交联羧甲基玉米淀粉／PVA复合膜制备工艺的研究

以玉米淀粉为原料,采用先醚化后交联改性工艺合成了交联羧甲基玉米淀粉(CCMS).通过改性淀粉与聚乙烯醇(PVA)溶液共混反应,并辅以增塑剂、增强荆、交联剂及疏水化改性剂等加工助荆制备了性能优异的CCMS/PvA复合膜.研究了复合膜制备过程中的影响因素及其对薄膜耐水性能、透光性能和力学性能的影响.结果表明,当交联羧甲基玉米淀粉与PVA的质量比为7:3,甘油用量为10%(质量分数),复合交联剂用量3.3%(质量分数),疏水化改性荆聚酰胺多胺环氧氯丙烷树脂(PPE)用量为1.5%(质量分数),溶液pH为10,反应温度88℃,反应时间35min时,淀粉膜的拉伸强度为40.5MPa,断裂伸长率为311%,透光率为82%,吸水率最小为3.6%(质量分数).     

TG-B改性大豆蛋白/聚乙烯醇复合薄膜研究

为了提高大豆蛋白/聚乙烯醇复合薄膜的综合性能,以薄膜的拉伸强度、断裂伸长率、透光率、吸水率为主要评价指标,通过引入隶属度函数综合评价薄膜性能,研究了谷氨酰胺转氨酶TG－B对大豆蛋白/聚乙烯醇复合薄膜性能的影响.试验结果表明：TG－B的添加质量分数、反应pH、成膜温度对薄膜性能的影响较大,当TG-B的添加质量分数为1.0%,反应pH值为6.0,成膜温度为50 ℃时,大豆蛋白/聚乙烯醇复合薄膜的综合性能最优;在此条件下,薄膜的抗张强度、断裂伸长率、透光率和吸水率分别为8.26 MPa, 53.80%,16.23%和67.76%,与未添加TG-B的空白对照相比,其抗张强度、断裂伸长率、透光率分别提高了75.4%,162.9%,27.2%,吸水率降低了25.6%.     

UV固化脂环族环氧树脂体系的设计及其响应面优化

为了明确光敏剂的种类及用量对脂环族环氧树脂3,4-环氧环己基甲基-3,4-环氧环己基甲酸酯(TTA-21)固化特性、透光性和力学性能的影响,采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)和紫外可见光光度计探究了 2-异丙基硫杂蒽酮(ITX)、安息香二甲醚(BDK)、1-羟环己基苯酮(184)及其用量对脂环族环氧树脂TTA-21(4-乙烯基环氧环己烷为稀释剂,三苯基六氟锑酸盐为光引发剂)薄膜固化程度和透光率的影响.在此基础上进一步分析了二((3,4-环氧环己基)甲基)己二酸酯(TTA-26)和三羟甲基丙烷三缩水甘油醚(TPEG)对TTA-21固化物薄膜拉伸强度的作用规律.利用Box-Behnken响应面分析法对体系中TTA-26、TPEG和稀释剂的含量进行了优化.研究表明,在脂环族环氧树脂体系中光敏剂BDK的添加量为1％时,薄膜固化率可达98.12％,透光率可达86％以上;TPEG和TTA-26在固化体系中的添加量均为20％时,固化薄膜的拉伸强度分别为46.80 MPa和42.78 MPa,断裂伸长率分别为11.2％和13.7％;稀释剂添加量为30％时,固化薄膜的拉伸强度可达到最高值57.14 MPa.各响应因子对拉伸强度的影响强弱顺序为稀释剂(C)＞TTA-26(A)＞TPEG(B),响应面法优化最佳工艺为TTA-26添加量24.75％、TPEG添加量20.65％、稀释剂添加量18.70％,在此条件下固化薄膜的拉伸强度可达58.97MPa.     

热塑性淀粉/NCC纳米复合薄膜的制备及性能

先用硫酸水解微晶纤维素制得纳米纤维素晶体(NCC),再用溶液浇铸成膜法制得甘油塑化热塑性淀粉/NCC纳米复合薄膜,并考查NCC含量对纳米复合薄膜性能的影响.结果表明:当NCC含量小于9%时,拉伸强度和断裂伸长率均随NCC含量增加而增大,热稳定性也增强;当NCC含量增加到12%时,力学性能和热稳定性反而变差.添加不同含量NCC后,纳米复合薄膜的吸水率没有明显改变,透光率有所降低.     

氰乙基淀粉/聚乙烯醇共混膜的制备与性能研究

研究了原淀粉通过丙烯腈醚化改性,用不同取代度的氰乙基淀粉与聚乙烯醇(PVA)利用溶剂流延法共混制膜.对氰乙基淀粉/PVA膜的力学性能、抗水性和透明度、膜的表观形态进行的测定分析,得出了膜的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率随氰乙基淀粉取代度的增大而提高;反之,增大氰己基淀粉在膜中的配比,膜的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率会降低;随着氰乙基淀粉取代度从0.049到0.091,及氰乙基淀粉与PVA的不同配比,复合膜的抗水性和透明度有较大的变化.     

聚乙烯醇－玉米淀粉复合薄膜的制备及性能分析

本研究以聚乙烯醇和玉米淀粉为主要成膜原料,丙三醇、吐温80、二甲基硅油为助剂,通过溶液流延法制备出25μm、40μm、55μm、70μm四种厚度的水溶性薄膜,对不同厚度薄膜的溶解性、拉伸强度、热封性能、透光率等进行包装性能分析。研究结果显示：随厚度增加,薄膜溶解时间明显增长,热封性能有所下降;在相同条件下,厚度为40μm的薄膜优于其余三种厚度薄膜的拉伸强度,达到21．61MPa;四种厚度对薄膜的透光率没有显著影响,均在90％左右。     

聚乙烯醇-玉米淀粉复合薄膜的制备及性能分析

本研究以聚乙烯醇和玉米淀粉为主要成膜原料,丙三醇、吐温80、二甲基硅油为助剂,通过溶液流延法制备出25μm、40μm、55μm、70μm四种厚度的水溶性薄膜,对不同厚度薄膜的溶解性、拉伸强度、热封性能、透光率等进行包装性能分析。研究结果显示:随厚度增加,薄膜溶解时间明显增长,热封性能有所下降;在相同条件下,厚度为40μm的薄膜优于其余三种厚度薄膜的拉伸强度,达到21.61MPa;四种厚度对薄膜的透光率没有显著影响,均在90%左右。     

小麦醇溶蛋白膜力学性能与吸湿性研究

采用小麦醇溶蛋白的乙醇/水(70/30(v/v))溶液制备了醇溶蛋白膜,分析了交联剂用量与pH值对膜的拉伸性能、吸水性及透湿性的影响.结果表明,适度交联的醇溶蛋白膜具有最大拉伸强度与较高的断裂伸长率.随交联剂用量增加,膜的吸水率稍有下降,而透湿性显著增大.酸碱处理能显著提高膜的拉伸强度,但使吸水性稍有增大.     

成膜溶剂对磺化聚醚醚酮力学性能及微观结构的影响

通过浓硫酸(95%~98%)和聚醚醚酮(PEEK)制备了磺化度为84%的磺化聚醚醚酮(SPEEK)。以去离子水、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)和N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)为溶剂,分别制备了SPEEK-H2O、SPEEK-DMF以及SPEEK-NMP三种薄膜。采用万能材料试验机和扫描电镜(SEM)对比分析了成膜溶剂对SPEEK薄膜力学性能以及拉伸断面微观结构的影响。结果表明,成膜溶剂对薄膜力学性能和拉伸断面微观结构有明显影响。相同条件下,SPEEK-NMP薄膜具有最高的拉伸强度和弹性模量,拉伸断面凸凹程度最大。     

成膜条件对NMMO工艺纤维素膜拉伸强度的影响

以纤维素为原料,N-甲基吗啉-N-氧化物(简写NMMO)为溶剂,采用相转化法制备非对称纤维素膜.对该工艺法成膜的拉伸强度的影响因素进行了研究,以期为提高薄膜性能提供理论基础.实验结果表明:随着溶解纤维素的温度的升高,薄膜拉伸强度降低;随着刮膜时所施加的外力的增大,薄膜的拉伸强度增强;随着凝固浴温度的升高,薄膜的拉伸强度降低;随着塑化剂(甘油)浓度的增加,薄膜拉伸强度降低.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...