AdHoc多跳网络在EDCA机制下对实时音／视频业务的仿真分析

在AdHoc多跳网络中,IEEE802.11e协议采用了增强型分布信道接入机制（Enhanced Distributed Channel Access,EDCA）,用于为实时多媒体业务提供有效的QOS保证机制。本文简单介绍和对比了802.11分布式协调功能（DCF）和802.11e EDCA两种信道接入机制,并通过使用网络仿真软件OPNET,模拟了实时的视／音频业务在802.11DCF和802.11e EDCA信道接入机制下在不同网络负载下的性能并进行了仿真分析。     

IEEE802.11e EDCA和CFB下饱和吞吐量分析

IEEE802.11eMAC草案规范对IEEE802.11无线局域网标准在QOS方面加以了补充。IEEE802.11e采用2种协调机制基于控制的综合协调可控信道接入方式HCCA和基于竞争的增强型分布式信道接入方式EDCA。主要评估EDCA和竞争空闲脉冲(contention-freeburst)CFB相结合时,在系统负载过载的情况下,改变性能参数后系统饱和吞吐量的变化,并分析系统性能参数对饱和吞吐量的影响,从而达到系统参数优化的作用。     

无线Mesh网络中支持QoS的802.11e协议优化

在无线Mesh网络中,支持QoS的IEEE 802.11eEDCA协议,其固定的队列接入机制,使得在网络负载较重的时高优先业务的QoS得不到应有的保障,同时在网络负载较轻时信道利用率也不高.文中提出了一种动态调整业务接入队列的算法.节点可以根据感知到的网络负载状况自适应调整队列接入方式,在保障高优先级业务QoS要求的同时,尽可能提高信道的利用率.仿真结果表明,在不同网络负载的场景下,该算法相对于IEEE802.11e在QoS保障和利用率方面都有较好的表现.     

VANET/LTE-Advanced异构网络中基于协议序列-IEEE 802.11p的信道接入机制

摘要：提出了VANET/LTE-Advanced异构网络架构,并重新规划信道使用及接入模式,提高车载设备之间通信的有效性,增强公平性并兼顾自由度。以车辆间通信为研究对象,深入剖析并比较IEEE 802.11p MAC协议,基于协议序列信道接入机制,提出基于协议序列-IEEE 802.11p的信道接入算法,将“基于调度”与“基于竞争”的信道接入结合,完善IEEE 802.11p MAC层协议。仿真结果表明,基于协议序列-IEEE 802.11p的信道接入机制与UI模式及IEEE 802.11p模式相比,实现了用户平均吞吐量和平均数据分组发送时延性能的权衡,具有理论价值和实用价值。     

一种基于IEEE802.11EDCF的自适应能量调整算法

简述了IEEE802.11及IEEE802.11e的两种访问控制机制DCF和EDCF,提出了一种基于IEEE802.11 EDCF的自适应能量调整算法,并在NS2上进行了仿真实现.仿真实验结果表明,该算法能够根据分组的优先权水平和节点当前能量值动态调度信道接入,延长了全网的生存期.     

Ad Hoc网络中MAC接入机制的研究与仿真

随着无线网络的迅速发展,网络上的业务流量与日俱增,如何保证无线网络上实时业务的服务质量问题也越来越突出。本文分析了802.11e协议的MAC接入机制,并仿真分析了在音频、视频和数据三种业务下无线网络的吞吐量和时延网络性能。仿真结果表明该协议对无线网络上的语音和多媒体应用有一定的服务质量保证。     

一种基于实时优化思想的多址接入协议性能分析

该文提出了一种基于慢退避和实时优化思想的碰撞减少多址接入CRMA (Collision Reduced Multiple Access)协议。CRMA协议将实时优化的思想同慢退避的思想相结合,有效地解决了IEEE 802.11协议二进制指数退避算法成功发送数据帧后没有记录网络当前繁忙程度的缺点,能够更准确地记录数据帧成功发送后高负荷网络的退避阶数,降低数据帧接入信道的碰撞概率,提高无线信道的利用率。新的多址接入协议能够与现有的IEEE 802.11协议完全兼容,具有简单、无开销、完全分布性和自适应性的特点。分析和仿真结果表明,CRMA协议较之改进前的IEEE 802.11协议和其它最新的多址接入算法能够更有效地利用网络中已有的信息,更准确地估计网络当前的竞争状态,表现出更好的网络性能。     

基于新一代Wi-Fi的MAC层关键技术的仿真与分析

分析了新一代Wi-Fi(即IEEE 802.11ac)的MAC层技术,重点研究了IEEE 802.11ac的分布式协调功能和增强的分布式信道接入技术带来的系统增益,并对IEEE 802.11ac MAC层是否采用帧聚合和块应答机制时的数据吞吐效率、在不同信道接入技术下用户业务的公平性进行了仿真和分析。仿真和分析表明增强的分布式信道接入技术相对于传统的分布式协同功能可以显著提升系统吞吐量,并且MAC层通过采用帧聚合和块应答机制,提升了MAC层相对物理层的吞吐率,降低了MAC层协议固有的系统开销所带来的“短板效应”。     

一种基于UWB的自组网络中的QoS机制

笔者用跳时多址接入,解决超宽带自组网MAC层的实时业务Qos问题.由于超宽带的接入延迟很大,这里提出在节点中将转发业务与本地业务按实时性要求分类,优先级高的先发,优先级低的后发,这样能更好的保证实时业务不会受到接入延迟的影响,并且允许各种业务交叉传输,解决了802.11e中的Qos机制造成的低优先级业务"饿死"的现象.仿真表明:节点中的业务在满足公平接入信道方面取得了很好的效果.     

自适应EDCF方法分析

简述了IEEE802.11e的访问控制机制中的增强型分布式协调功能(Enhanced Distributed Coordination Function,EDCF),针对IEEE802.11e QoS机制在高负载情况下业务性能下降的问题,提出了一种新的基于EDCF的自适应方法,并用OPNET软件进行了仿真实现。仿真结果表明,该方法能够有效减少网络传输的延时,显著提高数据吞吐量,极大地改善了QoS的性能。     

Incomplete cooperation‐based service differentiation in WLANs

In the IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN (WLAN), the fundamental medium access control (MAC) mechanism—distributed coordination function (DCF), only supports best‐effort service, and is unaware of the quality‐of‐service (QoS). IEEE 802.11e enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) supports service differentiation by differentiating contention parameters. This may introduce the problem of non‐cooperative service differentiation. Hence, an incompletely cooperative EDCA (IC‐EDCA) is proposed in this paper to solve the problem. In IC‐EDCA, each node that is cooperative a priori adjusts its contention parameters (e.g., the contention window (CW)) adaptively to the estimated system state (e.g., the number of competing nodes of each service priority). To implement IC‐EDCA in current WLAN nodes, a frame‐analytic estimation algorithm is presented. Moreover, an analytical model is proposed to analyze the performance of IC‐EDCA under saturation cases. Extensive simulations are also carried out to compare the performances of DCF, EDCA, incompletely cooperative game, and IC‐EDCA, and to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed performance model. The simulation results show that IC‐EDCA performs better than DCF, EDCA, and incompletely cooperative game in terms of system throughput or QoS, and that the proposed analytical model is valid. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Performance Analysis on Coexistence of EDCA and Legacy DCF Stations in IEEE 802.11 Wireless LANs

The distributed coordination function (DCF) scheme of IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol does not support any concepts of quality of service (QoS) but the enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) scheme in IEEE 802.11e standard provides QoS according to access categories using different access parameters. However, the legacy DCF stations may be used together with EDCA stations. In this letter, we investigate and analyze the performance discrimination when EDCA and DCF stations operate simultaneously     

On the capabilities of IEEE 802.11e for multimedia communications over heterogeneous 802.11/802.11e WLANs

Multimedia communications over WLAN is widely acknowledged as one of the key, emerging applications for wireless LANs. As with any multi-service network, there is the need to provision the WLANs with the QoS mechanisms capable of guaranteeing the requirements of various services. The upcoming IEEE 802.11e (EDCA) standard is a proposal defining the mechanisms for wireless LANs aiming to provide QoS support to time-sensitive applications such as voice and video communications. Due to the fact that the IEEE 802.11e interface cards will take over the WLAN market, replacing the use of legacy IEEE 802.11 interface cards in most WLAN applications, an important number of networking scenarios will consist of a hybrid configuration comprising legacy IEEE 802.11-based stations and IEEE 802.11e-based stations. For this reason, in this paper we carry out a performance analysis on the effectiveness of the IEEE 802.11e (EDCA) upcoming standard when supporting different services, such as, voice, video, best-effort, background and in the presence of traffic generated by legacy 802.11 (DCF) based stations.     

A Distributed End-to-End Reservation Protocol for IEEE 802.11-Based Wireless Mesh Networks

This paper presents an end-to-end reservation protocol for quality-of-service (QoS) support in the medium access control layer of wireless multihop mesh networks. It reserves periodically repeating time slots for QoS-demanding applications, while retaining the distributed coordination function (DCF) for best effort applications. The key features of the new protocol, called "distributed end-to-end allocation of time slots for real-time traffic (DARE), are distributed setup, interference protection, and scheduling of real-time data packets, as well as the repair of broken reservations and the release of unused reservations. A simulation-based performance study compares the delay and throughput of DARE with those of DCF and the priority-based enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) used in IEEE 802.11e. In contrast to DCF and EDCA, DARE has a low, nonvarying delay and a constant throughput for each reserved flow     

ACKS: a technique to reduce the impact of legacy stations in 802.11e EDCA WLANs

The EDCA access mechanism of the upcoming 802.11e standard supports legacy DCF stations, but with substantially degraded performance. The reason being that DCF stations typically compete for access with overly small contention windows (CWs). In this letter we propose a new technique that, implemented at the access points (AP's), mitigates the impact of legacy stations on EDCA. The key idea of the technique is that, upon receiving a frame from a legacy station, the AP skips the ACK frame reply with a certain probability. When missing the ACK, the legacy station increases its CW and thus our technique allows us to have some control over the CW's of the legacy stations. We show by means of an example that this technique improves the overall performance of the WLAN.     

Extending EDCA with distributed resource reservation for QoS guarantees

In this paper we describe how the contention-based medium access mechanism of 802.11e, EDCA, can be enhanced in order to allow stations to reserve medium access for their real-time applications with QoS requirements. We present our proposed scheme, which is called EDCA with resource reservation (EDCA/RR), and describe how it can be extended in order to be used in wireless multi-hop networks. EDCA/RR operates in a completely distributed manner and manages to provide deterministic, contention-free medium access, making it an attractive scheme for wireless networks.     

Saturation Throughput Analysis of the IEEE 802.11e EDCA Network with Contention Free Burst Under Fading Channel

The 802.11 WLAN legacy standard cannot provide Quality of Service (QoS) support for multimedia applications because the 802.11 was initially developed for Best Effort services. Hence, the 802.11e amendment was published in order to provide the QoS support to WLANs. One of the most important functions in 802.11e is the contention based channel access mechanism called Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA), which provides a priority scheme by differentiating the Arbitration Inter Frame Space (AIFS), initial window size and Transmission OPportunity limit (TXOPlimit). In this paper, we propose a novel analytical model for the performance analysis of the IEEE 802.11e EDCA network with Contention Free Burst under fading channel and saturated traffic conditions. This new model captures all of the major QoS specific features, namely AIFS, minimum contention window size, maximum contention window size, virtual collision and TXOPlimit. So, we have analyzed the saturation system throughput of the basic access method of the IEEE 802.11e EDCA network.     

Multiservice unicast/multicast communications over IEEE 802.11e networks

Wireless communications are nowadays one of the most active research and development areas in telecommunications. The widespread use of wireless networks and the development of high-rate infrastructure are in turn enabling the introduction and deployment of many new end-user applications. During the past few years, the IEEE 802.11e (EDCA) standard has been working on defining the required QoS mechanisms to be incorporated into the IEEE 802.11 protocol architecture. However, recent studies have shown that EDCA performs poorly when the medium is highly loaded due to the high collision rate. Numerous proposals have been reported in the literature aiming to overcome this main drawback. However, EDCA and the proposed mechanisms continue to have a serious problem with a specific type of application: the multicast traffic. In EDCA (as in DCF) the multicast service is defined as an unreliable service, i.e., it does not include the use of ACK frames. Furthermore, different to the unicast service, the multicast service makes use of a single rate out of the various rates included in the Basic Service Set (BSS) defined by the IEEE 802.11 standard. This situation has led many researchers to design techniques aiming to improve the multicast transmission. In this paper, we analyze the inter-operability of two prominent multicast mechanisms recently reported by the authors and the channel access method defined by the IEEE 802.11e EDCA standard. We further consider the use of B-EDCA: an enhanced version of EDCA recently introduced by the authors. We carried a comparative performance evaluation of the aforementioned mechanisms when supporting unicast and multicast traffic. Our simulation results show the effectiveness of the enhanced protocol architectures when jointly supporting unicast and multicast traffic.     

Reducing the Impact of Legacy Stations on Voice Traffic in 802.11e EDCA WLANs

The EDCA access mechanism of the 802.11e standard supports legacy DCF stations, but the performance of high priority traffic is substantially degraded in their presence. In a previous letter we proposed the ACKS technique to mitigate the impact of legacy stations and studied this technique under high priority data traffic. In this letter we analyze the suitability of the ACKS technique for protecting voice traffic. Results show that voice performance is significantly improved as a result of using this technique     

EDCA/CA: Enhancement of IEEE 802.11e EDCA by Contention Adaption for Energy Efficiency

This paper presents a Contention Adaptation (CA) mechanism to improve the energy efficiency in IEEE 802.11e EDCA. By suspending some transmissions, the proposed EDCA/CA can reduce the number of collisions. Because unnecessary retransmissions are eliminated, the energy consumption is reduced. Extensive simulations have been performed to demonstrate the performance of the proposed EDCA/CA. The results show that EDCA/CA can reduce the energy consumption significantly. It reduces frame delay as well when traffic load is heavy. When traffic load is light, the proposed EDCA/CA will slightly increase the video delay, which in general is still acceptable. Furthermore, the proposed EDCA/CA is simple and easy to implement. It is fully compatible with the 802.11e EDCA. It is both effective and practical.