Incorporating motion analysis technology into modular arrangement of predetermined time standard (MODAPTS)

Implementing new strategies to achieve higher work efficiency is essential to improve productivity during a monotonous and exhausting work task. The Modular Arrangement of Predetermined Time Standard (MODAPTS) concept is widely used to achieve these goals in the field of human factors. However, MODAPTS is very complicated with regard to assisting engineers in understanding the system because it requires much learning time and even longer hours of effort during coding manual process. To help overcome the deficiency of the traditional method, a modern method for motion analysis, called PCA-based motion analysis, is proposed in this paper. Motion analysis has already been the main approach to analyze human motion in sports science and biometrics, but it is still unfamiliar for human factors analysts. This paper discusses a potential connection between motion analysis technology and MODAPTS analysis, which would help make MODAPTS more efficient and reliable. In the experiment, fifteen participants were asked to watch a motion sequence and then analyze the motion sequence using MODAPTS. Meanwhile, the motion-captured data were carefully segmented into motion elements with the PCA approach. A comparison of the motion segmentation contrast was made between MODAPTS analysis and automatic motion element segmentation using PCA. The accuracy rate of segmentation by the PCA approach was 80.08%, and the primitive frames of the two methods indicated that the segmentation is acceptable. In addition, the PCA-based motion analysis showed a substantial time-saving difference in the processing time, which was only approximately 3 min for motion analysis versus over 1 h for MODAPTS. Motion analysis provides high efficiency and reliability for motion segmentation and sufficient precision compared to the results using MODAPTS. Moreover, assessment of the operations’ rationality and optimization of the production line design instead of repetitive work on motion segmentation is the focus. Integrating motion analysis technology into traditional MODAPTS is a useful advancement that permits significant progress for human factors analysis. In the future, the accuracy of the automatic segmentation techniques should be improved.Relevance to industryIn recent years, motion analysis technology has become increasingly popular in various fields but not in the field of human factors. The automatic method presented in this paper may allow industrial workers to optimize unreasonable motion, remove unnecessary operations and formulate the standard working time more conveniently and accurately.     

基于检索的人体运动识别和模拟

运动识别和模拟是人体运动分析中重要的研究内容，实现了以检索为基础的实验性的运动分析系统．小波矩具有平移、旋转和缩放不变性，能够提取局部多层次特征，被用来作为特征描述运动序列以及动作，根据相似性实现运动识别，利用动态时间变形（DTW）实现序列的动作匹配，在poser建模、依据正多面体分割的金字塔模型得到多视点投影视频的数据库中进行识别和匹配，并以三维模型的形式显示出来．实验结果可以模拟人体运动以及为进一步分析提供初始分析数据．     

Acquiring and validating motion qualities from live limb gestures

This paper presents a neural computing model that can automatically extract motion qualities from live performance. The motion qualities are in terms of laban movement analysis (LMA) Effort factors. The model inputs both 3D motion capture and 2D video projections. The output is a classification of motion qualities that are detected in the input. The neural nets are trained with professional LMA notators to ensure valid analysis and have achieved an accuracy of about 90% in motion quality recognition. The combination of this system with the EMOTE motion synthesis system provides a capability for automating both observation and analysis processes, to produce natural gestures for embodied communicative agents.     

一种基于运动的视频层次化分析框架

运动信息是视频中最重要的特征之一.本文提出了一种新颖的基于运动的视频层次化分析框架.为了揭示视频流中的运动关系和在拍摄过程摄像机的运动信息即拍摄者的兴趣所在,提出了视频层次化结构来对视频流进行描述和检索.该运动层次化结构引入一个新的概念:基本运动单元(Basic Motion Unit,BMU).BMU反映的是MPEG-7中定义的基本摄像机操作,这样就可以把视频分割成BMU的集合.在BMU的基础上发现并挖掘出视频流中潜在的运动语义模式,最后根据运动活力(Motion Activity)将BMU聚类为运动节奏快慢的运动活力单元(Motion Activity Unit,MAU).该基于运动的视频分析框架不仅能够直观地捕获视频流在拍摄过程中拍摄者的注意力,而且为视频流的快速浏览和检索提供了新的思路.     

结合低维运动模型和逆运动学的风格化人体运动合成

如何得到满足用户指定约束的风格化运动是近年来计算机动画领域的研究难点,针对这个问题,提出一个基于独立特征子空间的低维运动模型,该模型可以较好地参数化运动风格,并在此基础上提出了一种合成满足约束的风格化人体运动的算法.该算法在低维空间中求解反向运动学问题,并在风格子空间中响应用户输入的风格参数,使用户可以在指定关键帧末端约束的同时对风格进行编辑.实验结果表明:文中算法效率高,具有良好的交互性,能够用于动画的交互式编辑和与合成.     

基于小波变换的运动分析及其应用

对捕获的运动数据进行编辑处理 ,是生成新的复杂人体动画和提高运动捕获数据重用性的关键 ,但目前大多数运动编辑技术不具备对运动进行高层控制处理的能力 ,为此 ,提出了一种基于小波变换的运动编辑新算法 ,即将小波变换引入运动编辑 ,并对运动信号进行多分辨率分析 ,从而实现了运动特征增强、运动融合及运动特征提取与综合 .实验结果表明 ,该算法非常适合对运动特征进行处理 ,由于其能够在高层次上对运动进行有效的编辑 ,因而提高了动画师的工作效率 .     

基于三维特征提取的人体运动数据分析和检索

基于各关节点三维空间和时间关系的三维特征,提出了一种描述各关节点之间三维空间关系的时空特征,可以分别处理每一个关节点的局部时空特征。同时,三维时空特征避开与原始数据的直接接触,从而很大程度避免了维数灾难。实验结果显示,三维特征提高运动数据检索的效率和精度,可应用到运动语义智能分析等领域。     

A Coordinate-Invariant Approach to Multiresolution Motion Analysis

Multiresolution motion analysis has gained considerable research interest as a unified framework to facilitate a variety of motion editing tasks. Within this framework, motion data are represented as a collection of coefficients that form a coarse-to-fine hierarchy. The coefficients at the coarsest level describe the global pattern of a motion signal, while those at fine levels provide details at successively finer resolutions. Due to the inherent nonlinearity of the orientation space, the challenge is to generalize multiresolution representations for motion data that contain orientations as well as positions. Our goal is to develop a multiresolution analysis method that guarantees coordinate-invariance without singularity. To do so, we employ two novel ideas: hierarchical displacement mapping and motion filtering. Hierarchical displacement mapping provides an elegant formulation to describe positions and orientations in a coherent manner. Motion filtering enables us to separate motion details level-by-level to build a multiresolution representation in a coordinate-invariant way. Our representation facilitates multiresolution motion editing through level-wise coefficient manipulation that uniformly addresses issues raised by motion modification, blending, and stitching.     

The model-based human body motion analysis system

In this paper, we propose a model-based method to analyze the human walking motion. This system consists of three phases: the preprocessing phase, the model construction phase, and the motion analysis phase. In the experimental results, we show that our system not only analyzes the motion characteristics of the human body, but also recognizes the motion type of the input image sequences. Finally, the synthesized motion sequences are illustrated for verification. The major contributions of this research are: (1) developing a skeleton-based method to analyze the human motion; (2) using Hidden Markov Model (HMM) and posture patterns to describe the motion type.     

人运动的视觉分析综述

目前，人运动的视觉分析是计算机视觉领域中最活跃的研究主题之一，其核心是利用计算机视觉技术从图像序列中检测，跟踪，识别人并对其行为进行理解与描述，它在虚拟现实，视觉监控，感知接口等领域均有着广泛的应用前景，人运动的视觉分析系统一般遵从下述的处理过程：（1）运动检测，（2）运动目标分类，（3）人的跟踪，（4）行为理解与描述，该文将重点从此四个方面回顾人运动分析的发展水平和常用的处理方法，并对研究难点及未来的发展趋势作了较为详细的分析。     

非刚性运动分析方法的现状与展望

鉴于非刚体的运动分析业已成为计算机视觉中的一个重要应用领域，为了使人们对该领域的研究现状有个概略了解，首先基于微分几何上的高斯曲率变化，对不同非刚性物体(简称非刚体)进行了分类，指出可把所有运动物体分为8类；然后对该领域目前存在的各种算法进行归纳总结，指出可把它们分为基于特征的方法和基于形状模型的方法两大类，并讨论了这两类方法各自的优势和不足之处；最后分析了该领域面临的困难，并展望了它未来可能的发展方向。同时指出，非刚性运动的视觉分析虽是一个蓬勃发展的研究领域，但目前仍处于初期阶段，因为近年来所进行的工作只是涉及众多困难问题中的较少部分，而且现有的各种模型和算法都还很不完善，人们还远未找到解决非刚性运动视觉分析问题的最有效的途径，但已有成果表明，一些相关研究领域，如语音识别和计算机图形学将会对该领域的发展提供帮助。     

On the correlation between the structure and one stepping characteristic of a piezo-driven rotary actuator

The parasitic motion principle was recently proposed to design piezo-driven actuators. Based on this principle, linear and rotary actuators with features of compact structure, large motion range, high velocity and high positioning resolution have been reported. However, some shortcomings such as the backward motion and the nonlinearity still exist and their causes are not clarified. To find potential reasons leading to these shortcomings, one stepping characteristic of a piezo-driven rotary actuator designed by the parasitic motion principle was investigated in this paper, and the correlation between the structure and one stepping characteristic was attempted to be established by theoretical analysis and simulations. Analysis results indicated that the nonlinearity in one stepping characteristic of the rotary actuator was correlated to the small gap between the inner and outer rings of the bearing as well as the self-deformation of the flexible gripper after the contact stiffness between the flexible gripper and the rotor reaches to the maximum value. The backward motion could be mainly resulted from the non-ideal driving wave. These analysis results enhance the understanding of the parasitic motion principle, which are meaningful for design and performance improvement of the parasitic motion principle linear or rotary actuators.     

基于运动区域定位的视频水印算法

提出一种基于运动区域定位的视频水印算法.算法采用独立分量分析(ICA)算法,从原始视频的相邻两帧中提取包含这两帧相对运动信息的运动分量帧.根据提取的运动分量帧,定位原始视频帧中相对运动最剧烈的区域,此区域对应至原始视频相邻两帧中的前帧,即为嵌入水印的运动区域.在嵌入水印时,采用基于Watson视觉模型的量化索引调制(QIM)算法,以保证算法的鲁棒性.实验结果表明,本算法在保持视频良好视觉质量的同时,对高斯白噪声、MPEG-2压缩、帧删除及帧剪裁具有较好的鲁棒性.     

Analyzing looming motion components from their spatiotemporalspectral signature

This paper addresses the use of spatio-temporal transform methods applied to the analysis of dynamic image sequences and the characterization of image motion. The image motion including a divergent component (resulting from a looming camera component) is analyzed in the spatio-temporal Mellin transform (MT) domain, resulting in the separation of the spectrum into two parts: a structural term corresponding to the spatial MT of the static image, and a kinematic term depending on time-to-collision (a motion support). We examine potential applications of this property for the recovery of image motion from integral image brightness measurements and the computation of time-to-collision using spatio-temporal MT analysis     

Motion detection in spatio-temporal space

We present an analysis of existing motion detectors for determining desirable characteristics of a motion detector. A spatio-temporal surface type inseparable model is then proposed for motion detection. Based on this model, we analyzed mathematically how the geometry of the intensity hypersurface gives information about motion in image. The local motion information, obtained from the parameters of the Monge patch approximating the intensity hypersurface in the spatio-temporal space, may be used for segmentation of dynamic scenes. Motion detection results for real sequences show the robustness of this detector.     

An optimization method for overdetermined kinematic problems formulated with natural coordinates

In this paper, we present an optimization method for solving the nonlinear constrained optimization problem arising from a motion reconstruction problem formulated with natural coordinates. A motion reconstruction problem consists in a kinematic analysis of a rigid multibody system whose motion is usually overdetermined by an excess of data. The method has been applied to the analysis of human motion which is a typical case of an overdetermined kinematic problem as a large number of markers are usually placed on a subject to capture its movement. The efficiency of the method has been tested both with computer-simulated and real experimental data using models that include open and closed kinematic loops.     

数字化三维蹦床运动模拟与仿真系统——VHTramPoline

设计和实现了一个用于辅助蹦床运动科学训练的计算机模拟与仿真软件系统VHTrampoline.其原理是:在人体运动生物力学数据和真实人体运动捕获数据的基础上,通过运动编辑技术实现技术动作的修改和成套技术动作的模拟,并用人体运动方程分析和验证模拟结果;同时,基于虚拟现实方法将模拟结果与真实视频同步对比实现可视化的分析.除了必须的交互操作,文中涉及到的计算都是实时的.与传统训练方法相比,该系统具有直观、量化等优点.     

Tracking nonrigid motion and structure from 2D satellite cloudimages without correspondences

Tracking both structure and motion of nonrigid objects from monocular images is an important problem in vision. In this paper, a hierarchical method which integrates local analysis (that recovers small details) and global analysis (that appropriately limits possible nonrigid behaviors) is developed to recover dense depth values and nonrigid motion from a sequence of 2D satellite cloud images without any prior knowledge of point correspondences. This problem is challenging not only due to the absence of correspondence information but also due to the lack of depth cues in the 2D cloud images (scaled orthographic projection). In our method, the cloud images are segmented into several small regions and local analysis is performed for each region. A recursive algorithm is proposed to integrate local analysis with appropriate global fluid model constraints, based on which a structure and motion analysis system, SMAS, is developed. We believe that this is the first reported system in estimating dense structure and nonrigid motion under scaled orthographic views using fluid model constraints. Experiments on cloud image sequences captured by meteorological satellites (GOES-8 and GOES-9) have been performed using our system, along with their validation and analyses. Both structure and 3D motion correspondences are estimated to subpixel accuracy. Our results are very encouraging and have many potential applications in earth and space sciences, especially in cloud models for weather prediction     

从表观运动来看运动的基本约束

本文综述了生物学和心理物理学中有关运动视觉的发现,并将它们总结为层次结构基元 模型和九条运动基本约束.给出了一个以此为基础的运动分析算法和初步的实验结果.     

Omnidirectional Vision and Inertial Clues for Robot Navigation

The structural features inherent in the visual motion field of a mobile robot contain useful clues about its navigation. The combination of these visual clues and additional inertial sensor information may allow reliable detection of the navigation direction for a mobile robot and also the independent motion that might be present in the 3D scene. The motion field, which is the 2D projection of the 3D scene variations induced by the camera‐robot system, is estimated through optical flow calculations. The singular points of the global optical flow field of omnidirectional image sequences indicate the translational direction of the robot as well as the deviation from its planned path. It is also possible to detect motion patterns of near obstacles or independently moving objects of the scene. In this paper, we introduce the analysis of the intrinsic features of the omnidirectional motion fields, in combination with gyroscopical information, and give some examples of this preliminary analysis. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.