合成方法对Ru-Zn/ZrO2苯部分加氢催化剂的影响

分别采用水热-共沉淀法和机械混合法制备Ru-Zn/ZrO2催化剂,并用于苯部分加氢制环己烯反应体系.通过XRD、SEM、TEM等对催化剂的组成、结构和形貌进行表征,对比不同方法合成的催化剂对苯部分加氢反应的影响.结果表明,水热-共沉淀法制备的Ru-Zn/ZrO2催化剂上的Ru分散度高,晶粒尺寸小,催化剂表面苯加氢位点多...     

助剂对苯加氢Ru系催化剂催化性能的影响

以三氯化钌(RuCl3)、硫酸锌(ZnSO4)和硫酸亚铁(FeSO4)为原料,采用共沉淀法制备Ru-Zn及Ru-Fe-Zn催化剂,研究了苯选择加氢制环己烯过程中助剂Zn和Zn/Fe对Ru系催化剂催化加氢性能的影响,并利用透射电镜等对催化剂进行表征。结果表明:Ru-Zn催化剂粒子清晰较为分散,Ru-Fe-Zn催化剂粒径变大,比表面积变小;Ru系催化剂中加入助剂Zn,Ru/Zn摩尔比为7时,环己烯选择性较高,加入第三组分Fe,Zn/Fe摩尔比为10,环己烯选择性进一步提高;Ru-Fe-Zn催化剂具有很好的催化活性和稳定性,苯转化率达54.9%,环己烯选择性达81.8%。     

苯加氢制环己烯Ru-Zn/ZrO2催化剂的制备和表征

采用沉淀法制备了Ru-Zn/ZrO2催化剂,应用于苯加氢制备环己烯,在苯转化率为68.51%时,环己烯选择性达60.12%。通过XRD、XPS、BET、H2-TPR和H2-TPD等方法对其进行了表征。结果表明,催化剂中Ru物种和Zn物种以单质形式存在,Zn和Ru形成了固溶体,催化剂表面氢的吸附强度影响其催化活性和选择性。     

ZrO_2载体对苯加氢合成环己烯选择性的影响

分别采用四方晶型的t-Zr O2和单斜晶型的m-Zr O2作为载体,用溶液浸渍负载方法制备了Ru/Zr O2催化剂,并对催化剂的物理化学性质进行了BET、XRD等表征。研究结果表明,采用老化回流处理后的t-Zr O2相比于m-Zr O2具有更高的比表面积和孔容,从而提高了金属Ru的分散性与催化活性,并有利于环己烯的传质扩散,使Ru/t-Zr O2具有更高的苯加氢合成环己烯收率,此外Ru/t-Zr O2催化剂有较好的再生性,其使用6次后依然能够保持较高的催化活性。Ru的负载量的增加能够提高苯选择性加氢的收率,当Ru/t-Zr O2型催化剂中Ru的负载质量分数为8%时,苯选择性加氢收率最高,可达29%。氢气压力为4.2 MPa,反应温度为423 K,Ru/Zr O2催化剂的用量为质量分数1.2%为优化的反应条件,在此条件下有最佳的收率以及较高的经济效益。     

用催化剂表面修饰以进行苯选择加氢制环己烯的研究

1 前言常规的气相苯催化加氢反应,苯环大π键一经打开就全部加氢到底,产物中只能获得环己烷而极难得到选择加氢产物环己烯。生成环己烷的反应从热力学上看远比生成环己烯的反应容易进行很多,并且环己烯也非常容易进一步加氢生成环己烷。但催化剂的表面经修饰剂作用后可根本改变其性能,从而改进催化活性及选择性,或实现常规方法不可能实现的反应,获得不易得到的产物。在经表面修饰的催化剂上进行苯加氢反应可获得选择加氢产物环     

还原介质和还原温度对Ru-Zn催化苯选择加氢制环己烯性能的影响

用共沉淀法分别在5%NaOH溶液、蒸馏水、0.035mol/L ZnSO_4溶液和0.145mol/L ZnSO_4溶液中用H_2还原制备了Ru-Zn(5%NaOH)催化剂、Ru-Zn(H_2O)催化剂、Ru-Zn(0.035mol/L ZnSO_4)催化剂和Ru-Zn(0.145mol/L ZnSO_4)催化剂。结果表明,它们催化苯选择加氢制环己烯的活性高低顺序为Ru-Zn(5%NaOH)催化剂Ru-Zn(H_2O)催化剂Ru-Zn(0.035mol/L ZnSO_4)催化剂≈Ru-Zn(0.145mol/L ZnSO_4)催化剂,环己烯选择性高低顺序与活性顺序正好相反。因为还原介质可以影响Ru-Zn催化剂的组成和织构性质,进而影响它的催化性能。Ru-Zn(H_2O)催化剂的环己烯收率最高,说明蒸馏水作还原介质最好。随还原温度升高,Ru-Zn(H_2O)催化剂比表面积逐渐减小,催化剂活性逐渐降低。同时粒径逐渐增大,Ru粒子上有利于环己烯加氢生成环己烷的楞位和顶点位减少,环己烯选择性升高。在100℃还原温度下制备的Ru-Zn(H_2O)催化剂的环己烯收率可达58.1%。     

环己烷脱氢产物苯对苯加氢反应系统的影响

通过对环己烷脱氢产物苯作为原料进入苯加氢反应后的效果进行研究,对苯加氢反应的转化率、选择性和加氢催化剂活性等参数变化进行分析,发现环己烷脱氢产物苯与外购新鲜苯混合使用导致苯加氢反应转化率、选择性、催化剂活性都明显降低.分析发现,环己烷脱氢产物苯组成复杂,杂质种类多达十几种.如果将环己烷脱氢产物苯直接作为加氢反应原料使用,对苯加氢反应将造成严重影响.因此,环己烷脱氢产物苯必须经过精制,脱除其中的重组分杂质后才能用于苯加氢反应生产环己烯.     

钌催化苯选择加氢制环己烯的研究进展

介绍了钌催化苯选择加氢制环己烯这一经济、安全、高效的环己烯制备新工艺的研究进展,着重介绍了液相法苯选择加氢制环己烯钌系催化剂的研究及其对苯液相选择加氢制环己烯反应的各种影响,指出钌催化刘应用于苯液相选择加氢制环己烯一般选择反应温度为150℃～190℃,压力4MPa～5MPa,加入助催化剂及添加剂可以提高环己烯的收率．钌催化苯液相选择加氢制环己烯的反应是一个非常复杂的四相(水、气、油、固)反应体系,对这个四相复杂反应体系的深入研究,有助于找出加快环己烯从催化剂表面脱附的方法,进一步提高环己烯的收率．     

Pt/TiO_2催化间甲基苯酚加氢脱氧路径探究

通过等体积浸渍法制备了催化剂Pt/TiO_2。利用间甲基苯酚及其中间产物(甲基环己酮、甲基环己醇、甲基环己烷和甲苯等)在催化剂Pt/TiO_2上的反应探究了甲基苯酚加氢脱氧的反应路径。利用XRD、H_2-TPR、TEM、NH_3-TPD、XPS等对催化剂的表面性质和结构性质进行了表征。结果表明,金属Pt能高度分散在载体TiO_2上。Pt/TiO_2催化间甲基苯酚加氢脱氧反应主要存在2种路径:一种是间甲基苯酚直接脱氧生成甲苯(DDO路径);另一种是间甲基苯酚先加氢生成甲基环己酮、甲基环己醇,然后脱水生成甲基环己烯,再加氢生成甲基环己烷。     

苯加氢烷基化制备环己基苯催化剂的研制及其应用

以β分子筛为载体采用等体积浸渍法制备双功能复合催化剂,并用于苯加氢烷基化制备环己基苯的反应。采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、氮气吸附脱附(BET)、程序升温脱附(TPD)及高分辨透射电子显微镜(HR-TEM)对催化剂组分间的协同催化作用进行考察。并在固定床反应装置上评价了所制备的催化剂活性和稳定性。结果表明:在Ni/Hβ双功能催化剂中掺入不同金属助剂可调控催化剂表面的负载组分颗粒大小、活性分散度、B/L酸比例,以及金属催化加氢功能和酸催化烷基化功能的匹配。以4%Ni-0.2%Pd-3%La/Hβ(均为质量百分数以β分子筛质量为基准)为催化剂,在220℃、H2的GHSV为2 500 h-1、苯的LHSV为2.0 h-1条件下,苯转化率达34.44%,环己基苯选择性为74.67%,催化剂性能在240 h内没有明显下降。     

Effect of the support on the selective hydrogenation of benzeneover ruthenium catalysts. 1. Al2O3 and SiO2

The effect of the support on the liquid phase selective hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexene over Ru catalysts was studied. Catalysts were prepared using RuCl₃ as precursor and characterized by hydrogen chemisorption, XPS and TPR. The reaction was carried out at 373 K and 2 MPa using a stirred tank reactor. It was found that the catalytic activity is not influenced by the Ru dispersion. More electron-deficient Ru species are present on Al₂O₃ than on SiO₂. The electronic state of Ru affects the selectivity to cyclohexene.     

The partial gas‐phase hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexene on supported and coated ruthenium catalysts

The conversion of benzene to useful products such as cyclohexene is of industrial interest because of the expected surplus of benzene due to its substitution in gasoline by other nonpolluting components in the next years. Therefore, the partial gasphase hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexene at atmospheric pressure was performed in order to develop catalysts as an alternative to those used in liquidphase hydrogenation. Two types of rutheniumcontaining catalysts were investigated, viz. supported catalysts with different support materials and coated catalysts with electrolytically formed alumina as support. In order to yield the desired cyclohexene the presence of methanol as a reaction modifier was necessary in the gas phase during the reaction. The hydrogenation on supported Ru catalysts gave selectivities of about 35%, while on coated Ru catalysts selectivities up to 45% were obtained at conversion degrees of 5%. Improved catalyst performance, especially higher selectivity and yield, was obtained at increased partial pressure of methanol and hydrogen and by addition of copper as second metal in the oxide layer of the coated catalysts.     

Preparation and Characterization of Ru/Al2O3/Cordierite Monolithic Catalysts for Selective Hydrogenation of Benzene to Cyclohexene

A series of Ru/Al₂O₃/cordierite monolithic catalysts were prepared and characterized by BET, XRD, TPR, TEM and SEM-EDAX. The catalytic performances in selective hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexene were investigated in a continuous fixed-bed reactor. The preparation conditions significantly influence morphology, particle size, and surface area of the catalyst, subsequently affecting the catalytic performances. It was found that higher calcination temperature of the Ru-based monolithic catalyst led to the conglomeration and crystallite growth of the t-RuO₂, which will decrease the catalytic activity. The lower thickness and the larger pore size of the alumina washcoating layer are the preferential choices to obtain higher cyclohexene selectivity due to the improved internal mass transfer of cyclohexene. It was also found that high ruthenium loading resulted in deep hydrogenation of cyclohexene. Moreover, the reduction temperature was optimized to 473 K and excess high temperature led to the deterioration of both activity and cyclohexene selectivity.     

Effect of ZnSO4, MnSO4 and FeSO4 on the Partial Hydrogenation of Benzene over Nano Ru-Based Catalysts

Nano Ru-based catalysts, including monometallic Ru and Ru-Zn nanoparticles, were synthesized via a precipitation method. The prepared catalysts were evaluated on partial hydrogenation of benzene towards cyclohexene generation, during which the effect of reaction modifiers, i.e., ZnSO₄, MnSO₄, and FeSO₄, was investigated. The fresh and the spent catalysts were thoroughly characterized by XRD, TEM, SEM, XPS, XRF, and DFT studies. It was found that Zn²⁺ or Fe²⁺ could be adsorbed on the surface of a monometallic Ru catalyst, where a stabilized complex could be formed between the cations and the cyclohexene. This led to an enhancement of catalytic selectivity towards cyclohexene. Furthermore, electron transfer was observed from Zn²⁺ or Fe²⁺ to Ru, hindering the catalytic activity towards benzene hydrogenation. In comparison, very few Mn²⁺ cations were adsorbed on the Ru surface, for which no cyclohexene could be detected. On the other hand, for Ru-Zn catalyst, Zn existed as rodlike ZnO. The added ZnSO4 and FeSO₄ could react with ZnO to generate (Zn(OH)₂)₅(ZnSO₄)(H₂O) and basic Fe sulfate, respectively. This further benefited the adsorption of Zn²⁺ or Fe²⁺, leading to the decrease of catalytic activity towards benzene conversion and the increase of selectivity towards cyclohexene synthesis. When 0.57 mol·L⁻¹ of ZnSO₄ was applied, the highest cyclohexene yield of 62.6% was achieved. When MnSO₄ was used as a reaction modifier, H₂SO₄ could be generated in the slurry via its hydrolysis, which reacted with ZnO to form ZnSO₄. The selectivity towards cyclohexene formation was then improved by the adsorbed Zn²⁺.     

苯部分加氢制环己烯催化技术研究进展

简要介绍了苯部分加氢制环己烯催化技术的开发背景 ,国内外相关领域的研究进展 ,比较了不同的工艺路线 ,展望了环己烯的应用前景。苯部分加氢制环己烯是一条省资源、流程短、节能高效、安全可靠、无废弃物和环境污染的工艺路线。我国开发的Ru M B/ZrO2 非晶合金催化体系和苯部分加氢催化工艺 ,已经进入产业化研究阶段。     

Selective hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexene catalyzed by Ru supported catalysts: Influence of the alkali promoters on kinetics, selectivity and yield

The selective hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexene in the presence of Ru supported catalysts has been investigated in a tetraphase slurry reactor at 423 K, at 5 MPa of pressure, in the presence of two liquid phases: benzene and an aqueous solution of ZnSO₄ (0.6 mol l⁻¹). A study of the influence of the transport phenomena on the reactivity of the catalyst has been carried out. But no correlation between Carberry and Wheeler–Weisz numbers and the selectivity of the catalysts has been found. The main features of the catalysts are the strong dependence between the catalysts preparation procedure and their activity and selectivity. The best results have been observed with Ru/ZrO₂ catalysts. The influence of the bases employed in the precipitation of the catalysts precursor has also been investigated. KOH is the most effective, yield of 41% and initial selectivity of 80% of cyclohexene has been observed.