Analysis of Electrostatic Adhesion and Detachment of a Nonuniformly Charged Particle on a Conducting Plane

This paper presents the analysis of electrostatic adhesion and detachment of a charged, dielectric particle resting on a conducting plane. We have studied the effects of particle dielectric constant and the nonuniform charge distribution on the force acting on the particle. Charge on the particle surface is assumed to be smoothly varied and (a) concentrated at the bottom pole or (b) concentrated at the top and bottom poles. The analysis utilizes the method of multipole images to obtain accurate values of the electric field, and determines the electrostatic force from the stress on particle surface. Compared with the force on a uniformly charged particle having the same total charge amount, the analytical results show that the force is significantly enhanced by both kinds of nonuniform charge distribution treated in this work, and is particularly strong when charge is highly concentrated at the bottom pole. It is found that electric field in a limited range must be applied in order to detach the particle from the conducting plane. The electric field necessary for detachment depends strongly on the dielectric constant and the distribution of charge on the particle. The detachment becomes difficult for a particle with charged distributed at the bottom pole, and may be hardly possible if the dielectric constant is too high.     

Adhesion of charged powders to a metal surface in the powdercoating process

Substrate-particle adhesion of electrostatically charged, nonconducting particles deposited on electrically grounded substrates is discussed. Glass microspheres of diameters ranging from 25.5-74.1 μm, charged by corona and tribe-charging, were deposited in a monolayer on conducting stannic-oxide coated surfaces of glass plates (NESA). The total force of adhesion due to electrostatic, van der Waals, and gravitational forces was measured by observing the removal of particles by applying a known electric field between the particle coated surface and a clean surface of a second NESA glass, placed parallel to it at a distance of 0.013 m. The adhesive force was measured as a function of particle size and charge. The net average charge on the particles was measured using a Faraday cup. The experimental values agree well with the calculated force of adhesion for a single layer deposition. The charge decay of the particles was studied using a noncontact electrostatic voltmeter. The charge relaxation time of the deposited powder was found to increase with time. A physical model of the adhesion of charged powder paints deposited on a grounded metal substrate is presented. The role of the forces acting on a spherical polymer particle deposited on the surface of a uniform coating of powder paint is investigated as a function of particle diameter and charge. The particles are assumed to be unipolarly charged and deposited uniformly on the substrate. The relative magnitudes of the electrostatic attractive and repulsive forces are analyzed as functions of powder film thickness and particle size     

Frequency and phase-lag effects on transport of particulates by anAC electric field

The dynamics of a charged particulate transported by a three-phase AC electric field is analyzed. The electric field is imposed by a series of parallel electrodes disposed inside a flat dielectric panel. An exact solution for the motion equation is proposed utilizing a new technique. The investigated conditions are for the curtain mode. The analysis shows that the forces acting on the particulate are much greater near the electrodes. This and the fact that the phase lag of the displacement vis-a-vis electric force exceeds a quarter cycle cause a great repulsion force to act on the particle when it passes through the bottom half of the trajectory, whereas a smaller attraction force acts during the top half. The difference between the repulsion and attraction momentums balances gravity and results in continuous levitation. The phase lag is sensitive to the applied electrical frequency; thus, only a limited range of frequencies causes continuous levitation     

Unipolar charging of cylindrical insulating particles nearelectrode surfaces

Numerous papers have discussed the ionic charging of insulating spheres in uniform electric fields. However, in certain electrostatic technologies, such as separation and flocking, the particles are often cylindrical in shape, and they get charged on the surface of an electrode or in its proximity, so that existing formulas cannot be used. This paper addresses this problem from both a computational and an experimental point of view. The charge acquired by cylindrical particles of various dielectric constants was evaluated with an original computer program, based on the boundary-element method of field analysis. The computed results show that the position of the particle with respect to the electrodes changes the value of the saturation charge. The experimental setup simulated the charging conditions in a roll-type electrostatic separator. The unipolar space charge was generated by a needle-type electrode. An electrometer was used to measure the charge acquired by millimeter-size calibrated cylinders of polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride on a rotating roll electrode. The experimental results, which were in good agreement with the theoretical predictions, put forward a particle self-discharge effect, at field intensities beyond a well-defined threshold. This kind of information may guide the design of the electrostatic technologies based on the corona charging of granular matter     

Model for a mono-component development process using edgeenhancement effects of floating electrodes [electrophotography]

The contributions of the electrostatic and magnetic fields to the development characteristics of a monocomponent development system are analyzed. This development system uses a special development roller which comprises a development sleeve and a magnetic roller rotating at high speed. The analysis indicates that the magnetic field has a significant effect only on the toner particles which are charged below a certain level. The effect of the magnetic field on the toner particles, which are normally charged above a predetermined level, is negligible. The analysis of the magnetic field indicates that the presently used magnet roller, which rotates at high speed, can be replaced by a micropitch magnet roller, which rotates at low speed. The analysis also indicates that if the quality of the electric charge on the toner particles can be controlled, and that a nonmagnetic toner can also be used in the present development system     

Charging of insulating spheres on the surface of an electrodeaffected by monopolar ions

The charge acquired by an insulating sphere in a uniform monoionized electric field has been accurately evaluated by Pauthenier. In certain electrostatic applications, such as the electroseparation of mixed granular solids, the particles to be charged are on the surface of an electrode. Under these circumstances, Pauthenier's formula is no longer valid, because the field is nonuniform. This paper addresses this problem from both a computational and an experimental point of view. A numerical method of field analysis was employed for the evaluation of the charge acquired by spheres of various dielectric constants, on the surface of a plate electrode. The numerically computed values of the saturation charge in this situation were always greater than those given by Pauthenier's formula. The experiments were carried out on laboratory equipment provided with various types of corona electrodes. An electrometer was used to measure the charge acquired by calibrated spheres of polyamide (3 mm diameter) when subjected to the positive or negative corona discharge generated between these electrodes and a metallic rotating roll electrode (150 mm diameter) connected to the ground. The experimental data were in good agreement with the theoretical predictions; the saturation charge increases linearly with the applied voltage, up to a threshold at which the self discharge of the particle occurs. The efficiency of ionic charging was shown to depend on the type of corona electrode that is employed     

Surface microstructure of powder layers influenced by the forces ofdeposition and adhesion in electrostatic coating process

In the electrostatic powder coating process, several factors affect the deposition of charged polymer paint particles and the adhesion of the deposited particles on the grounded substrate being coated. In this paper, the roles and relative magnitudes of these forces are discussed. A model on the deposition of a charged particle approaching the surface of the substrate is presented. The electrostatic fields that are considered here to be responsible for particle deposition are the following: (1) corona field between gun tip and grounded plane; (2) image field between a particle and its image charge; (3) field due to the space charge of charged particles; and (4) net repulsive field between a charged particle and the powder layer. Once the particle deposits on the surface and the high voltage is turned off, the particle experiences the following forces: (1) the force due to the image charge of the underlying powder layer; (2) the force due to the image charge of the particle; and (3) the repulsive force between the charged particle and the charged powder layer. The model shows criteria on whether the particles will deposit on the substrate and, if deposited, whether they will remain on the surface of the powder layer once the corona field is turned off. These relative forces influence the microstructure of the powder layer and may affect the ultimate appearance or the texture of paint film after curing     

The impact of electrode dielectric coating on the insulationintegrity of GIS/GITL with metallic particle contaminants

Coating the inside surface of gas insulated switchgear (GIS) enclosures with a dielectric film reduces the deleterious effect of electrode surface roughness, impedes the development of metallic particle initiated microdischarges, increases the field required to lift particles, and reduces the charge acquired by particles, all of which help alleviate the adverse effect of contaminating metallic particles on insulation withstand. The performance of particle-contaminated compressed gas systems with dielectric coated electrodes is analyzed. Two mechanisms for the transfer of charge from electrodes to contaminating particles are considered, namely, conduction through the coating layer and microdischarges in the surrounding gas. The paper presents an electrostatic study of the particle lifting fields with dielectric covered electrodes. The overall breakdown strength of the system is evaluated and the results are discussed in the light of experimental findings     

应用于爬壁机器人的静电吸附原理建模及关键因素分析

本文对应用于静电吸附式爬壁机器人这一特殊领域的静电吸附原理进行分析,对静电力进行数学解析建模,通过施瓦兹-克里斯托菲数学变换重点分析影响梳状电极吸附力的结构因素,并借助Ansoft软件求解出不同占空比下的电极电容矩阵,最后通对设计的柔性板梳状电极进行实际实验测试,验证静电吸附在爬壁机器人应用上的可靠性.     

离子风对静电除尘器中颗粒物脱除的影响机制研究

静电除尘器中电晕放电产生的离子风是影响颗粒迁移和沉积的重要因素,通过建立多过程耦合的静电除尘器数值模型,研究了不同极配型式静电除尘器的电场分布特性及离子风对空间流场和颗粒物脱除的影响规律。结果表明,针刺电极电场强度和离子电荷密度的最高值均略高于芒刺电极,但是芒刺电极的静电场分布更加均匀。在外加电压为60k V时,针刺电极和芒刺电极的离子风最高流速分别可达7.91m/s和4.62m/s,离子风会促进荷电颗粒向收尘极板运动,同时也会形成近壁高速区造成堆积颗粒的不均匀分布并导致二次扬尘。由此,针对不同形式静电除尘器提出了合理调整放电电极结构方法,进行离子风调控以强化颗粒物脱除。     

Xerographic development using single-component nonmagnetic toner

No magnetic material is necessary for this system. A thin layer of nonmagnetic toner is formed on the surface of a metal roller by means of an elastic plate which is pressed against the roller. The toner particles are charged triboelectrically by friction with the metal plate. The toner layer is attached to the roller by electrostatic force, and is carried around to the photosensitive drum. The latent image is developed with the noncontact development technique. The insulative toner developed for this system has a superior triboelectric characteristic. A model for toner charging is shown. The numerical calculations based on the model agree well with the experimental results. The model suggests that the metal plate controls the toner charge     

Dielectrophoretic manipulation of particles

We have demonstrated that, in general, the dielectrophoretic (DEP) force experienced by a particle has two components. The first depends upon inhomogeneities in the applied electrical field strength and upon the in-phase part of the resultant dipole moment induced in the particle and can be identified with the conventional dielectrophoretic (cDEP) force. The second relates to nonuniformities in the phase distribution of the applied field and to the out-of-phase part of the induced dipole moment. A nonuniform phase distribution corresponds to a field that travels through space. This second force component gives rise to traveling-wave dielectrophoresis (twDEP). In this paper, we describe several electrode configurations designed to produce electric fields capable of inducing cDEP and twDEP forces for the purpose of manipulating particles. Using DS19 Friend murine erythroleukemia cells as test particles having well-characterized dielectric properties, we investigated the electrokinetic behaviors for these electrodes as a function of frequency and electrode excitation mode. Several characteristic cell electrokinetic behaviors were identified, including trapping, linear motion, levitation, and circulation of the cells, depending on the excitation characteristics of the electrodes and the cell dielectric properties. We describe these findings and rationalize them in terms of the field distributions produced by the electrodes, the particle dielectric properties, and generalized dielectrophoresis theory. The biotechnological applications of dielectrophoretic manipulation are then discussed     

混合编程法及其在绝缘子电场和电位分析中的应用

室温硫化硅橡胶防污闪涂料在电力系统外绝缘中有着广泛的应用,有必要分析它对电场和电位分布的影响。分析不同厚度情况下硅橡胶涂层的电阻率和相对介电常数对绝缘子附近最大强场、沿面电场和电位的影响。采用Matlab与ANSYS混合编程的方法实现了绝缘子的自动建模,采用C++Builder(BCB)与ANSYS混合编程的方法实现了自动导出lis文件,节省了工作量和后续处理时间,同时使用Matlab对lis文件处理获得沿面的场强和电位。研究结果表明:瓷支柱绝缘子喷涂硅橡胶后无论是最大场强还是局部细节场强均未见明显变化;随涂层厚度、相对介电常数增加最大场强略有减少,但变化程度非常小,沿面平均场强略有增加;随电阻率的变化最大场强和沿面平均场强基本不变。电阻率、介电常数和厚度正常的取值范围内时硅橡胶涂层对绝缘子及附近电场畸变造成的影响可以忽略。     

Conducting particle motion and particle-initiated breakdown in dcelectric field between diverging conducting plates in atmospheric air

This paper deals with the analysis of spherical conducting particle motion as well as particle initiated breakdown in electric fields between diverging conducting plates with dc voltage in atmospheric air. Motion of spherical particle was estimated by solving the motion equation numerically, and the results agreed well with the experimental ones. It was found that when the particle is placed on the horizontal electrode surface where the electric field is nearly equal to the lifting field, the particle progresses towards a higher electric field region by the effect of Coulomb force and electrical gradient force. This is true for a nonspherical conducting particle. The obtained results for particle motion suggest that much attention should be paid in the design of GIS particle traps to forces acting on the particle directly towards the higher electric field region. Moreover, the particle-initiated breakdown is discussed on the basis of the experimental and theoretical results. It was found that one of the reasons for reduction of the breakdown voltage is the effect of microdischarge between the particle and an oppositely charged electrode     

介质阻隔面放电的结构参数

为提高介质阻隔面放电激励器的流动控制效果,采用漂移-扩散模型对9种电极结构的放电过程进行了数值计算,得到了随时间变化的放电空间电子数密度、电场、电极电流以及离子静电力,探索了等离子体放电的作用机理,研究了暴露电极、植入电极的宽度以及两个电极之间的间隙宽度对放电过程和放电效果的影响。结果表明,放电过程可能存在非线性作用,缩短暴露电极宽度、减小电极间隙能够提高放电效果,但电极最好不要重叠,电极间隙有一个最佳值;植入电极宽度存在最大值,超过该值会降低放电效果。计算结果与实验结果基本相符。     

稍不均匀电场中绝缘子附近导电微粒受力分析

建立稍不均匀电场中绝缘子附近的自由导电微粒所受作用力的2-D计算模型,通过对微粒表面Maxwell应力张量进行计算,得到微粒在电场中所受的静电力。改变电极倾斜角、绝缘子材料以及绝缘子的外形,对影响自由导电微粒运动的因素进行了分析,结果显示通过减小高压电极倾斜角度,减小绝缘子材料的介电常数,并采取合适的绝缘子外形, 可减小微粒受到的向上的静电力和微粒受到的指向绝缘子方向的水平静电力,从而可以减小微粒浮起和附着于绝缘子表面的概率。     

Monitoring of flowing charges with an electrostatic voltmeter

This paper describes a simple method of monitoring the net electric charge of powders transported pneumatically through a dielectric pipe. An electrostatic voltmeter (ESVM) is used to measure the voltage induced on an isolated ring electrode placed on the outside surface of the pipe. An equivalent circuit model of the measurement system was constructed and experimentally verified using an electrophotographic toner and an aluminum oxide powder (Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/). Knowledge of the voltage induced by flowing charged particles on the electrode allows for the calculation of the total charge that flew through the pipe. However, in order to obtain an accurate voltage measurement, the input impedance of the instrument used for that purpose must be very high. The high impedance of an ESVM makes it uniquely suited for this application.     

On the dielectrophoretic separation of solid particles

An analysis of an idealized high-gradient dielectrophoretic separator that is simply a metal circular filament placed in a uniform electric field between two parallel plates is presented. The analysis is aimed at determining the spatial distribution of the electric field inside the volume of the separator, so that the dielectrophoretic force on a dielectric particle can be evaluated. The conditions necessary for producing dielectrophoretic forces comparable to those in electrostatic separators are determined     

Force on insulated wire at the interface of two dielectric media

The electric field is calculated and the forces are evaluated for the system consisting of an infinitely long charged filamentary conductor located parallel to the plane boundary surface between two dielectric media. The straight filamentary wire is surrounded by a cylindrical insulator. It is established that the direction of the force acting on the charged wire is determined only by a difference in value between the permittivities of the two media and does not depend on the permittivity of the insulation of the wire. The solution of the problem is derived in an analytical form that shows directly the influence of the dielectric materials on the distribution of the electric field and on the values of the forces in the examined system     

Distribution of electric field strength around a large-scalecharged particle cloud

To investigate an electrical discharge occurring from or in a space-charge cloud, a large-scale charged particle cloud was formed by using a cloud generator consisting of a blower and corona charger. The distribution of the electric field strength around a charged particle cloud has been investigated to determine the behavior of charged particles. The soil-conditioning particles were charged by corona charging and blown by high-speed air flow in a test room, 5 m wide, 10 m long, and 3 m high. The average charge-to-mass ratio of the particles blown by this method was 170 μC/kg. The space-charge density of the cloud was calculated at the order of 10 μC/m³ from the electric field strength outside of the cloud. While the electric field strength at the outside of the cloud increased up to 52 kV/m within 2 m downstream from the cloud generator, it decreased below 25 kV/m farther than 2 m away from the cloud generator due to dispersion of charged particles. The change in the electric field strength due to dispersion of charged particles can be qualitatively explained by a simple cloud model. The velocity of charged particles transported by air flow and mobility of charged particles are found to be effective factors increasing the electric field strength around the large-scale charged particle cloud