棕榈酸单乙醇酰胺的合成与性能研究

以棕榈酸和单乙醇胺为原料,采用两步法合成棕榈酸单乙醇酰胺,考察了合成反应中第二步胺解工艺反应时间、投料比、催化剂用量等因素对反应纯度的影响,并通过正交实验优化工艺条件.得到最佳工艺条件为:反应时间4h,n(单乙醇胺):n(棕榈酸)=1.05∶1,催化剂KOH用量为0.3%.验证实验胺值(KOH)仅为3.98 mg/g.研究表明,随着表面活性剂棕榈酸单乙醇酰胺质量分数的增大,其泡沫性能显著增强,ω＞0.15%时,显示出较强的起泡性与稳泡性;30℃时,ω=0.10%的溶液起泡高度可达180 mm,50℃时两种质量分数(ω =0.10%,ω=0.25%)溶液稳泡性仍保持良好;本产品与同类表面活性剂FAS、AES相比具有较好的泡沫性能.     

菜油脂肪酸单乙醇酰胺的合成及其在皮革工业中的应用

菜油脂肪酸单乙醇酰胺可由菜油、菜油脂肪酸或菜油脂肪酸甲酯与单乙醇胺反应制得,它自身作为一种性能优良的油溶性表面活性剂,可以充当助表面活性剂用于各种皮革助剂的复配,另外菜油脂肪酸单乙醇酰胺还可以进一步合成其它表面活性剂,用于各种皮革助剂的生产.本论文广泛地介绍了这一产品的合成以及它在制革工业中的应用.     

月桂醇聚氧乙烯醚邻苯二甲酸单酯钠盐的合成与性能研究

论述了醇醚单酯化，并优化了酯化条件。测定了其临界胶束浓度、润湿性、乳化力、起泡性及去污力等表面性能，并与两种同类型单酯的表面特性进行了比较，探讨了亲油亲水基团的结构对单酯型表面活性剂特性的贡献。     

涤纶变形丝油剂的使用性能

介绍了由脂肪酸多元醇酯、非离子表面活性剂和阳离子表面活性剂复配的涤纶变形丝油剂的性能和应用。     

酰胺型Gemini表面活性剂的合成研究进展

综述了酰胺型阳离子、阴离子Gemini表面活性剂的合成路线和产品性能.其中,酰胺型阳离子Gemini表面活性剂的生物降解性好,毒性小,性能卓越,但合成条件较苛刻,原料价格较高;酰胺型阴离子Gemini表面活性剂的合成种类较多,但合成步骤长,副反应多.指出,应用廉价原料,采用环境友好的工艺路线将是酰胺型Gemini表面性活剂的研究方向.     

磺化琥珀酸酯盐表面活性剂的合成及应用

本文阐述了磺基琥珀酸酯盐(简写为SS)系列表面活性剂的基本概念及合成技术，总结了该系列表面活性剂的发展历史、现状及其应用，并对其发展前景进行了展望。     

羧甲基化法合成油酸单乙醇酰胺醚羧酸盐

以油酸为起始原料,经酰胺化和羧甲基化反应制得了油酸单乙醇酰胺醚羧酸盐(OAEC).正交实验考察了投料比、催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间等对羧甲基化反应的影响.最佳工艺条件为:n(油酸单乙醇酰胺)∶n(氯乙酸钠)∶n(NaOH)=1∶1.55∶3.5,65℃反应4 h.在此条件下,油酸单乙醇酰胺的平均转化率达95.94%.IR分析表明合成产物为目的产物,HPLC分析表明产物纯度较高.产物OAEC的表面张力为29.06 mN/m,发泡力为64 mm,去污力为16.90,属低泡温和型表面活性剂.     

葡萄糖酰胺基聚硅氧烷表面活性剂在石蜡表面的铺展行为

采用接触角法研究了葡萄糖酰胺基聚硅氧烷表面活性剂(APFPS-GL)在石蜡表面的铺展行为.结果显示:APFPS-GL虽有良好的表面活性,但并不能在石蜡表面完全铺展,表明表面活性剂的分子体积明显影响其铺展能力.     

非离子表面活性剂在生物质发酵生产乙醇中的应用及影响

表面活性剂广泛应用于各个领域,在制备纤维素乙醇过程中添加非离子表面活性剂,研究发现,非离子表面活性剂对木质纤维素原料的预处理和水解过程都产生积极的作用,同时总结了针对不同的木质纤维素原料可以起促进作用的非离子表面活性剂.探讨了非离子表面活性剂在水解过程中对木质纤维素原料结构以及对纤维素酶的影响,着重从纤维素酶的扩散及吸附两个方面阐述了非离子表面活性剂对纤维素酶的影响机制.     

羧甲基淀粉钠对纸张增强性能的研究

对作为纸张增强剂的羧甲基淀粉钠(CMS)的增强机理进行了初步的研究。结果表明,CMS对纸张有明显的增强效果,且不同品种的CMS增强效果是有差异的;CMS溶液中氯化物含量越高,对纸张的增强效果起到的积极作用越大;取代度对CMS的纸张增强效果有很大的影响,高取代度的CMS和低取代度的CMS比中等取代度的CMS对纸张的增强效果要好;在pH=7.0～7.5时,CMS的增强效果最好。对于PAE/CMC二元增强系统,可以用CMS浆内添加来替代CMC。     

羧甲基淀粉钠的合成与表征

研究了羧甲基淀粉钠(CMS)在合成过程中反应条件对产品取代度的影响,对淀粉和CMS进行了IR谱图的表征,并通过电镜扫描比较了淀粉和CMS的微观颗粒特征。     

Preparation and Characterization of Carboxymethyl Starch (CMS) Products and Their Utilization in Textile Printing

Starch and oxidized starches of different molecular sises were carboxymethylated under identical conditions. The degree of substitution (DS) of the so obtained. CMS samples increases by decreasing the molecular sise of starch which, indeed, is a manifestation of higher extents of oxidation. The latter was effected using different sodium hypochlorite concentrations and the extent of oxidation was expressed as chlorine consumption. Pastes of these CMS samples exhibit pseudoplastic behaviour and their apparent viscosity decreases as the extent of oxidation increases, when used as thickeners in printing polyester fabric with disperse dyes, these pastes bring about prints the colour strength (K/S) of which are comparable with these for conventional thickeners, namely commercial CMS and sodium alginate. Mixing of sodium alginate with the prepared CMS samples increases the efficiency of the latter to act as the thickening agent. The highest K/S is obtained with CMS derived from starch oxidized using 1.25g active chlorine/1. Mean while, the colour fastness properties of the prints towards rubbing, washing and perspiration are nearly equal to those fabrics printed using the conventional thickeners such as sodium alginate or commercial CMS.     

Comparing technical efficiency of farms with an automatic milking system and a conventional milking system

Changing from a conventional milking system (CMS) to an automatic milking system (AMS) necessitates a new management approach and a corresponding change in labor tasks. Together with labor savings, AMS farms have been found to have higher capital costs, primarily because of higher maintenance costs and depreciation. Therefore, it is hypothesized that AMS farms differ from CMS farms in capital:labor ratio and possibly their technical efficiency, at least during a transition learning period. The current study used actual farm accounting data from dairy farms in the Netherlands with an AMS and a CMS to investigate the empirical substitution of capital for labor in the AMS farms and to determine if the technical efficiency of the AMS farms differed from the CMS farms. The technical efficiency estimates were obtained with data envelopment analysis. The 63 AMS farms and the 337 CMS farms in the data set did not differ in general farm characteristics such as the number of cows, number of hectares, and the amount of milk quota. Farms with AMS have significantly higher capital costs (€12.71 per 100 kg of milk) than CMS farms (€10.10 per 100 kg of milk). Total labor costs and net outputs were not significantly different between AMS and CMS farms. A clear substitution of capital for labor with the adoption of an AMS could not be observed. Although the AMS farms have a slightly lower technical efficiency (0.76) than the CMS farms (0.78), a significant difference in these estimates was not observed. This indicates that the farms were not different in their ability to use inputs (capital, labor, cows, and land) to produce outputs (total farm revenues). The technical efficiency of farms invested in an AMS in 2008 or earlier was not different from the farms invested in 2009 or 2010, indicating that a learning effect during the transition period was not observed. The results indicate that the economic performance of AMS and CMS farms are similar. What these results show is that other than higher capital costs, the use of AMS rather than a CMS does not affect farm efficiency and that the learning costs to use an AMS are not present as measured by any fall in technical efficiency.     

雄性不育烟草花蕾中SOD、POD和CAT活性研究

通过对4个烟草雄性不育系及其保持系不同大小花蕾的SOD、POD和CAT活性的测定,研究烟草雄性不育性与花蕾中SOD、POD和CAT活性的关系。结果表明:4个不育系的小、中、大花蕾SOD活性都比其相应的保持系更高;除MS云烟85的小花蕾POD活性低于其保持系外,各不育系不同大小花蕾的POD活性都比其相应的保持系高;4个不育系的小、中、大花蕾的CAT活性都不同程度地低于其保持系。     

抗坏血酸对大豆分离蛋白酶解产物功能特性影响研究

采用木瓜蛋白酶水解不同浓度的大豆分离蛋白,研究了抗坏血酸对较低水解度（DH为3.7%）和较高水解度（DH为8.9%）酶解产物黏度、发泡性、发泡稳定性、乳化性和乳化稳定性的影响.结果表明：在水解度为3.7%的、浓度为7%的大豆分离蛋白酶解液中添加0.3%抗坏血酸,体系的黏度最大、乳化性最强、乳化稳定性最高;在水解度为8.9%的、浓度为3%的大豆分离蛋白酶解液中添加0.3%抗坏血酸,体系的发泡性最大;在水解度为3.7%的、浓度为7%的大豆分离蛋白酶解液中添加0.5%抗坏血酸,体系的泡沫体积比最大.     

基于玉米肽-植酸复合物和柑橘纤维的泡沫乳液的制备及其性质

牛乳是搅打稀奶油中的主要成分,但其胆固醇含量高,不利于人体心血管健康。此外,生产商常采用价格低廉的氢化油替代牛乳,而氢化油中反式脂肪酸含量较高,对人体有害。本研究以玉米肽、植酸为原料,柑橘纤维为增稠剂,构建了基于玉米肽-植酸复合物和柑橘纤维的泡沫乳液体系。研究发现,玉米肽和植酸具有非共价相互作用(范德华力和氢键),所制得的复合物具备稳定油水界面的能力,柑橘纤维能够有效地促进油滴在气水界面的聚结,形成了油滴稳定的泡沫乳液。并且,向体系中加入氯化钙能够进一步增强泡沫稳定性。此外,研究还表明随着柑橘纤维含量的增加,乳液粘度增大,泡沫的稳定性增强;随着油含量的增大,泡沫体积变小,但具有更强的稳定性。本研究成功制备了不含反式脂肪酸和胆固醇但富含膳食纤维的泡沫乳液,可为充气乳品配料提供开发的新思路。     

羧甲基淀粉钠和PAE复配使用对填料留着率的影响

该文从实用角度出发研究了羧甲基淀粉钠（CMS）和聚酰胺多胺环氧氯丙烷（PAE）复配使用对填料留着率的影响.结果表明：CMS与PAE复配使用有明显的协同效应;同时,CMS的取代度和用量、纸浆系统的pH、盐的浓度、剪切力、填料的种类以及填料和化学品的添加次序等对其使用效果都有一定的影响.     

A Comparison of Some Methods for the Determination of the Degree of Substitution of Carboxymethyl Starch

The degree of substitution (DS) markedly affects the properties of sodium carboxymethyl starch (Na‐CMS). In this work Na‐CMS samples with different DS starting from both potato and corn starch were synthesized in an ethanol/water mixture and their DS was determined using three methods: direct titration of the acid form of the carboxymethyl starch (H‐CMS), Cu salt precipitation and back titration. It was found that direct titration gave smaller DS values, while the Cu salt precipitation method gave higher DS values than the back titration method, which was found to be the most accurate. The values of the DS obtained by these methods were similar for lower DS while for higher values the discrepancy was more pronounced. Under the same experimental conditions the CMS obtained from corn starch had a higher DS than the one obtained from potato starch and on average, the discrepancies between the DS values obtained by the employed analytical methods were smaller for the CMS samples synthesized from corn starch.