Practical interpretation of metrological traceability on gauge block as to VIM 3

In ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, i.e. the International Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in Metrology-3rd edition (VIM 3), the term “traceability” is replaced by “metrological traceability”, giving it a new definition as property of a measurement result which can be related to a reference. In essence, “metrological traceability” can offer an evidence of measurands tracing to the primary standards which can realize the SI units, and offer a documented unbroken chain of calibrations, thus considered as one of the most important terms in VIM 3. National Measurement Laboratory (NML, Chinese Taipei) has long operated its main mission of calibration implemented along with peer assessed traceability of its measurement systems, which demonstrate a calibration hierarchy conventionally in schematic approach. In dealing with definition of the new term “metrological traceability” in VIM 3, this paper elaborates in taking additionally a newly mathematical approach rather than schematic approach only to realize the practical interpretation of “metrological traceability” to show how the unbroken calibration chain is functioning seamless and robust on the gauge block measurement system in NML. Through such study activities, we well assure our strong confidence on technology inheritance of gauge block and the other measurement systems with sufficient metrological know-how in NML, which can continually pass to each entry level metrologist.     

The theoretical principles of the construction of variational quadrature ac bridges

New approaches to constructing quadratic bridges, based on a variational calibration and correction of the measurement error and the wide use of digital signal processing, which enable high metrological characteristics of the apparatus to be obtained for small dimensions and low cost, are proposed. __________ Translated from Izmeritel’naya Tekhnika, No. 10, pp. 58–63, October, 2006.     

Support from regulations on the development of reference materials for the compositions of pure organic substances

A new approach is proposed to certifying reference materials (RM) for the compositions of pure organic substances, which incorporates the specific features of organic compounds and which meets basic metrological requirements. A program is presented for the metrological certification of such RM. Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 11, pp. 62–63, November, 1999.     

A Novel Primal-mixed Finite Element Approach for Heat Transfer in Solids

A new reliable primal–mixed finite element approach for the heat transfer analysis in solids, is examined in detail. The essential contribution is that both variables of interest, temperature and heat flux, are calculated simultaneously from the same system of finite element equations. In addition, as a novelty, continuity of the trial and test heat flux functions is enforced, to avoid the need for some a posteriori heat flux smoothing technique. In order to minimize the accuracy error and enable introduction of the flux constraints, tensorial character of the present finite element equations is fully respected. The proposed finite element is subjected to low and high order convergence and efficiency tests in steady state and transient heat transfer analysis, which enlighten its solvability, stability, accuracy and effectiveness, i.e. its reliability.     

A Modernized Calorimeter for Measuring the Isobaric Heat Capacity of Hydrocarbons by a Continuous-Flow Method in the Critical Region

A method is described for the precision measurements of the isobaric heat capacity C_p of hydrocarbons of the normal series in a wide neighborhood of the critical point, characterized by anomalously high values of C_p, the presence of maxima and high temperatures, for which thermal decomposition of the products investigated is possible. Modernization of the method was undertaken in order to increase the accuracy of measurements of the absolute temperatures (the reference temperatures) and small differences in temperature (ΔT < 0.1 K) with original “ignoble” thermocouples. In order to minimize heat loss in the calorimeter and to increase the reliability of the experimental equipment, a new construction of the heat meter was developed and a metrological estimate of it was carried out. __________ Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 8, pp. 43–48, August, 2005.     

Analysis of the accuracy of clinical laser fluorescence diagnosis

We consider a systematic theoretical and experimental approach to statistical analysis of the accuracy of clinical laser fluorescence diagnosis. We propose an improved procedure for treatment of the diagnostic findings which decreases the average relative error of the measurements. This, pushes to the forefront the problem of uniform metrological certification and standardization of the apparatus and procedures presently used for laser fluorescence diagnosis. Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 7, pp. 58–61, July, 1998.     

A method of determining the instrumental component of the error of high-precision equipment for measuring complex reflection coefficient

A method of constructing an adequate model of the instrumental component of the uneliminated systematic error of high-precision equipment for measuring complex reflection coefficient is considered, which enables the contradiction between the effort involved in realizing the model employed and the error in estimating the metrological characteristics of the equipment to be resolved. __________ Translated from Izmeritel’naya Tekhnika, No. 10, pp. 64–67, October, 2006.     

Thermodynamic substantiation of the variational principle for nonlinear problems of unsteady-state heat conduction

A variational formulation of the problem of unsteady-state heat conduction is presented. A nonlinear functional obtained as a result of an analysis of unsteady-state heat transfer is suggested. The variational method can be used for solving problems with a strong nonlinearity for which finite-difference approximations do not enable one to obtain sutisfactory results. A technique for calculating the approximation error in variational problems is considered. Belarusian State Polytechnic Academy, Minsk, Belarus. Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 69, No. 2, pp. 313–323, March–April, 1996.     

Statistical methods and metrological validation of measurement system software

An approach to metrological validation of measuring system software based on the “benchmark data” method is analyzed, and results achieved with this approach for the case of a problem of determining the flow rate of natural gas are discussed. Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 11, pp. 14–19, November, 2008.     

Development of engineering requirements for unified software facilities for metrological purposes

We present a new approach to specification of requirements for software for metrological purposes; the basis for the approach is the GOST R/ISO/IEC 9126-93 standard. We present practical formulas and results of requirement specifications for simple characteristics. Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 6, pp. 11–14, June, 1998.     

Errors in heart measurements and main requirements for metrological support of heat-energy metering devices

This article examines metrological aspects of the problem of improving the accuracy of measurement of heat energy and reducing the imbalances between suppliers and consumers. Metrological requirements are formulated for different blocks of a measurement system along with standards for their substantiation. The metrological characteristics of the components that meter heat, energy are calculated by computer programs on the basis of the actual systematic errors of the corresponding blocks. Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 1, pp. 36–39, January, 1999.     

Processing the results of a check of measuring instruments using stable methods of parameter estimation

The increments of the errors of measuring instruments in the interval between tests are analyzed. A mathematical apparatus is developed which enables the effect of rough errors, faults and “sudden” metrological breakdowns on the accuracy of estimates of the metrological characteristics when using a Kalman filter to be reduced. __________ Translated from Izmeritel’naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 16–18, April, 2008.     

The new set of apparatus of the state primary standard of the units of heat of combustion and specific and volume heat of combustion

The results of research, carried out at the Mendeleev All-Russia Research Institute of Metrology in 2007–2010 to improve the standard base of Russia, are presented. This research resulted in the design and approval of a new generation of equipment, unique in the world, as the State Primary Standard of the units of heat of combustion - the joule, the specific heat of combustion - the joule per kilogram and the volume heat of combustion - the joule per cubic meter. The composition of the standard and its metrological characteristics are considered.     

A highly sensitive absolute cavity radiometer

A model of a highly sensitive cavity radiometer with an original construction of the thermal indication unit, which enables the error in carrying out the electrical substitution procedure to be reduced considerably, is described. The main metrological characteristics of the standard radiometer obtained using the model are presented. Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 8, pp. 42–45, August, 1999.     

Designing a computerized metrological production support system based on cals technologies

Designing a computerized metrological support system is considered, which incorporates not only metrological considerations on measuring instruments but also the computerized choice of production preparation facilities. Representations are considered for information on measuring instruments that allow one to integrate the metrological system in a unified CALS system for the organization. __________ Translated from Izmeritel’naya Tekhnika, No. 6, pp. 22–26, June, 2006.     

Root-mean-square voltmeters for a broadband input signal

The error of root-mean-square voltmeters in a broadband voltage measurement is considered, and proposals are made for standardizing the metrological characteristics of those voltmeters so that the error of measurement of the signals can be evaluated. Several versions of an automatic error estimater to be incorporated into the voltmeter circuit are described. Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4 pp. 33–36, April, 1997.     

Testing statistical hypotheses concerning error characteristics of measuring devices irrespective of the distribution law form

A method for verification of error characteristics containing random components is proposed to be used in metrological trials of measuring devices. This method does not require the knowledge of the prior distribution law of the random error component but nevertheless assures the preassigned guarantees against erroneous decisions. It is based on R. A. Fisher's fiducial probabilities. Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 11, pp. 3–8, November, 1997.     

Optimization of the operating parameters of the measurement channels of a virtual instrument from the reading of the heat energy consumed

An approach to the metrological checking of virtual instruments, which are intelligent measuring systems, is considered. A mathematical model of the formation of the dynamic errors in the measuring channels of the system is proposed and the parameters of these channels are optimized. __________ Translated from Izmeritel’naya Tekhnika, No.10, pp. 46–48, October, 2007.     

Two-Stage evaluation of the error characteristics for the results of measurements made by computerized instruments

We consider an approach to metrological support for computerized measurements. This approach combines conventional methods for standardization, experimental evaluation, and verification of metrological characteristics of direct-measurement results and the use of self-testing programs for processing these results. These methods can be applied in the future to programs that use interval arthmetic or fuzzy variables. Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 3, pp. 3–7, March, 2000.