Effect of curing temperature and type of cement on early-age shrinkage of high-performance concrete

This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the influence of curing temperature and type of cement [Portland cement and blast-furnace slag (BFS) cement] on the autogenous deformations and self-induced stresses in early-age concrete. It was found that higher temperatures do not lead to higher deformations in the observed period, but generally cause a faster shrinkage and a faster development of self-induced stresses. Another experimental finding is that, at the temperatures tested, concrete made with BFS cement shows higher shrinkage in the first days than concrete made with Portland cement.     

Differentiating seawater and groundwater sulfate attack in Portland cement mortars

The study reported in this article deals with understanding the physical, chemical and microstructural differences in sulfate attack from seawater and groundwater. Portland cement mortars were completely immersed in solutions of seawater and groundwater. Physical properties such as length, mass, and compressive strength were monitored periodically. Thermal analysis was used to study the relative amounts of phases such as ettringite, gypsum, and calcium hydroxide, and microstructural studies were conducted by scanning electron microscopy. Portland cement mortars performed better in seawater solution compared to groundwater solution. The difference in performance could be attributed to the reduction in the quantity of the expansive attack products (gypsum and ettringite). The high Cl concentration of seawater could have played an important role by binding the C₃A to form chloroaluminate compounds, such as Friedel's salt (detected in the microstructural studies), and also by lowering the expansive potential of ettringite. Furthermore, the thicker layer of brucite forming on the specimens in seawater could have afforded better protection against ingress of the solution than in groundwater.     

Modeling the effects of solution temperature and concentration during sulfate attack on cement mortars

Simple chemistry-based empirical models have been developed to assess the role of temperature and concentration of the sulfate solution in the process of expansion of cement mortars that are subjected to external sulfate attack. ASTM Type I PC mortars, prepared according to ASTM C-109, were immersed in sodium and magnesium sulfate solutions at five different concentrations and four different temperatures. For both solutions, the trends in the measured expansion suggested the use of a simple rate law to analyze the effect of concentration. For the effect of temperature, an Arrhenius relationship was developed to determine the activation energy required to initiate expansion in sodium sulfate solution. Regression-based statistical models were found to be sufficient to explain the effect of temperature of magnesium sulfate solution on the expansion. Implications of using these models for developing potential test methods, as well as to enable interpretation of data from nonstandard test methods, are discussed.     

铝酸盐水泥熟料对粉煤灰硅酸盐水泥性能的影响

以铝酸盐水泥熟料、硅酸盐水泥熟料和粉煤灰为原料,探讨了掺加少量铝酸盐水泥熟料对硅酸盐水泥及粉煤灰硅酸盐水泥复合体系水化、凝结和硬化性能的影响。结果表明,在硅酸盐水泥及粉煤灰硅酸盐水泥中掺加铝酸盐水泥熟料,可以明显缩短水泥的初、终凝时间,但复合体系的需水量增加;掺加少量铝酸盐水泥熟料(≤3%)可明显提高硅酸盐水泥的早期强度,但后期强度(28d)有所降低;当铝酸盐水泥熟料的掺量达5%时,水泥的各龄期强度均明显降低。少量铝酸盐水泥熟料掺加到粉煤灰硅酸盐水泥中,复合体系的各龄期强度都明显提高,且早期强度的提高幅度较大。     

改善石灰石硅酸盐水泥耐腐蚀性能的研究

探讨了在一定浓度的MgSO4溶液中，一定温度环境下石灰石硅酸盐水泥受侵过程，采用矿渣微粉部分替代石灰石微粉或水泥可以延迟或阻止侵蚀反应，对水泥石定期目测观察，并对某些样品进行XRD和DSC分析，证实侵蚀产物为水化碳硫硅酸钙，Ca(OH)2参与侵蚀反应，揭示了矿渣微粉提高石灰石硅盐盐水泥耐硫酸盐溶液侵蚀的机理。     

The effect of microencapsulated phase change materials on the rheology of geopolymer and Portland cement mortars

The effect of microencapsulated phase-change materials (MPCM) on the rheological properties of pre-set geopolymer and Portland cement mortars was examined. Microcapsules with hydrophilic and hydrophobic shells were compared. The shear rate dependency of the viscosities fitted well to a double Carreau model. The zero shear viscosities are higher for geopolymer mortar, illustrating poorer workability. The time evolution of the viscosities was explored at shear rates of 1 and 10 s⁻¹. New empirical equations were developed to quantify the time-dependent viscosity changes. The highest shear rate disrupted the buildup of the mortar structures much more than the lower shear rate. Microcapsules with a hydrophobic shell affect the rheological properties much less than the microcapsules with a hydrophilic shell, due to the higher water adsorption onto the hydrophilic microcapsules. Shear forces was found to break down the initial structures within geopolymer mortars more easily than for Portland cement mortars, while the geopolymer reaction products are able to withstand shear forces better than Portland cement hydration products. Initially, the viscosity of geopolymer mortars increases relatively slowly during due to formation of geopolymer precursors; at longer times, there is a steeper viscosity rise caused by the development of a 3D-geopolymer network. Disruption of agglomerates causes the viscosities of portland cement mortars to decrease during the first few minutes, after which the hydration process (increasing viscosities) competes with shear-induced disruption of the structures (decreasing viscosities), resulting in a complex viscosity behavior.     

阿利特—硫铝酸盐水泥与硅酸盐水泥复合性能的研究

研究了阿利特－硫铝酸盐水泥与硅酸盐水泥复合所制备的水泥的性能。结果表明,复合后水泥的强度性能优于单一品种水泥的性能;凝结时间则由复合体中占比例较多的一种水泥所控制。     

石膏对改性硅酸盐水泥性能的影响

将磷铝酸盐水泥熟料掺入硅酸盐水泥中改性后,运用XRD和SEM等测试技术,研究了石膏对改性硅酸盐水泥性能的影响.结果表明,石膏的掺入可以改善改性硅酸盐水泥的力学性能和抗冻性;在石膏掺量为3.5%时,改性硅酸盐水泥水化速度最快,硬化浆体的结构最致密,强度最高,抗冻性最好.     

Reactions of fly ash with calcium aluminate cement and calcium sulphate

The hydration processes in the ternary system fly ash/calcium aluminate cement/calcium sulphate (FA/CAC/C$) at 20 °C were investigated; six compositions from the ternary system FA/CAC/C$ were selected for this study. The nature of the reaction products in these pastes were analysed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). At four days reaction time, the main hydration reaction product in these pastes was ettringite and the samples with major initial CAC presented minor ettringite but calcium aluminates hydrates. The amount of ettringite developed in the systems has no direct relation with the initial components.     

烧成温度对低热水泥性能的影响及其机理研究

检测了不同烧成温度制成的低热水泥的物理性能及水化速率，并采用岩相分析、XRD、EDS﹑化学分析方法研究了不同烧成温度对低热水泥熟料岩相结构﹑矿物组成、矿物晶型及矿物固溶组分的影响。结果表明，低温烧制的熟料中C4A3S的生成及C3A、C4AF含量相对较多是低温烧制的低热水泥早期强度较高的主要原因;而高温烧成的熟料中高温晶型C2S含量高，B矿中固溶SO3、Al2O3、Fe2O3多，B矿的Ca/Si增高，水化活性增大，这是高温烧成的低热水泥后期强度较高的主要原因。     

Predicting the durability of Portland cement systems in aggressive environments—Laboratory validation

Portland cement systems are often exposed to severe environments, and their long-term performance is of concern. The main results of a comprehensive investigation of deterioration processes that may affect the behavior of Portland cement systems exposed to chemically aggressive environments is presented. As part of this investigation, well-cured cement paste discs were fully characterized and exposed to deionized water and sodium sulfate solutions. Degradation experiments were conducted under saturated and unsaturated conditions. At the end of the exposure period, microstructural alterations were investigated by microprobe analyses, scanning electron microscope observations and energy-dispersive X-ray analyses. Test results provide information on the basic aspects of various degradation phenomena, such as decalcification and external sulfate attack. Experimental results were also compared with results obtained by a numerical model. The analysis reveals that the intricate microstructural features of the degraded samples could be accurately reproduced by the model.     

Effect of various superplasticizers on the rheological properties of Portland cement pastes

In the present work, the influence of the addition of some superplasticizers employed for maximising the solid loading of Portland cement pastes has been investigated. Cement pastes were prepared from deionized water and a commercial manufactured ordinary Portland cement 32.5 R (produced by Buzzi Unicem). Cement and water were mixed with a vane stirrer according to ASTM Standard C305. The water/cement ratio was kept fixed at 0.32. Three commercial superplasticizing agents produced by Ruredil were used: they are based on a melamine resin (Fluiment 33 M), on a modified lignosulphonate (Concretan 200 L), and on a modified polyacrylate (Ergomix 1000). Rheological tests were carried out at 25 °C by using the rate controlled coaxial cylinder viscometer Rotovisko-Haake 20, system M5-Osc., measuring device MV2P with serrated surfaces. The tests were performed under both continuous and oscillatory flow conditions. Ergomix 1000 presents a different behaviour as that of the other two superplasticizers studied, because it shows a marked shear-thickening behaviour above a critical deflocculant concentration and slight elastic effects particularly at high dosages as well.     

Hydration kinetics modeling of Portland cement considering the effects of curing temperature and applied pressure

A hydration kinetics model for Portland cement is formulated based on thermodynamics of multiphase porous media. The mechanism of cement hydration is discussed based on literature review. The model is then developed considering the effects of chemical composition and fineness of cement, water-cement ratio, curing temperature and applied pressure. The ultimate degree of hydration of Portland cement is also analyzed and a corresponding formula is established. The model is calibrated against the experimental data for eight different Portland cements. Simple relations between the model parameters and cement composition are obtained and used to predict hydration kinetics. The model is used to reproduce experimental results on hydration kinetics, adiabatic temperature rise, and chemical shrinkage of different cement pastes. The comparisons between the model reproductions and the different experimental results demonstrate the applicability of the proposed model, especially for cement hydration at elevated temperature and high pressure.     

氧化钙对氯氧镁水泥低温凝结性能的影响

为了深入研究氯氧镁水泥低温凝结机理,进而改善和提高氯氧镁水泥在低温时的快硬性能,把氧化钙加入到氯氧镁水泥料浆中,通过搅拌、成型、恒温恒湿箱养护后测定其凝结时间及早期强度。结果表明：氧化钙加入后放出热量,引发氯氧镁水泥水化起始期反应的进行,有效缩短氯氧镁水泥的凝结时间。当氧化钙掺量为氧化镁质量的4%时,氧化镁活性为62.24%和72.01%时初凝时间分别由593 min缩短到146 min、由570 min缩短到126 min,终凝时间分别由673 min缩短到374 min、由641 min缩短到260 min,同时都提高了氯氧镁水泥的低温早期强度。     

Composition, morphology and nanostructure of C-S-H in white Portland cement pastes hydrated at 55 °C

The C-S-H present in water- and alkali-activated hardened pastes of white Portland cement hydrated at 55 °C has been characterized. The mean length of the aluminosilicate anions in the C-S-H was similar in both systems and increased with age. Inner product C-S-H generally had a fine scale, homogeneous morphology. Outer product C-S-H was generally fibrillar with water, and foil- or lath-like with alkali. There were some regions of C-S-H with coarse morphology. It was not possible to determine the chemical composition of C-S-H using the SEM; TEM-EDX was necessary. The C-S-H formed in the alkali-activated paste had a lower mean Ca/(Al + Si) ratio than that formed with water, which was offset by a larger quantity of calcium hydroxide. The potassium in the KOH-activated paste was present either within the C-S-H structure charge balancing the substitution of Al³⁺ for Si⁴⁺, or adsorbed on the C-S-H charge balancing sulfate ions.     

硅酸盐与硫铝酸盐复合水泥孔隙液相pH值变化研究

为了解硅酸盐水泥与硫铝酸盐水泥复合之后性能变化的原因,通过对复合水泥孔隙溶液的pH值进行研究,探讨了pH值变化与性能之间的内在联系。研究表明,孔隙溶液pH值变化与强度有良好相关性,水化3h后复合水泥pH值在SAC掺量为20%-80%之间出现波谷,水化剧烈并开始大量放热,后期强度也出现明显波谷区,其中以其掺量为60%时pH值和后期强度最低;当SAC或PC掺量为0%-20%时,复合水泥孔隙溶液pH值和强度相对于纯的SAC或PC而言基本没有变化,甚至还会稍微提高,这对降低水泥生产成本和提升水泥性能具有积极意义。     

纳米SiO_2对硅酸盐水泥水化放热特性的影响

以硅灰为对比,利用微量热仪研究了纳米SiO2对硅酸盐水泥24 h内水化历程、水化放热特性的影响.研究结果表明:掺入纳米SiO2的水泥试样24 h内水化历程也可划分为类似于纯硅酸盐水泥水化的5个阶段;纳米SiO2的掺入,促使诱导期、加速期和减速期的出现提前,缩短了诱导期持续的时间;提高了水化开始时的放热速率,使第二放热峰的出现提前,增大了水化放热量.     

Effect of Cr2O3 and NiO additions on the phase transformations at high temperature in Portland cement

Although there exists much work to characterize the effect of minor elements on the properties of Portland cement, the same is not valid for the knowledge about their impact on the clinkering process. The goal of this work is to study the effects of chromium and nickel oxide additions on the transformations during the production of Portland cement clinker. The experiments were carried out using a differential thermal analysis (DTA) piece of equipment to obtain the heating and cooling transitions. Samples were prepared using high-purity reactants. The achieved results showed that the Cr₂O₃ additions to cement raw meal act as an inhibitor of C₂S formation and increase the amount of liquid phase. On the other hand, NiO has very little effect on the clinkering reactions, but NiO does cause a small increase in the temperature of C₂S formation and an opposite effect on the temperatures of liquid and the polymorphic transformation of C₂S.     

Effect of silica fume and fly ash on heat of hydration of Portland cement

Results of calorimeter tests on Portland cement-silica fume-fly ash mixtures are presented. Data indicate that silica fume accelerates cement hydration at high water/cementitious ratios and retards hydration at low water/cementitious ratios. On the other hand, fly ash retards cement hydration more significantly at high water/cementitious ratios. When silica fume and fly ash are added together with cement, the reactivity of the silica fume is hampered and the hydration of the cementitious system is significantly retarded.     

磷渣硅酸盐水泥物理性能及其改善途径初探

以多种磷渣样品为研究对象,协同多家试验单位共同探讨了水泥强度检验方法采用ISO法后,磷渣水泥的物理性能及其改善途径。研究发现,磷渣掺量由20%增至60%时,水泥抗折和抗压强度均大幅下降,凝结时间随磷渣掺量增加而显著延长。磷渣与矿渣等混合材复掺,可在一定程度上改善水泥性能;而通过提高水泥细度以及在磷渣中掺入少量钙质和硅铝质材料,可明显提高磷渣水泥强度(约10MPa),大大缩短凝结时间(约4h),改善磷渣水泥物理性能。