A factor analysis of the California Psychological Inventory.

Using test scores from 372 Ss, various statistical analyses indicated that a reduced set of 6 scales accounts for about ? of the total variance in the CPI. "… the reference scales provide more concise and less ambiguous definitions of the variables assessed by the CPI and have considerable promise as measures of the normal personality." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

An empirically-derived managerial key for the California Psychological Inventory.

Chi square comparisons of the responses of 603 managers and supervisors with those of 1748 men-in-general indicated that 206 of the 480 California Psychological Inventory (CPI) items reliably (p     

Prediction of performance in medical school from the California Psychological Inventory.

Prediction of performance in medical training is a difficult task, and few approaches to date have shown promise. In the non-intellective realm, the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) has given positive results in other settings and was therefore deemed worthy of tryout in this one. A CPI regression equation was derived which had a predictive validity of +.66 in an initial sample of 34 students, and of +.46 in a cross-validating sample of 63. The psychological dimension defined by the equation was judged to be more reflective of a characterological syndrome stressing unselfishness and consideration for others than of need: achievement, compensatory striving, or other factors typically invoked to account for scholastic attainment. (25 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The prediction of academic achievement with the California Psychological Inventory.

An attempt to use the California Psychological Inventory to predict the academic grades of students in 3 military courses: Neuropsychiatric, Clinical Psychology, and Social Work Procedures. The data indicated that a combination of the Achievement via Independence scale of the California Psychological Inventory and the General Technical score from the Army Classification Battery, makes an effective instrument for screening students for admittance to these courses. The predicted criterion scores, obtaned from 2 multiple prediction equations, were correlated with the academic grades achieved by students in 2 samples (N = 98; N = 64). The obtained r's were .610 and .600 (p     

Construct Validation of the Dutch Version of the Impact of Event Scale.

The Impact of Event Scale (ES; M. J. Horowitz, N. Wilner, & W. Alvarez, 1979) is a worldwide-used self-report measure to assess the frequency of intrusive and avoidant phenomena after a variety of traumatic experiences. The purpose of this article is to assess the psychometric value of the Dutch version of the IES (D. Brom & R. J. Kleber, 1985) in several samples of individuals who had experienced various traumatic stressors. The reliability and structure of the IES were evaluated in 3 different samples (total N = 1.588). The reliability of the Dutch version of the IES was adequate across the various stressors. The construct validity was assessed by using confirmatory factor analyses. Outcomes revealed a robust structure over the various samples, generally supporting the composition of the original IES. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Development and Psychometric Properties of the Disability Application Appraisal Inventory.

This article describes the development and psychometric properties of an inventory to assess cognitive appraisal of the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) disability application process, the Disability Application Appraisal Inventory (DAAI). Participants were 439 veterans seeking disability status for posttraumatic stress disorder through the VA and subgroups from that sample. The 3 DAAI scales assess (a) understanding of the disability application process (Knowledge scale) (b) expectations specific to the process (Negative Expectations scale) and (c) investment in obtaining disability status (Importance scale). The scales are internally consistent and largely uncorrelated. Test-retest correlations are adequate for the Negative Expectations and Importance scales. Evidence of factorial and construct validity is presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychometric Properties of the Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI): A Replication With Motor Vehicle Accident Survivors.

This study examined the factor structure, internal consistency, concurrent validity, discriminant validity, and discriminative validity of the Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI; E. B. Foa, A. Ehlers, D. M. Clark, D. F. Tolin, & S. M. Orsillo, 1999) in a sample of 112 individuals who had experienced a serious motor vehicle accident. Results generally supported the 3-factor structure of the PTCI: (a) Negative Cognitions About Self, (b) Negative Cognitions About the World, and (c) Self-Blame. Subscales reflecting negative thoughts of the self and world showed adequate internal consistency, as well as good concurrent, discriminant, and discriminative validity. However, difficulties with the subscale representing self-blame emerged, specifically poor concurrent and discriminant validity. Potential reasons for this finding are discussed. The PTCI seems to be a promising measure of negative and dysfunctional posttrauma cognitions, which deserves continuing attention. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Validation of the CPI Socialization scale in India.

The California Psychological Inventory (CPI) seeks to assess culturally universal dimensions of personality, i.e, "folk concepts." Validation must therefore include cross-cultural validation. The CPI Socialization (So) scale was translated into Hindi and Punjabi and given to 203 delinquents and 48 college students in India. Behavioral ratings were assigned, 4 to nondelinquents, 3 to casual and 1st offenders, 2 to habitual offenders, and 1 to hardened and habitual offenders. The ratings correlated +.70 with So in the full sample (N = 251), and +.73 within the subsample of 203 delinquents. A coefficient of +.73 had also been observed for 10,296 males tested in the USA. Findings are interpreted as supporting the theoretical presuppositions and practical utility of the measure. (17 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Criterion validity of the Holden Psychological Screening Inventory Social Symptomatology Scale in a prison sample.

The 36-item, self-report Holden Psychological Screening Inventory (HPSI; R. R. Holden, 1996) and the Psychopathy Checklist–Revised (PCL–R; R. D. Hare, 1991) were administered to 214 male, adult prison inmates in Canadian federal correctional facilities. The 12-item HPSI Social Symptomatology scale, a measure of antisocial behavior, demonstrated a large effect size in significantly differentiating between PCL–R-identified psychopaths and nonpsychopaths. HPSI scales not theoretically related to psychopathic behavior showed no such significant effects. Findings are interpreted as supporting the criterion validity of the Social Symptomatology scale and suggest that this brief, self-report screen has research and clinical merit. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Longitudinal construct validity of Brief Symptom Inventory subscales in schizophrenia.

Longitudinal validity of Brief Symptom Inventory subscales was examined in a sample (N = 318) with schizophrenia-related illness measured at baseline and every 6 months for 3 years. Nonlinear factor analysis of items was used to test graded response models (GRMs) for subscales in isolation. The models varied in their within-time and between-times parameter constraints, with the homogeneous model being the least constrained, followed by the 2-parameter GRM and 1-parameter GRM. Results show that 4 subscales (Interpersonal Sensitivity, Hostility, Paranoid Ideation, Psychoticism) were consistent with the 1-parameter GRM, and 5 subscales (Somatization, Obsessive-Compulsive, Depression, Anxiety, Phobic Anxiety) were consistent with the 2-parameter GRM. There is evidence that the 9 subscales may be validly used to study change in single constructs over time. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Relations among scores on Edwards Personal Preference Schedule, California Psychological Inventory, and Strong Vocational Interest Blank for an industrial sample.

The significant intercorrelations among scores on the EPPS, the CPI, and the SVIB are reported for a group of 102 salaried employees of the 3M Company. Comparison of the CPI and EPPS scales generally shows correlations in the expected directions, and correlations between occupational interests and personality variables make "good clinical sense." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of embedded and isolated administrations of the California Psychological Inventory's Socialization subscale.

Alternate administration methods were tested for the Socialization (So) subscale of the California Psychological Inventory (CPI; H. G. Gough, 1994; H. G. Gough & P. Bradley, 1996) in 437 young adult men. One method administered the 46 CPI-So items in isolation from the CPI, whereas the 2nd method administered the 46 items embedded in the CPI. External validity measures of antisociality were also administered over the 2 sessions. Isolated administration produced somewhat higher internal consistency and significantly better concurrent validity and demonstrated construct validity as a measure of antisociality. Additional factor analytic studies of the CPI-So and CPI revealed that the 2 CPI-So versions had different factorial structures and that the embedded CPI-So subscale did not retain factorial integrity or an appreciable amount of reliable and uniquely interpretable variance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Inferential structure of the NEO Five-Factor Inventory: Construct validity of the Big Four personality clusters.

Four studies investigated the dimensionality of the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI; P. T. Costa & R. R. McCrae, 1992). In Study 1, four inferential dimensions and four clusters represented the NEO-FFI when 114 undergraduates freely sorted items into categories. Construct validity for four item-clusters derived from the inferential space was obtained in Study 2 based on self-report with 304 undergraduates. Study 3 validated these inferential clusters using self and peer reports for 420 undergraduates. Study 4 validated the cluster scales for predicting quality of life and significant social and cultural behaviours for 110 undergraduates. Implications for implicit personality theory, the number of dimensions issue in personality, and test construction are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A verification scale for the Minnesota Vocational Interest Inventory.

A verification scale, designed to detect individuals answering carelessly or incorrectly, was developed for the Minnesota Vocational Interest Inventory. The scale is composed of items answered very infrequently by Clark's group of Tradesmen-in-General. Data on a validation and cross-validation group are presented. The scale was shown to correctly identify 97% of arbitrarily responding individuals while misclassifying only 9% of individuals answering in a normal manner. To demonstate other attributes of the scale, data are presented for a test-retest group (rxx = .81), a hospitalized psychotic group, and a group of answer sheets completed using random numbers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Children's Depression Inventory: Construct and discriminant validity across clinical and nonreferred (control) populations": Correction to Carey et al.

Reports an error in "Children's Depression Inventory: Construct and discriminant validity across clinical and nonreferred (control) populations" by Michael P. Carey, Michael E. Faulstich, Frank M. Gresham, Laurie Ruggiero and Patience Enyart (Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1987[Oct], Vol 55[5], 755-761). An error occurred in Table 3. Specifically, for the three-factor solutions, the coefficient of congruence between the first factor of the combined sample and the first (rather than the second) factor of the nonreferred sample should read "93." (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1988-06332-001.) The construct and discriminant validity of the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) was evaluated for a large child and adolescent sample of clinical inpatients (n?=?153) and demographically comparable nonreferred subjects (n?=?153). Principal component analyses of the overall sample, using separate groups of clinical and nonreferred samples, found two- and three-factor models with optimal simple structure and clinical meaningfulness. These factors characterized Depressive Affect, Oppositional Behavior, and Personal Adjustment. The first two factors exhibited adequate internal consistency and correspondence across samples, whereas the third factor was strongest for nonreferred subjects. All three factor scores entered a significant discriminant function and correctly classified most nonreferred and clinical subjects. However, only Depressive Affect and Oppositional Behavior entered into the discriminant function that distinguished depressive and conduct-disorder subjects from nonreferred subjects. The percentage of nonreferred subjects who were correctly categorized ranged from 70.4 to 71.6, whereas the percentage of correctly classified clinical subjects ranged from 25 to 60. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Construct Validity of the California Verbal Learning Test--Children's Version (CVLT-C) After Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury.

The purpose of this study was to determine the latent structure of the California Verbal Learning Test--Children's Version (CVLT-C; D. Delis, J. Kramer, E. Kaplan, & B. Ober, 1994) in a sample of 175 children with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Maximum-likelihood confirmatory factor analyses were performed to test 6 competing hypothetical models for fit and parsimony. A 4-factor model consisting of Attention Span, Learning Efficiency, Delayed Recall, and Inaccurate Recall provided the best fit to the data. The results support the construct validity of the CVLT-C in children with TBI and suggest that a multifactorial interpretation of quantitative indexes from this instrument is appropriate for clinical practice. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Holden Psychological Screening Inventory in the prediction of Canadian Forces basic training outcome.

Examined the validity of Holden Psychological Screening Inventory (HPSI) scales for predicting graduation among a sample of 423 noncommissioned recruits in a 10-week Canadian Forces basic military training course. Analyses indicated that (a) recruits differed significantly from civilians in terms of psychological adjustment, (b) military training attritees were more similar to civilians than to course graduates, and (c) the HPSI Depression scale significantly predicted recruit training course release. Results were interpreted as confirming previous findings on the importance of depression in military training outcome and as supporting the validity of using the HPSI as a screening tool within the Canadian Forces. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Examining the construct validity of the Eating Disorder Inventory.

The construct validity of the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) was examined in 3 samples. An archival clinic sample (n=318) of women completed the EDI, a structured interview, and the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory--II (MCMI-II). Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) indicated that neither null nor 1-factor models of the EDI fit item-level or item-parcel data. The proposed 8-factor model did not fit at the item level but did fit item-parcel data. Reliability estimates of the 8 scales ranged from .82 to .93, and low-to-moderate interscale correlations among the eating and weight-related scales provided partial support for convergent validity. EDI personality scales showed moderate interscale correlations and were associated with MCMI-II scales. A final CFA of the EDI scales supported a 2-factor model (Eating and Weight, Personality) of the 8 EDI scales. Strong associations between depression and several EDI scale scores were found in a treatment study sample (n=50). The archival clinic sample scored significantly higher on the 8 EDI scales than the nonpatient college comparison sample (n=487). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)