磁流变液阻尼器动态响应及其影响因素分析

动态响应时间是磁流变阻尼器的一个非常重要的性能参数,它直接决定着磁流变阻尼器的控制频率、应用范围和使用效果.本文定义由初始阻尼力变化到稳态阻尼力与初始阻尼力之差的63.2%时所需要的时间为动态响应时间,对测得的阻尼力上升过程和下降过程曲线进行了数据处理和统计分析,得到了不同测试条件下的响应时间常数,分析了电磁线圈连接方式、阶跃电流幅值、活塞速度值、工作温度等因素对汽车磁流变阻尼器动态响应时间的影响,并作了合理解释.     

辐射热流计响应时间测量方法研究

为满足瞬态热流的测量需求,解决辐射热流计响应时间无法准确测量的问题,设计辐射热流计响应时间测量装置。该装置利用高功率激光器快响应特性形成热流阶跃系统,使用高速采集系统同步采集热流计输出,对热流计响应曲线进行分析计算得到响应时间。对比多种响应时间测试方案,并通过试验对辐射热流计响应时间测量装置的快响应特性进行了验证,结果表明：该装置测量辐射热流计响应时间最快为4.4 ms,能够有效满足大量程、快响应的辐射热流计响应时间精准、高效测试的需求,促进了我国瞬态辐射热流计量技术的发展。     

Solving the response time variability problem by means of the electromagnetism-like mechanism

The response time variability problem (RTVP) is an NP-hard combinatorial scheduling problem that has been recently formalised in the literature. The RTVP has a wide range of real-life applications such as in the automobile industry, when models to be produced on a mixed-model assembly line have to be sequenced under a just-in-time production. The RTVP occurs whenever products, clients or jobs need to be sequenced so as to minimise variability in the time between the instants at which they receive the necessary resources. In two previous studies, three metaheuristic algorithms (a multi-start, a GRASP and a PSO algorithm) were proposed to solve the RTVP. We propose solving the RTVP by means of the electromagnetism-like mechanism (EM) metaheuristic algorithm. The EM algorithm is based on an analogy with the attraction-repulsion mechanism of the electromagnetism theory, where solutions are moved according to their associated charges. In this paper we compare the proposed EM metaheuristic procedure with the three metaheuristic algorithms aforementioned and it is shown that, on average, the EM procedure improves strongly on the obtained results.     

Simulated annealing for improving the solution of the response time variability problem

The response time variability problem (RTVP) is a scheduling problem that has a wide range of real-world applications in mixed-model assembly lines, multi-threaded computer systems, machine maintenance, waste collection and others. The RTVP arises whenever products, clients or jobs need to be sequenced in such a way that the variability in the time between the points at which they receive the necessary resources is minimised. The RTVP has been demonstrated to be NP-hard and heuristic and metaheuristic techniques are needed to solve large, real-life instances. The best results, on average, in the literature for the RTVP were obtained with variable neighbourhood search hybidised with multi-start. Several algorithms based on simulated annealing are proposed to solve the RTVP. An extensive computational experiment is carried out and it is shown that the solution of the RTVP is clearly improved.     

Development of a human information processing model for cognitive task analysis and design

High costs and long cycle times of software development are factors hindering the analysis and design of the complete cognitive aspects related to task performances. Reusable software has been proposed as a solution to the problem of high software development and maintenance costs. One of the paradigms for reusable software, object-oriented modelling, has emerged as an important method for specifying, creating and reusing software modules. Using Unified Modelling Language, this paper develops an object-oriented cognitive task analysis and design (OOCTAD) model based on human information-processing theory. First, human task performance-related cognitive aspects are classified into modules and logically linked together; secondly, cognitive aspects within these modules were further decomposed into packages and classes based on object-oriented technology. Finally, one case study was presented to compare and contrast different cognitive analysis models to illustrate the advantages of the OOCTAD model developed in the current research over the other five cognitive task analysis models. These reusable classes in the OOCATD model were shown to be reused to reduce software development costs and cycle times for cognitive task analysis and design. The current research should be of use to both developers and users of cognitively based tasks, systems and tools and researchers and practitioners in the broader discipline of cognitive tasks design and analysis.     

Structural damage identification via time domain response and Markov Chain Monte Carlo method

The present work addresses the problem of structural damage identification built on the statistical inversion approach. Here, the damage state of the structure is continuously described by a cohesion parameter, which is spatially discretized by the finite element method. The inverse problem of damage identification is then posed as the determination of the posterior probability densities of the nodal cohesion parameters. The Markov Chain Monte Carlo method, implemented with the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm, is considered in order to approximate the posterior probabilities by drawing samples from the desired joint posterior probability density function. With this approach, prior information on the sought parameters can be used and the uncertainty concerning the known values of the material properties can be quantified in the estimation of the cohesion parameters. The assessment of the proposed approach has been performed by means of numerical simulations on a simply supported Euler–Bernoulli beam. The damage identification and assessment are performed considering time domain response data. Different damage scenarios and noise levels were addressed, demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed approach.     

An analytical method for the calculation of the waiting time distribution of a discrete time G/G/1-queueing system with batch arrivals

This paper presents an analytical method to calculate the waiting time distribution for the G/G/1-queueing system with batch arrivals. Using the discrete time scale, it is possible to calculate the distribution of the waiting times and the idle times of a G/G/1-queueing system based on the Wiener–Hopf factorization. The influence of batch arrivals on the waiting time distribution is analyzed. The waiting time distribution is calculated for batch arrivals with both constant and stochastic batch sizes. The effect of stochastic batch sizes on the waiting process is highlighted. With the developed methods, it is possible to obtain congestion measures of high precision for logistic systems. The analytical results are evaluated by simulation. Several numerical examples are presented to emphasize the quality of the introduced methods.     

Experimental study on the effects of visualized functionally abstracted information on process control tasks

Two distinct design problems of information display for process control are information content representation and visual form design. Regarding information content, we experimentally showed the effectiveness of functionally abstracted information without the benefits of sophisticated graphical presentation in various task situations. However, since it is obvious that the effects of the information display are also influenced by display formats (i.e., visual forms) as well as the information content, further research was required to investigate the effectiveness of visualized functionally abstracted information. For this purpose, this study conducted an experiment in complex process control tasks (operation and fault diagnosis). The experimental purposes were to confirm the effectiveness of the functionally abstracted information visualized with emergent features or peculiar geometric forms and to examine the additional effects of the visualization on task performance. The results showed that functionally abstracted information presented with sophisticated visual forms helped operators perform process control tasks in more efficient and safe way. The results also indicated the importance of explicit visualization of goal–means relation between higher and lower abstraction levels. Lastly, this study proposed a framework for designing visual forms for process control display.     

Inter-arrival time patterns in manufacturing systems with main and side loops

Manufacturing systems with main and side loops that employ asynchronous, track-based workpiece holder transport with decentralised control generally allow arbitrarily small distances between workpiece holders, so that their state space is partly continuous. The considered systems show complex inter-arrival time distributions that can reduce system capacity when multiple routes share common tracks. This paper presents an analytical approach to modelling this inter-arrival time behaviour that distinguishes between different zones in parameter space by associating each zone with one specific queueing situation. For each queueing situation, a recursively defined sequence is set up that represents the inter-arrival times of workpiece holders. Two of these sequences yield inherently different types of turbulence that form characteristic patterns in phase diagrams. The emergence of these patterns is validated using a deterministic discrete-event simulation of an assembly system. A synchronisation methodology is introduced that limits the number of different inter-arrival times. The employed queueing–situational decomposition avoids sophisticated mathematical modelling and provides an easy explanation for the root causes of the emerging turbulence. It thereby helps the manufacturing system designer avoid the resulting decrease in capacity and reliability.     

磁流变液阻尼器响应时间的试验研究及其动态磁场有限元分析

摘 要：首先,试验测试了不同速度和电流变化下,大吨位磁流变液阻尼器的响应时间;然后,对激励电流变化时阻尼器的磁场变化进行了有限元模拟,基于阻尼器间隙内磁流变液剪切屈服强度的变化考察了阻尼器的响应时间,并与试验数据做了比较。最后,研究了涡流和阻尼器电磁回路中电流响应时间对阻尼力响应时间的影响。结果表明,可以用有限元模拟得到的间隙内磁流变液的平均有效剪切屈服强度的时程曲线来研究磁流变液阻尼器的响应时间;电磁响应时间是阻尼力响应时间的决定因素,减小阻尼器中的涡流是缩短磁流变液阻尼器响应时间的重要途径;电流下降时涡流对阻尼器磁路的影响要大于电流上升的情况;无论是上升还是下降,电流初值越小,涡流对阻尼器磁路的影响越大,阻尼力响应时间也越长。研究还表明,缩短电流的响应时间,会带来更大的涡流,并不一定能缩短阻尼力的响应时间。     

窄带激励下带有时滞反馈的非线性动力系统的响应

研究了窄带激励下带有时滞反馈的Duffing振子的主共振响应。用多尺度法分离了系统的快慢变量。分析了稳态响应的稳定性和分叉，研究了时滞、调谐参数、噪声带宽和幅值对系统的影响。证明了由于时滞的存在，系统将表现出复杂的动力学行为：时滞会导致分叉、时滞会影响跳跃区域等;发现噪声幅值会导致系统多解或分叉现象的出现，且随着噪声带宽的增大系统非零稳态响应从-极限环变为-扩散的极限环。最后，给出了数值模拟。     

飞机座舱显示界面目标图符的设计和评价

针对飞行员需要快速辨认等问题,设计了飞机座舱显示界面的目标图符,并采用匹配测试和排序测试实验来评价设计的优劣。在实验和实验分析的基础上得到以下结果:敌机的目标图符采用红色、实心、三角形识别性较好;对友机和僚机的目标图符采用绿色或蓝色、实心、圆形识别性较好;对于不明飞机目标图符采用黄色、实心、方形识别性较好。该评价方法对于界面设计具有一定的参考价值。     

静电纺羧甲基壳聚糖纳米纤维直径的预测模型

目的研究羧甲基壳聚糖溶液浓度和静电纺丝工艺参数对纳米纤维直径的影响。方法按照静电纺丝的原理,选取溶液浓度、电压、流量和喷头直径等4个影响因素,使用响应面法中的Box-Behnken设计对羧甲基壳聚糖静电纺丝纤维直径进行预测,得到二次多元回归模型。结果羧甲基壳聚糖溶液浓度、流量、浓度的二次项和喷头直径的二次项对纤维直径影响显著,该模型实验值与预测值高度拟合。结论通过响应面得到的模型能预测羧甲基壳聚糖纤维的直径,同时明确了羧甲基壳聚糖纤维的最佳电纺参数。     

Computation of the time‐history response of dynamic problems using the boundary element method and modal techniques

The boundary element method in combination with modal techniques is used to calculate the response of transient excited structures in the time domain numerically. If the system matrices of a structure are evaluated with a fundamental solution in the frequency domain these matrices become functions of frequency which normally cannot be expressed analytically. The associated eigenvalue problem therefore is non‐linear and difficult to solve. For simplification a series expansion formula for the fundamental solution is used in different frequency ranges. Then the eigenvalue problem can be linearized and solved by direct or iterative methods. By using the orthogonal properties of the eigenfunctions, the normal modes of the dynamic problem can be uncoupled as is well known in vibration analysis. That way the transient response of a dynamic excited system in the time domain can be determined without difficulties. Displacements and stresses at different points of the structure are the result. Difficulties in the formulation of time‐dependent problems using the boundary element method can be avoided. There is no problem in considering modal damping factors, for general damping characteristics the associated fundamental solutions have to be found. Several examples are studied in the paper to illustrate how the new method can be applied. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Pushing thermoelectric generators toward energy harvesting from the human body: Challenges and strategies

Advances in miniaturized portable electronics and progress on novel enabling technologies, consequently accompanied by power consumption downgraded from the scale of milliwatts (mW) to microwatts (μW), have inevitably facilitate the development of an emerging discipline-wearable human energy conversion systems. Served as a passive human energy harvester which can directly convert heat into electricity in long-term operations without the user’s intervention, wearable thermoelectric generators (WTEG) have sparked considerable research interest for next-generation power supply. In comparison to the longstanding research history of thermoelectrics, their wearables are still in infancy of extensive growth over the last decade. Although, historically, the main challenge behind the conventional thermoelectric generator (TEG) is the improvement of dimensionless figure-of-merit (zT), wearable applications usually impose additional restrictions that can be more pivotal than zT value. Diversified targeted strategies therefore have been proposed to push TEG toward wearable application. Here, we review the evolutionary roadmap of the wearable thermoelectric generators in the past decade, it could be concluded that the trend in WTEG is to move toward stretchable three-dimension (3D)-structure with rational thermal design at the moment. The basic concept targeting WTEG, which highly differs from that of the traditional TEG, is introduced at first. And then, aiming to provide detailed design guidelines for WTEG, we begin with carefully discussing the key issues for TEG toward wearable application. Finally, the specific strategies targeted WTEG that is classified into thermal design regarding extrinsic temperature difference (ΔT_ext), parasitic and TEG thermal resistance, mechanical design with emphasis on optimizing deformability at materials/device level beyond flexibility toward stretchability, as well as architecture design from two-dimension (2D) to 3D feature are comprehensively summarized, respectively. With these understandings, perspectives for the future development of WTEG are outlined. This review emphasizes issues and provides additional insight in advanced strategies for pushing TEG toward wearable application. The key issues clarified and the design roadmap summarized here arise from the goal of providing ideas for the concurrent optimization of the future WTEG, as well as realistically promoting the TEG toward wearable application.     

Theoretical study of the gas sensitivity and response time of metal oxide thin films

In this paper, based on the gas sensitive mechanism of metal oxide semiconductor thin film, the law of gas diffusion, first order aerodynamics and the relative assumption, we present a simple model for the simulation of the steady state gas sensitivity of metal oxide thin film. Our model provides a general mathematical relationship between the steady state sensitivity and the film thickness. The metal oxide semiconductor thin film is supposed to be formed with a finite number of independent layers. Each layer consists of ideally spherical grains with close-packed structure. The target gas is assumed to affect the inner layers either by penetrating through the grain boundaries or by direct interacting with each layer surface. Besides we propose a model to analyze the thickness dependence of the response time for metal oxide gas-sensing film.     

Dynamic response and reliability analysis of structures with uncertain parameters

An original approach for dynamic response and reliability analysis of stochastic structures is proposed. The probability density evolution equation is established which implies that incremental rate of the probability density function is related to the structural response velocity. Therefore, the response analysis of stochastic structures becomes an initial‐value partial differential equation problem. For the dynamic reliability problem, the solution can be derived through solving the probability density evolution equation with an initial value condition and an absorbing boundary condition corresponding to specified failure criterion. The numerical algorithm for the proposed method is suggested by combining the precise time integration method and the finite difference method with TVD scheme. To verify and validate the proposed method, a SDOF system and an 8‐storey frame with random parameters are investigated in detail. In the SDOF system, the response obtained by the proposed method is compared with the counterparts by the exact solution. The responses and the reliabilities of a frame with random stiffness, subject to deterministic excitation or random excitation, are evaluated by the proposed method as well. The mean, the standard deviation and the reliabilities are compared, respectively, with the Monte Carlo simulation. The numerical examples verify that the proposed method is of high accuracy and efficiency. Moreover, it is found that the probability transition of structural responses is like water flowing in a river with many whirlpools, showing complexity of probability transition process of the stochastic dynamic responses. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

含时滞振动主动控制系统地震响应的数值分析

本文采用精细积分方法计算了时滞受控系统在地震作用下的动力响应,得到在不同反馈增益下随时滞量变化的系统地震响应峰值分布。分析了在小时滞范围内随时滞量变化和反馈增益在不同的取值下对系统响应的影响,结果表明时滞对系统控制效果的影响程度随反馈增益的增大而增大,当时滞较大时,采用较小的控制增益控制效果较好,当时滞较小时,采用较大的控制增益可以获得更好的控制效果。本文结果可用于设计考虑时滞影响的结构振动主动控制算法。     

Solvability and thermal response of cellulose with different crystal configurations

Cellulose is a biodegradable and renewable natural material that it is naturally resistant to breaking and modification. Moreover, the crystalline structure of cellulose is a major factor restricting its industrial utilization. In this study, cellulose polymorphs were prepared from natural cellulose, and their solvability and thermal response were investigated. Using liquid- and solid-state NMR signals, the distinct types and dissolving states of cellulose polymorphs were identified. The thermal behavior of the polymorphic forms of cellulose-d was also evaluated, and cellulose II exhibited the poorest thermal stability and a unique exothermic reaction.     

Towards robustness of response times: minimising the maximum inter-completion time on parallel machines

Motivated by scheduling practices that require a response to unplanned high-priority jobs as soon as possible without preempting any in-processing jobs, this paper considers a deterministic identical parallel machine scheduling problem to achieve robustness with regard to a worst-case response time. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first to study the objective of minimising the maximum inter-completion time, i.e. the maximum time difference between any two consecutive completion times of jobs. For this novel scheduling problem, we first show its NP-hardness, and then propose an integer linear programming formulation and three heuristic approaches. Numerical experiments demonstrate the efficiency of our solution methods.