Prediction of lean meat content in pork carcasses using the Hennessy Grading Probe and the Fat-O-Meater in Argentina

Rapid evolution of pork production in Argentina requires new calibrations for predicting carcass lean meat percentage with the Fat-O-Meater (FOM) and Hennessy Grading Probe (HGP), first adopted in 1995. The second objective was to unify the lean percentage units with those applied by the European Union. Carcasses of 59 gilts and 56 barrows from different environments and breeds were tested. Carcass weights were from 65 to 117kg, and lean content was from 38% to 62%. Predicting lean content by multiple regression equations, the coefficients of determination R(2) were 0.801 and 0.794 for the FOM and HGP equations, and the residual standard deviations (RSD) were 2.40% and 2.45%, respectively. Both instruments had the same precision and were accurate enough to be adopted in national carcass grading classification. Hot carcass weight was not selected as a significant variable. The same prediction equations could be used for gilts and barrows. Quadratic terms did not improve predictions.     

Evaluation of the Hennessy Grading Probe for use in lamb carcases

An evaluation of the Hennessy Grading Probe (HGP) was undertaken using 557 lamb carcases for the measurement of subcutaneous fat depth (Fat C) and muscle depth (EMD; m. longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LL)) between the 12th/13th ribs. All carcases were probed on the moving chain at up to 10 carcases per min and data analysis was constrained to 320 carcases which were probed at the target site (over the greatest depth of the LL at the midpoint between the 12th and 13th ribs). Analysis of the data revealed wide variability between HGP and equivalent carcase measures, but probe type (versions GP4 and GP7) had minimal impact on the usefulness of the HGP. The HGP as used in the study does not appear to be a viable option for the Australian sheep processing industry.     

A comparison of the Danish MFA, Ulster and optical probes for use in pig carcass classification and grading

The Danish MFA probe and the Ulster probe (UP) automatic recording instruments developed recently for predicting carcass composition in pig classification and grading schemes, were tested in comparison with the optical probe (OP) used at present for this purpose in Great Britain. A series of four fat and two muscle measurements, including the principal ones used in the schemes operated in Denmark, Ulster and Great Britain, was taken on 158 hot carcasses covering the pork, bacon and heavy weight ranges. The standard deviation of carcass weight (W) and percentage lean in carcass were, respectively, 18·9 kg and 4·09 (computed over all data) and 4·51 kg and 3·51 (pooled within weight ranges). There was little difference between instruments in the precision with which they predicted percentage lean, either within weight groups or overall. Residual standard deviations computed over all data for the multiple regression of W and the best individual measurement (fat depth over the M. longissimus at the 3rd/4th last rib) were 2·24 (MFA), 2·44 (UP) and 2·23 (OP). Addition of other measurements to the regression provided only a major improvement in precision. Residual standard deviations for W and all six measurements were 2·15 (MFA), 2·35 (UP) and 2·05 (OP). The relative merits of the three instruments for use in British abattoirs are discussed.     

A comparison of the optical intrascope, the Hennessy & Chong Fat Depth Indicator and the Danish MFA probe to predict pig carcass backfat thickness

Two automatic backfat measurement devices (the New Zealand Hennessy & Chong Fat Depth Indicator (FDI) and the Danish Meat Fat Automatic (MFA) probe) were compared with the Optical Intrascope (OI) as alternative devices to predict P(2) backfat thickness (65 mm from the dorsal mid-line at the level of the posterior edge of the head of the last rib) in pig carcass classification schemes. Prediction equations of P(2) backfat thickness (mm) taken on the cold carcass (cold P(2)) were developed for two operators who made independent hot carcass P(2) measurements (hot P(2)) with the O1, FDI and MFA on each of 114 carcasses. The OI and FDI were found to be of equivalent precision in predicting cold P(2) with the same operator (residual standard deviation, RSD = 1·29 and 1·30, respectively). The MFA was significantly (P < 0·05) less precise (RSD = 1·81). Between operator measurements of hot P(2) with the FDI (RSD = 1·17) had significantly (P < 0·05) less variation compared with the OI and MFA (RSD = 1·27).     

Use of the Hennessy Grading Probe (GP) for predicting the meat, fat and bone yields of beef carcasses

Left sides of 36 bulls, 22 cows, 57 steers and 38 heifer carcasses were weighed hot (HCWL) and were probed with the Hennessy Grading Probe (HGP) at five sites to give four subcutaneous fat depths, two M. longissimus dorsi depths and one total tissue depth measurement. A fat depth (GR) over the 10th rib was also measured by ruler probe. The left sides were later separated by knife into saleable eat (90% visual lean), fat trim and bone. Probe readings of subcutaneous fat thickness at the fatter rump sites (BF, 5-7 cm lateral to the perianal region over the M. biceps femoris; SC8, 8 cm lateral to the prominence of the sacral crest) were smaller than ruler measurements at the same sites. Probe eye muscle depth measurements were smaller than measurements taken at the same site by ruler. The BF measurement taken by probe, combined with HCWL, gave the best prediction of percentage fat trim (RSD = 2·0% for steers and 2·2% for heifers) and edible meat yield (RSD = 2·0% for steers and 2·6% for heifers) in the left sides of all the measurements studied, either singly or in combination. A major problem was to find a measurement site where subcutaneous fat was not removed from some carcasses during hide removal.     

The prediction of beef carcass composition: A comparison of models

Any attempt to summarise existing knowledge on the prediction of carcass composition without detailed dissection is bedevilled by the variety of methods used by different workers, not least in the analysis and presentation of their results. This paper examines one cause of the apparent confusion: the differences in interpretation arising from the use of different regression models in allowing for the effect of variable live weight or side weight. The part/whole relationships implied in examining the effect of a total weight on the weight of a part are considered, and by applying four regression models to two sets of published data, it is hoped to facilitate reconciliation of the conflicting results reported in the literature.     

新西兰葡萄酒:来自波涛彼岸的芬芳

众所周知,新西兰是一个非常年轻的葡萄酒生产国,即便在"酒的新世界"中它也不过是个蕞尔小国,但依靠着仅有近两万公顷的葡萄园,这个只有四百万人口的国家还是成为了生产顶尖长相思(Sauvignon Blanc)白酒与黑皮诺(Pinot Noir)红酒的泱泱大国,而这正是得益于该国独一无二的地理位置.     

新西兰葡萄酒:来自波涛彼岸的芬芳

(接上期续) 马尔堡(Marlborough)马尔堡位于南岛的东北角,威灵顿的正西方. 马尔堡是新西兰最大的葡萄与葡萄酒产区,区内有40座葡萄酒酿酒厂、近300家葡萄园,共有4000多公顷葡萄生产用地.这个地区产的长相思特别出名,而霞多丽、雷司令、黑皮诺、灰皮诺和赤霞珠也倍受推崇.在短短的20多年间,马尔堡产区已誉满全球.     

Motives for food choice: a comparison of consumers from Japan, Taiwan, Malaysia and New Zealand

With increasing emphasis on understanding consumer preferences in export markets, particularly in Asia, there is a need to determine those factors that influence food choice in other cultures. The Food Choice Questionnaire (FCQ), which assess the relative importance of nine factors thought to be important motives in food choice: Health, Mood, Convenience, Sensory Appeal, Natural Content, Price, Weight Control, Familiarity, andEthical Concern, was administered to groups of female consumers in Japan, Taiwan, Malaysia, and New Zealand. The Food Neophobia Scale was also administered in New Zealand, Taiwan and Japan. There was agreement between Taiwanese and (ethnically Chinese) Malaysian consumers in the most important food choice factors: Health, Natural Content, Weight Control andConvenience. In contrast, Price was most important for Japanese consumers and Sensory Appeal for New Zealand consumers. Familiarity was rated as least important by all countries, and Ethical Concern was also considered unimportant by all countries except Japan, where it was rated as relatively important. Older consumers generally gave higher ratings. Differences between consumer groups were also shown in the degree of neophobia. These data are important in demonstrating differing motives for food choice cross-culturally, and also provide indications of which food claims may be useful in promoting choice in the countries studied.     

Dietary exposure assessment of Danish consumers to dithiocarbamate residues in food: A comparison of the deterministic and probabilistic approach

Probabilistic and deterministic estimates of the acute and chronic exposure of the Danish populations to dithiocarbamate residues were performed. The Monte Carlo Risk Assessment programme (MCRA 4.0) was used for the probabilistic risk assessment. Food consumption data were obtained from the nationwide dietary survey conducted in 2000–02. Residue data for 5721 samples from the monitoring programme conducted in the period 1998–2003 were used for dithiocarbamates, which had been determined as carbon disulphide. Contributions from 26 commodities were included in the calculations. Using the probabilistic approach, the daily acute intakes at the 99.9% percentile for adults and children were 11.2 and 28.2 μg kg^?1 body weight day^?1, representing 5.6% and 14.1% of the ARfD for maneb, respectively. When comparing the point estimate approach with the probabilistic approach, the outcome of the point estimate calculations was generally higher or comparable with the outcome of the probabilistic approach at the 99.9 percentile (consumers only). The chronic exposures for adults and children were 0.35 and 0.76 μg kg^?1 body weight day^?1 at the 99.9 percentile, representing 0.7% and 1.5%, respectively, of the acceptable daily intake for mancozeb and maneb at 50 μg kg^?1 body weight.     

Equity and Choice: the paradox of New Zealand educational reform

Recent educational reforms in New Zealand have been deeply paradoxical in their concurrent pursuit of both equity and choice as social goals. Curriculum reform has been primarily concerned with equity, whereas the restructuring of educational administration has been concerned with increasing choice. The conflicting ethical frameworks have produced a tension between substantive policies justified in terms of social justice and correlative procedural policies derived from an ideological commitment to market-liberalism. This tension is evidenced in three different types of policy: regulative, distributive and redistributive. Examples of each are examined to show how the conflicting ideological positions are manifested.     

甲醛鞣毛皮新工艺初探

本文通过对甲醛鞣毛皮优缺点的分析，及其鞣制机理和条件的分析论述，初步提出以胰酶助浸水，中性蛋白酶软化和亲生物质分散胶原纤维并直接在中性介质中甲醛鞣制的新工艺，最后在２００多张东海狐皮的鞣制实践中，取得了良好效果。     

A comparison of alternative methods for predicting the carcass composition of crossbred lambs of different breeds and crosses

Carcass data for a total of 2808 lambs from three breed trials were used to evaluate a series of linear measurements, visual scores and the proportions of tissues in joints as predictors of carcass composition. The trials involved crossbred lambs out of different dam types by sires of the main British meat breeds and by Ile de France, Oldenburg and Texel sires. Each trial was carried out over a number of years and involved approximately equal numbers of female and castrated male lambs. Potential predictors were examined in terms of the precision of prediction and in terms of the robustness of prediction equations to differences in sire breed and sex. The overall standard deviation (s.d.) of carcass lean percentage averaged over trials was 4·3. Combinations of simple measurements, including visual fat scores, percentage perinephric and retroperitoneal fat in carcass and M. longissimus dimensions achieved a residual s.d. of 2·5 for carcass lean percentage. The application of an overall prediction equation to individual sire breed means resulted in considerable bias (predicted-actual lean percentage): the mean square deviation was 0·75. In comparison, the sex differences were relatively unimportant. The precision of sample joints was examined in relation to their cost of dissection. The best end neck and shoulder joints offered a high level in relation to cost: typical residual s.d. were 1·5 for carcass lean percentage. Joints and combination of joints with high predictive precision tended to have equations that were robust to differences between sire breeds.     

化学渗透煮茧新技术的探索

化学渗透煮茧一改长期以来的传统煮茧技术，只用少量的渗透助剂使水自然。快速、充分渗润茧层，而茧腔内基本不吸水，达到多煮茧层，少煮蛹体的目的。文中介绍了化学渗透助剂的性能、作用原理及工艺等，并进行了探索性试验与测试数据分析。     

"新世界"葡萄与葡萄酒--(五)新西兰

与其邻居澳大利亚相比,新西兰葡萄酒产量很少.但是,其精巧、优质的葡萄酒却对葡萄酒世界产生了不小的影响. 虽然,新西兰的现代葡萄酒工业仍处在幼年期,但是,不管是其大小还是成熟度均赢得了世界性的声誉.新西兰葡萄酒已经形成了既令人难忘又普遍的类型与特点.其柔软、平衡的酸度和浓郁的香味,形成了"冷凉气候区葡萄酒的家园",不同于澳大利亚葡萄酒由于优雅和平衡而具有的完整性.无怪乎,新西兰葡萄酒在整个欧洲、美洲和远东都有消费者.     

解决油墨过度乳化问题的新探索

<正>众所周知,油水不相溶是胶印的基本原理。但在实际印刷过程中,油水完全不相溶是无法实现的。这是因为印刷过程是动态的,水和油墨都受到滚筒、水辊、墨辊的挤压,在机械力作用下,水和油墨必然互相浸润、分散,两者融合在一起,你中有我、我中有你。由     

介绍一种新型制粉分级圆筛

目前使用的各种圆筛、打麸机、刷麸机、刹克龙提粉器等以打刷为主的筛理机械,只能安装单目筛绢,仅提一种筛下物,造成功能单一,使用缺乏灵活性,很不适应现代制粉越来越细致的分级要求,2007年批准的专利(专利号ZL20067705.2)分级圆筛就克服了上述弊端.