大型露天矿土地复垦和生态重建技术初探

总结了国内外关于露天矿土地复垦和生态重建的技术现状和发展趋势,认为土地复垦不仅是土地问题,同时也是环境问题,土地复垦的实质是既要恢复土地资源,又要重建生态平衡;生态重建是土地复垦的核心和目标,土地复垦和生态重建是土地和环境综合治理的系统工程,明确了矿山土地复垦规划的一般程序。     

露天煤矿复垦生物多样性恢复技术体系与方法

生物多样性为人类提供了丰富的生活资源和必要的生存环境。煤矿露天开采造成矿区生态环境破坏及生物多样性丧失,但目前尚未形成基于生物多样性恢复的土地复垦技术体系。为加速矿区生物多样性恢复,提高复垦生态系统稳定性,本研究以黄土丘陵区平朔露天煤矿为例,总结现有土地复垦经验,并根据生物多样性恢复的基本方法,尝试从矿区生境再造和景观格局优化两方面探讨生物多样性恢复技术与方法。研究结果表明：生境再造与景观格局优化是矿区生物多样性恢复的重要手段;对排土场平台、边坡形态进行优化,提倡建立仿自然地貌;采用有利于土壤生物多样性恢复的土壤重构技术;进行植被重建是矿区生物多样性恢复的重要组成部分,并为其他生态因子恢复提供生境;优化功能冲突的矿区景观,并建立生态源地和生态廊道;实施生态农业生产方式,并进行生态农业景观结构优化。     

煤矿土地复垦主要问题和政策措施建议

提出了煤矿土地复垦中土地赔偿、土地利用中存在的政策、经济、技术等方面的问题,并针对问题阐述了对煤矿土地复垦政策的措施建议。     

抚顺榆林沉陷区土地复垦与生态恢复

利用东露天矿剥离时产生的剥离物回填榆林采煤沉陷区,再覆以耕作土,将榆林沉陷区改造成大面积的良田或植树,这个项目的实施是抚顺矿区土地复垦与生态建设又一重大举措,对矿山和当地经济的可持续发展具有深远意义,它不仅是改善地质环境、造福人类的千秋大事,也是企业可持续发展的重大战略决策。     

中美土地复垦质量控制标准对比研究——以草原露天矿区为例

在新时期国土空间生态修复背景下,对比中美两国土地复垦质量控制标准编制方式和内容差异,完善和优化我国土地复垦质量控制标准至关重要。本文以中国北方草原区与美国怀俄明州为例,系统对比了地貌重塑、土壤重构、植被重建、水文恢复标准的差异,揭示了我国相关标准的完善方向。结果与结论:①我国地貌重塑柔性表达不足,可更充分体现注重恢复采前地貌和景观协调并相应调整参数范围等;②土壤重构质量控制,可考虑根据矿种和复垦方向丰富土壤质量选择性指标;③我国植被重建质量控制局限于可测指标的定量数值,宜完善植被种类和重建时限标准,设定采前参照区并使用数理统计核验复垦质量;④根据采前信息增加水环境恢复的相关控制标准;⑤推动当前行业标准上升为国家标准。研究成果有助于变“末端控制”思维为全过程管理,变后端刚性指标阈值控制为参照采前基准信息,变注重生产能力为恢复生态功能,提升复垦质量管理全程化、科学化、精准化和普适化。     

Land reclamation in the refuse dump of open coal mines and its following ecology principle

Through the research on the model of the land reclamation in the refuse dump of Heidaigou open coal mines, it was concerned that ecology was the theoretical basic for the land reclamation of open coal mines. According to the principle of ecological substituting, the land reclamation can be divided into three stages： water and soil conservation, ecological performance and economic performance. Taking the land reclamation in the refuse dump of Heidaigou open coal mines as the practical example, explained the application of the ecological substituting principle on the land reclamation in the open coal mines .     

Dynamic simulation of an opencast coal mine: a case study

Dynamic simulations are powerful tools,but only if they are developed using the correct methodology,and with information that has been verified.Mining houses rely on simulation to confirm that complex,integrated systems can achieve design capacity before investment decisions are made.Work conducted in the realm of validation can make an invaluable contribution to the success of future projects undertaken around the world.Coal mine a life of mine extension project was approved for implementation when export coal prices were on the low end of the price cycle.The dynamic simulation of the full materials handling value chain conducted during the project feasibility study in 2016 was of utmost importance and provided assurance to the project review team that annual production targets can be achieved.The simulation development methodology was based on a unique approach that reduced time spent on the simulation.Upon completion of project construction and commissioning in 2018,it was essential to validate the simulation,which could lead to the adoption of this approach on future projects.This paper explains the steps taken to validate the dynamic simulation.This case study confirmed that dynamic simulation can add value and predict mining system performance,such that informed decisions can be made.     

露天矿剥离与土地复垦一体化作业优化研究

综合运用露天采矿学、土地复垦知识及数学规划优化方法，着重研究了露天煤矿表土层剥离与土地复垦一体化作业方法及相关参数，并针对露天煤矿一般都有多个采掘点和多个卸载点的特点，采用线性规划对表土 资源的流量和流向进行优化控制。以霍林河南露天矿为实例，在表土剥离与土地复垦工艺间的合理配合及其参数设计、表土资源优化配置等方面取得了令人满意的结果。     

浅谈我国露天矿区污水处理及污水资源化

根据我国现已投产运行的霍林河、伊敏河、元宝山、准格尔、平朔等五大露天矿区污水和废水处理工艺及污水资源化的现状，通过分析，展望我国露天矿区污水处理工艺的发展趋势，阐述露天矿区实现污、废水资源化的有利条件及制约因素，并提出充分实现资源化的有效途径。     

Estimation of carbon sequestration in reclaimed coalmine degraded land dominated by Albizia lebbeck,Dalbergia sissoo and Bambusa arundinacea plantation: a case study from Jharia Coalfields,India

International Journal of Coal Science & Technology - Reclaimed mined lands provide an excellent opportunity to sequester carbon and combat global warming. Carbon sequestration on reclaimed...     

Trace metal accumulation and natural mycorrhizal colonisation in an afforested coalmine overburden dump: a case study from India

In India, coalmine overburden (OB) dumps are reclaimed by forestry reclamation approach (FRA), thus selection of appropriate tree species is essential for the reclamation success. In the present study, screening of tree species was done based on natural mycorrhizal association, metal tolerance, and amelioration of minesoil properties. The study showed that tree plantation improves the moisture content, bulk density, pH, and the overall nutrient contents of minesoils. Trees possessing high levels of mycorrhiza colonisation (Dalbergia sissoo, Acacia auriculiformis and Cassia seamea) were found to be most suitable for FRA. The study infers that the stress condition of minesoils encourages higher mycorrhizal colonisation than natural soil. Acidic pH in minesoils increases the bioavailability of metals but their concentrations were found within toxic limits. The results of this study underscore the need for close monitoring of trace elements in reclaimed OB dumps.     

Prediction of soil erosion from waste dumps of opencast mines and evaluation of their impacts on the environment

The volume of mine waste rock generated, including tailings from mineral processing activities, is one of the main pollution concerns in the mining industry in general. In the State of Goa (India), the waste rock management is becoming increasingly difficult due to acute space shortage consequent to expanding mining activities. These waste rocks contain acid producing sulphides and high concentrations of heavy metals. In the Goa region, the agricultural fields, nallahs, river beds and creeks are prone to heavy siltation/sediment deposition, which results from soil erosion due to the heavy rainfall this region receives. In view of this erosion and consequent degradation of surrounding environment, this article seeks to estimate the amounts of soil erosion from mine waste rock dumps using the RUSLE model and evaluates the impacts of erosion on the local environment. Based on data interpretation and RUSLE analysis, the trends in soil loss were established under various geo-environmental conditions, such as different slope angles and lengths. This provides a sound basis to plan and implement sound environmental management practices for mine waste rock in the mines of Goa, India.     

新时期国土空间矿山生态修复规划研究：以南宁市为例

国土空间开发和城市建设带来的废弃矿山多存在地灾隐患、环境污染、景观破坏等问题,亟待生态修复与再利用。在生态文明时代,矿山生态修复更加强调统筹空间要素的系统评估和治理。为探索矿山生态修复新路径,以矿山生态修复理论为指导,提出了国土空间矿山生态修复规划的框架和基本内容,以南宁市大都市区为例,基于矿山生态系统综合评估,以重建"社会-经济-自然"复合生态系统为目的,构建了集"本底评价、功能分区、修复提升"为一体的规划体系。通过划定矿山功能分区,明确保护与开发程度,预判土地资源供应能力,并采取需求、供给相匹配的方式,确定各类废弃矿山的修复目的,分类提出多种生态修复策略,以期实现对土地资源的合理再利用。     

边采边复耕地区动态施工标高模型构建与实例分析

在进行边采边复规划设计过程中,实地复垦施工时耕地区应当采取的施工标高,关系到整个复垦工程的成败,尤为重要。因此为了更好的指导复垦工程实地施工,以边采边复技术思想为指导,首先系统分析了影响耕地动态施工标高的三大因素,在此基础上构建了耕地动态施工标高的理论模型。并结合动态沉陷模型和概率积分法,根据单一煤层和多煤层不同开采条件下地面沉陷特点,分别推导出了单一煤层和多煤层不同开采条件下,耕地动态施工标高的数学模型。最后以安徽某高潜水位煤矿为实例,分别对两个不同复垦施工时刻,耕地区A1,A2点的施工标高进行模拟分析计算,当复垦施工时刻t_(s1)=210 d时,两点的施工标高分别为23.6,24.2 m,t_(s2)=296 d时两点的施工标高分别为22.9,23.7 m,结果表明耕地动态施工标高模型具有很好的适用性,这将促进边采边复技术的推广应用。     

提高矿井出块率技术研究与应用

介绍了云驾岭矿煤层特征及开采技术条件,分析了影响出块率的因素,给出了有效地提高出块率的技术研究和措施.     

Knight Mine reclamation: A study of revegetation difficulties in a semi-arid environment

ABSTRACT

An analysis of the difficulties associated with the re-establishment of reclamation vegetation on a dry mine site in southern Utah, U.S.A. is presented. Precipitation amounts, seed mix, seed bed preparation techniques, and soil properties all appeared to be adequate for vegetation establishment at the site. However, failure of repeated revegetation efforts in a redisturbed area of the mine site may have been due to higher soil salinity levels in the area, which may Have given Kochia scoparia an initial competitive advantage. Lack of soil moisture and allelopalhic effects due to the dense carpet of Kochia may have also contributed to the continued lack of revegetation success.     

Characterizing plastics originating from WEEE: A case study in France

Two studies, TRIPLE (For Analyse des gisements DEEE et optimisation des technologies de TRI des PLastiques DEEE (analysis of WEEE and optimization of sorting technologies for WEEE plastics).) and VALEEE (For VALorisation des composants, matières et substances issus du gisement DEEE (Recovery of components, materials and substances from WEEE).), supported by the French State, the Greater Lyon area (Grand-Lyon), the Rhône-Alpes Region and the French eco-organization “Eco-systèmes”, and involving laboratories, recycled material users and recycler partners, were conducted concerning the characterization, sorting and recovery of French WEEE (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment).To determine the heterogeneity of a 10-ton batch, the WEEE was sorted into families before grinding. Specimens were dismantled and plastic particles were analyzed to estimate their composition. The batch was then crushed and the metals extracted.The residue containing plastics was sampled at the outlet of the plant and analyzed. The detailed characterization of the plastics sample was used to calculate the estimated sampling error and the overall measurement error. The sample size was determined so as to achieve satisfactory accuracy for the most represented polymers likely to be recovered after recycling.A simple characterization methodology for use by recycling plants was proposed in order to determine the plastic composition of this waste. The procedure was validated on a second 10-ton batch of sWEEE collected from another location and treated by a different recycling facility.This article presents the sampling protocol design methodology, then the characterization protocol and its usage limitations.     

高放废物地质处置天然类比研究——以某铀矿床地下水为例

放射性核素的迁移是高放废物处置研究的核心问题,而地下水被认为是核素迁移的主要途径.以某铀矿床地下水中稀土元素、铀等微量元素作为化学类似物,类比研究放射性核素的迁移问题.研究结果表明,该铀矿床自形成以来稀土及其类似物会随地下水迁移,放射性核素铀并术随地下水发生明显的迁移.大致可以类比说明一旦地下水浸泡了核废物场址库,有可能会浸泡出处置库中的稀土元素及其类似物,而核素铀并未随地下水发生明显迁移.这一结果可以提高人们对于高放废物处置的信心.     

Coal petrology analysis and implications in depositional environments from upper Cretaceous to Miocene:a study case in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia

The Piedemonte Llanero Basin is located on the eastern side of the Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes.It has been the subject of numerous geological stud...