Nondestructive Evaluation of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Subjected to Combined Localized Heat Damage and Fatigue Damage Using Acoustic Emission

The effect of fatigue damage to unidirectional fiberglass composite specimens with prior contact heat damage was investigated. After damaging the specimens by contacting them to a hot tip at 360°C, the specimens were subjected to fatigue loading at cyclic stress amplitude corresponding to 65% of the specimens' ultimate tensile strength. The fatigue experiments was halted after 3,000 cycles. The specimens were then subjected to tensile tests while monitoring their acoustic emission (AE) activity. In addition, acoustic emission activities of undamaged and contact heat-damaged specimens were monitored during tensile tests for comparison with specimens with combined fatigue and heat damage. AE activities of all specimens can be categorized into three regions: an early rise in activity, a relatively dormant period in activity, and a high exponential activity before failure. The early rise in activity did not appear on the specimens with combined contact heat and fatigue damage. For undamaged and contact heat-damaged specimens, the period of the dormant activity was independent of the contact heat duration of less than 15 minutes. However, the period was a function of the contact heat duration for combined contact heat and fatigue damaged specimens. Analyzing event duration distribution identified micro-mechanisms of the damage growth upon tensile loading. AE-stress delay concept was used to predict the state of the damage in the composite. A correlation between stress delay parameter and damage parameter was obtained for all of the specimens. Fatigue life of contact heat damaged specimen was also studied. It was found that localized heat damage reduced the fatigue life significantly. Loss of matrix to transfer the load to the fibers uniformly was believed to be responsible for the reduction in the fatigue life.     

芳纶纤维/环氧树脂复合材料损伤与断裂过程的声发射特性

研究了芳纶/环氧复合材料在承受拉伸载荷时的损伤与断裂行为.发现不同损伤类型表现出不同的声发射特性,从声发射信号的某几种关联图中可以较好地判断损伤发生的类型,并可根据某些声发射特征参量值对临界承载值进行合理的确定.     

涂层疲劳损伤声发射特征参数及损伤机理

使用超音速等离子喷涂设备在1045钢基体上制备了铁基合金涂层。以球盘式接触疲劳试验机为平台,研究了涂层接触疲劳损伤过程中声发射特征参数的变化规律,并分析了涂层的接触疲劳损伤机理。结果表明,在转速为2500r/min和应力水平为1.58GPa实验条件下,点蚀是涂层的主要失效形式,表现为在涂层磨痕轨迹范围内出现大量的点蚀坑,点蚀坑深度为20～30μm。涂层表面粗糙的微凸体与轴承球滚压接触产生黏着磨损,以及涂层、磨粒、滚动轴承三者形成三体磨料磨损是点蚀失效产生的主要原因。声发射幅值、有效值(Root Mean Square,RMS)、能量、计数和平均频率对涂层表面粗糙微凸体去除、弹塑性变形、裂纹萌生、裂纹稳定扩展和失稳扩展过程比较敏感,并且在不同的疲劳损伤阶段具有不同的信号反馈特点。     

声发射技术在工程结构疲劳损伤监测中的应用和展望

疲劳失效是工程结构和材料科学研究领域都十分关注的问题。研究疲劳损伤机制对于解决工程结构疲劳失效问题是很重要的。应用断裂力学理论研究工程结构的疲劳问题已取得了显著的成果，随着声发射技术研究的深入，将二者结合起来必将成为疲劳问题研究的更有效方法之一。阐述了国内外采用声发射技术对工程结构疲劳裂纹损伤监测中的声发射源机制状况的研究，展望了声发射技术结合断裂力学在该领域的应用前景。     

基于声发射及有限元单胞体模型的复合材料拉伸损伤分析

首先对复合材料单向板进行拉伸损伤实验,采用声发射监测其损伤的分布规律和发展过程,然后采用逐步线性加载的方式对三维有限元单胞模型进行应力场数值模拟,通过对应力场分布的分析获取复合材料的损伤机理,并进一步验证声发射监测的准确性.研究结果表明,通过综合运用声发射损伤监测技术与单胞模型有限元应力场数值模拟,分析复合材料拉伸损伤过程的方法是可行的.     

声发射测试系统的发展

综述了声发射测试系统的发展历程及现状。展望了其发展前景，给出了两种分类依据，重点介绍了几种目前先进的声发射仪．     

Neural Network Burst Pressure Prediction in Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessels Using Mathematically Modeled Acoustic Emission Failure Mechanism Data

The purpose of this research was to predict burst pressures in composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPVs) by using mathematically modeled acoustic emission (AE) data. Both backpropagation neural network (BPNN) and multiple linear regression (MLR) analyses were performed on various subsets of the low proof pressure AE data to predict burst pressures and to determine if the two methods were comparable. AE data were collected during hydrostatic burst testing on the 15-inch diameter COPVs. Once collected, the AE data were filtered to eliminate noise then classified into AE failure mechanism data using a MATLAB Kohonen self-organizing map (SOM). The matrix cracking only amplitude distribution data were mathematically modeled using bounded Johnson distributions with the four Johnson distribution parameters – ?, λ, γ, and η – employed as inputs to make both the BPNN and MLR predictions. The burst pressure predictions generated using a MATLAB BPNN resulted in a worst case error of 1.997% as compared to ?1.666% for the MLR analysis, suggesting comparability. However, the MLR analysis required the data from all nine COPVs to get approximately the same results as the BPNN training on just five COPVs; plus, MLR analyses are intolerant to noise, whereas BPNNs are not.     

纤维增强铝基复合材料变形损伤过程声发射研究

采用声发射（ＡＥ）技术，通过测定ＡＥ事件数、幅度和持续时间等发射特征参数以及恒载 Ｆｅｌｉｅｉｔｙ效应，对ＳｉＣ／Ａｌ和Ｃ／Ａｌ两类束丝纤维增强铝昨合在拉伸变形过程中的损失失效特征进行了分析探讨。实验结果表明，纤维种类、界面状况对复合材料损伤过程有着显著的影响，声发射技术是表征这类复合材料损伤特征很有潜力的方法。     

蜂窝夹层复合材料压缩损伤声发射特征研究

应用声发射技术对蜂窝夹层复合材料压缩损伤过程进行了实验研究。分析载荷与声发射信号经历图,依据其损伤过程和声发射特征,发现随着加载载荷的增加,复合材料的损伤逐步增大。在加载初始阶段,仅有少量声发射信号,各种表征信号量小幅度增加;在加载中期,声发射信号增多,各种表征信号量不断增大;在加载后期,声发射信号明显突增,各种表征信号量急剧增加。复合材料压缩损伤破坏与声发射的幅值、能量、撞击、上升时间、持续时间和计数等参量相关。蜂窝夹层复合材料试件的应力-应变曲线近似为直线,应变速率与声发射信号特征相互对应。     

Parametric Analysis of Acoustic Emission Signals for Evaluating Damage in Composites Using a PVDF Film Sensor

With the increased utilization of advanced composites in strategic industries, the concept of Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) with its inherent advantages is gaining ground over the conventional methods of NDE and NDI. The most attractive feature of this concept is on-line evaluation using embedded sensors. Consequently, development of methodologies with identification of appropriate sensors such as PVDF films becomes the key for exploiting the new concept. And, of the methods used for on-line evaluation acoustic emission has been most effective. Thus, Acoustic Emission (AE) generated during static tensile loading of glass fiber reinforced plastic composites was monitored using a Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film sensor. The frequency response of the film sensor was obtained with pencil lead breakage tests to choose the appropriate band of operation. The specimen considered for the experiments were chosen to characterize the differences in the operation of the failure mechanisms through AE parametric analysis. The results of the investigations can be characterized using AE parameter indicating that a PVDF film sensor was effective as an AE sensor used in structural health monitoring on-line.     

电热载荷对修补碳纤维增强复合材料冲击后压缩性能的影响

为了研究碳纤维复合材料(CFRP)修补结构在电热载荷环境下的冲击性能,采用自制的电热损伤测试平台,测试了修补后CFRP层板在不同电流下试样的表面温度分布和电阻变化规律,对修补后CFRP层板进行了低速冲击和冲击后剩余压缩强度(CAI)测试,并对冲击损伤失效特征进行了对比分析。结果表明:低电流对修补后CFRP层板的抗冲击性能影响较小,CAI呈现略微增长的趋势;随着电流强度的增加,电热产生的高温对修补界面层产生破坏,导致材料抗冲击性能减弱,CAI明显降低。     

基于声发射信号参数分析的耐火材料损伤聚类研究

耐火材料声发射信号可分为单一突发型和叠加突发型两种,通过分析其波形特征,将上升时间、持续时间、幅度、能量、计数和质心频率作为区分这两种信号的特征参数,利用K均值聚类方法,实现耐火材料不同损伤类型的声发射信号分类。利用该方法对MgO-C耐火材料受压损伤信号进行分析,研究结果表明:单一突发型信号主要频率成分单一集中,信号主要呈现50～60kHz和150～160kHz两种频率段,叠加突发型信号主要频率成分为上两种频率成分的叠加;将信号分为3类,第1类和第2类信号反映了具有计数少、持续时间短和能量小特点的单一突发型信号,第2类信号的损伤强度大于第1类,第3类信号反映了具有计数多、持续时间长和能量大特点的叠加突发型信号。     

Acoustic Emission in Composite Laminates

The response of a laminated plate to internal acoustic emission events is examined in detail. The plate consists of four layers of a unidirectional fiber composite material arranged in a cross-ply configuration. The sources considered include a vertical line couple, a horizontal line couple and a line double couple without moment. The latter is produced by the combination of two equal and opposite line couples and may be associated with a shear dislocation in the plane of the laminate. The particular response presented here is that of the normal upper surface displacement. Four different orientations of the line sources relative to the core fiber direction are considered. The sources may be located at any depth within the plate and results are shown for three locations, namely, the upper interface, the midplane and the lower interface. The receiver is positioned on the upper surface at a known distance from the line of action of the source. When this distance is small relative to the depth of the plate, it is possible to associate some of the peaks and troughs present in the response with the arrival of individual rays. At larger distances, the disturbance arises from the propagating Rayleigh Lamb modes.     

炭/环氧复合材料拉伸损伤声发射特性及细观力学分析

对单向碳/环氧复合材料拉伸断裂过程进行了声发射监测,结合拉伸过程的细观力学分析,探讨了复合材料拉伸断裂的机理。结果表明,碳/环氧复合材料拉伸损伤过程可以分为三个阶段:弹性变形阶段、损伤发展与累积阶段和临近断裂阶段。弹性变形阶段基本无明显损伤发生;损伤发展与累积阶段主要是基体及界面损伤,该损伤先随载荷快速增大,到达峰值后又迅即减小;临近断裂阶段时声发射信号相对平静,但炭纤维开始发生集群损伤,这预示了灾难性断裂的到来。应用三维单胞模型,分析了引起各阶段损伤的原因。     

压力容器声发射检验中信号去噪研究

压力容器作为工业系统中的重要设备,其安全运行直接影响工业生产的安全性.通过定期对压力容器进行声发射信号检测,可及早发现设备缺陷,保障安全生产.由于压力容器检验现场各种噪声普遍存在,导致采集的声发射信号严重失真甚至淹没在噪声信号中.通过研究小波阈值去噪,自适应滤波原理,采用小波-自适应联合滤波,进行含噪信号去噪处理.     

Application of Acoustic Emission to the Study on Cathodic Polarization and SCC for High Strength Steels

The ambiguous effect of cathodic polarization onSCC of two high strength steels in 0.1 M Na_2HPO_4 and0.1 M NaNO_3 has been investigated by means of meas-uring electric resistance(R)and recording acoustic emis-sion(AE)signals simultaneously.Results showed that AEsensitivity strongly depends on K value in different solu-tions.Both anodic and cathodic polarization can acceler-ate crack growth rate at high K values,but it appears thatthere are only subtle differences in their AEcharacteristics.AE signals only reflect the macroprocessesof crack growth rather than the elementary ones and cannot be used for identification of the micro-mechanisms ofSCC.     

Pattern Recognition Method for the Source Location of Acoustic Emission Generated During the Damage of Hydraulic Concrete

Abstract: To overcome the disadvantages of current acoustic emission (AE) source location methods, such as classical approaches based on times of arrival and artificial neural networks based on AE signal features, support vector machines (SVM)‐based models have been employed to recognise AE source regions in structures. However, in some circumstances, it seems that a more accurate positioning of AE sources is needed. This study concerns the spatial three‐dimensional (3D) positioning (i.e. coordinates) for damages in hydraulic concrete structures using the least squares SVM (LS‐SVM) regression with AE signal features. The data of artificial discrete AE sources were acquired from simulated AE events on a hydraulic concrete specimen. Various combinations of signal features were chosen to adequately excavate effective information and to obtain the multi‐output LS‐SVM regression model of the best performance. The training and testing results show that the proposed model can realise the accurate spatial 3D positioning of damages in hydraulic concrete structures in laboratory situations and reduce human factors (e.g. judgment of AE propagation velocity, etc.) in the AE source location process. Meanwhile, the work remaining in taking this idea to a practical implementation was discussed.     

复合材料损伤失效的声发射检测研究进展

综述了复合材料损伤失效的声发射检测研究进展,从损伤源定位及损伤模式的识别与分类两方面进行了介绍。在损伤源定位方面模态声发射相比模式识别更有效,在损伤模式的分类方面模式识别技术更加有效,且人工神经网络及小波神经网络在复合材料声发射方面的研究较多。另外,介绍了模糊模式识别技术用于声发射信号分类及聚类的研究情况,根据复合材料声发射信号复杂重叠性的特点,模糊理论结合模式识别技术可以进一步实现复合材料声发射信号更有效的分析。     

基于声发射和双谱分析的铝合金损伤原位监测研究

以列车车体材料7N01铝合金为研究对象,基于声发射和数字图像技术对7N01铝合金三点弯曲损伤过程进行了监测,采用传统的声发射参数与双谱法分析了7N01铝合金裂纹萌生及失稳扩展的声发射特征。结果表明:声发射能量和质心频率可有效预报7N01铝合金微裂纹的萌生。声发射信号的双谱等高线图显示两个频率成分之间的耦合关系,使得识别7N01铝合金三点弯曲过程中的不同阶段变得相对容易。7N01铝合金试样缺口尖端的损伤演变过程的数字图像监测结果,验证了声发射能量和质心频率对裂纹萌生的预测。实验结果显示声发射监测技术为裂纹演变行为的预测提供了依据。