the imidazolium cation and the length of the 1-methyl-3-alkylimidazolium alkyl side chain. The interaction of alkylbenzenes and sulfur heterocyles with the IL is preferentially through CH-π hydrogen bonds and the quantity of these aromatics in the IL phase decreases with the increase of the steric hindrance imposed by the substituents on the aromatic nucleus. In the case of nitrogen heterocycles the interaction occurs preferentially through N(heteroaromatic)-H(imidazolium) hydrogen bonds and the extraction process is largely controlled by the nitrogen heterocycle pKa. Competitive extraction experiments suggest that benzene, pyridine and dibenzothiophene do not compete for the same hydrogen bond sites of the IL.     

离子液体中酵母细胞催化的不对称还原反应

以咪唑类离子液体/水两相为反应体系,考察了咪唑类离子液体的不同咪唑环取代烷基链、离子液体与水相的体积比、反应温度、摇床转速和水相pH对酵母Candida Pseudotropicalis催化还原2'-氯-苯乙酮制备S-2'-氯-苯乙醇反应的影响。结果表明,随着离子液体咪唑环上取代烷基的增大,S-2'-氯-苯乙醇的收率呈下降趋势。以1-己基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐/水两相为反应体系,在2'-氯-苯乙酮初始浓度为3 g/L,辅助底物葡萄糖浓度为50 g/L的条件下,较合适的反应条件为离子液体与水的体积比1:50,水相pH值6.8,反应温度30℃,摇床转速200 r/min,反应24 h,产物S-2'-氯-苯乙醇产率可达85.9%,ee值大于99.9%。酵母细胞催化剂的重复使用实验表明,随着使用次数增加,离子液体/水两相体系中酵母细胞的催化作用明显下降。     

Selective Protection of Carbonyl Compounds over Nano-sized Nickel Catalysts

Abstract An efficient method for the preparation of 1,3-dithiolanes of aliphatic and both activated and deactivated aromatic carbonyl compounds with 1,2-ethanedithiol in the presence of a catalytic amount of inexpensive, easily recyclable, monodispersed, chemoselective Ni-nanoparticles having high TON and TOF is reported. An efficient method for the chemoselective thioacetalization of ketones in the presence of aldehydes using Ni-nanoparticles is also reported in this article. Our reaction is kinetically controlled and the method is relatively expedient, avoids the use of cost-prohibitive reagents, high temperatures and leads to excellent yield. Graphical Abstract Selective Protection of Carbonyl Compounds Over Nano-sized Nickel Catalysts Ajeet Kumar,^a Santosh Kumar,^a Amit Saxena,^a Arnab De,^b Subho Mozumdar^a* ^aDepartment of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India; ^b Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA; subhoscom@yahoo.co.in An efficient method for the preparation of 1,3-dithiolanes of aliphatic and both activated and deactivated aromatic carbonyl compounds with 1,2-ethanedithiol in the presence of a catalytic amount of inexpensive, easily recyclable, monodispersed, chemoselective Ni-nanoparticles having high TON and TOF is reported. We report an efficient method for the chemoselective thioacetalization of ketones in the presence of aldehydes using Ni-nanoparticles. Our reaction is kinetically controlled and the method is relatively expedient, avoids the use of cost-prohibitive reagents, high temperatures and leads to excellent yield.      

生物催化羰基不对称还原合成手性醇的研究及应用进展

综述了国内外利用生物催化羰基的不对称还原合成手性醇的研究情况。介绍了生物催化各类潜手性羰基化合物不对称还原的原理、菌种的筛选,以及生物催化不对称还原各类羰基化合物的实例。     

Ionic Liquids as Solvents for Catalyzed Oxidations of Organic Compounds

This review summarizes the oxidation methods of organic compounds carried out in the presence of a catalyst using ionic liquids or molten ammonium salts as solvents. From an ecological point of view, these procedures are particularly interesting when the catalyst is efficiently immobilized in the solvent, thus leading to a reusable system.     

杂多酸离子液体催化的苯甲醇无溶剂选择性氧化

以十二烷基二甲基叔胺、1,3-丙烷磺内酯、磷钨酸/硅钨酸为起始原料经季铵化、酸化两步原子经济反应,合成了两种室温下为液相的多磺酸基官能化杂多酸离子液体S3ILs和S4ILs。目标离子液体的结构经红外光谱、核磁共振波谱得到确认。以S3ILs、S4ILs为均相催化剂,质量分数35%的H2O2为氧化剂,在无溶剂条件下实现了苯甲醇的选择性氧化,n(离子液体)∶n(醇)∶n(过氧化氢)=0.05∶30∶45,反应温度70℃,反应时间4 h时,S4ILs将苯甲醇氧化为对应的苯甲醛,产率81%~100%,S3ILs则将苯甲醇一步氧化为对应的苯甲酸,产率64%~94%。离子液体经旋蒸除水、乙醚洗涤、真空干燥即可循环使用,循环使用5次催化活性基本保持不变。     

季铵盐离子液体催化苯胺选择性烷基化反应

对离子液体介质中苯胺与卤代烃的N-单烷基化反应,考察了9种不同结构的季铵盐、季鏻盐对反应的影响。结果表明,在60℃,用四丁基氯化铵作催化剂、三乙胺作缚酸剂,n(三乙胺)∶n(苯胺)∶n(卤代烃)∶n(四丁基氯化铵)=2∶1∶1∶0.05,苯胺能快速有效地与卤代烃发生N-烷基化反应,高选择性制备仲胺化合物,苯胺转化率达到86%,仲胺选择性达到87%,通过简单的乙醚萃取就可实现产物分离。季铵盐离子液体对邻位或对位有取代基的苯胺烷基化反应,也具有高的苯胺转化率和仲胺选择性,可以代替咪唑鎓盐离子液体用于苯胺选择性单烷基化反应。     

Modification of Nafion Membranes by Impregnation with Ionic Liquids

Nafion 117 membranes were impregnated with various imidazolium (1‐hexyl‐3‐methyl‐imidazolium/HMI, 1‐butyl‐3‐methyl‐imidazolium/BMI) and pyrrolidinium (1‐butyl‐1‐methyl‐pyrrolidinium/BMPyr) based ionic liquids bearing hydrophobic (tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate/FAP, bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide/BTSI, hexafluorophosphate/PF₆) and more hydrophilic (tetrafluoroborate/BF₄) anions. The modified membranes were characterized in terms of uptake behavior, washing out of the ionic liquids by water, swelling in humidified environment, thermal stability, mechanical properties, ion exchange capacity and ion conductivity. Upon this treatment, the ionic liquids' cations partially replace the protons of the sulfonic acid groups in Nafion. While the ionic liquids act as potent plasticizers in the polymer matrix, thermal stability of these systems remains unchanged and swelling by water of the dried ionomer membranes is reduced. Ion conductivities at 120 °C under dry conditions have been found to be up to 100 times higher than for dry Nafion 117. In particular, modification of Nafion by ionic liquids bearing the bulky hydrophobic FAP anion seems promising.