压力容器声发射检验中信号去噪研究

压力容器作为工业系统中的重要设备,其安全运行直接影响工业生产的安全性.通过定期对压力容器进行声发射信号检测,可及早发现设备缺陷,保障安全生产.由于压力容器检验现场各种噪声普遍存在,导致采集的声发射信号严重失真甚至淹没在噪声信号中.通过研究小波阈值去噪,自适应滤波原理,采用小波-自适应联合滤波,进行含噪信号去噪处理.     

高静压差压校准方法分析比较

高静压差压测量的准确度、可靠性对于提高压力测量装置研制质量有很大影响。本文介绍了差压传感器基本原理及其校准过程中存在的主要问题,分析比较了几种高静压差压校准方法,重点介绍了双活塞方式差压校准及分压方式高静压差压校准方法,并结合试验数据对高静压差压传感器静压影响进行了分析。     

Burst Pressure Prediction of Composite Pressure Chambers Using Acoustic Emission Technique: A Review

Over the last four to five decades, applications of fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP) have seen tremendous growth. In spite of the complexity of their behavior, development of composite pressure chambers has significantly contributed to the continuing increase in the strength-to-weight ratio of a significant amount of hardware and testing techniques to evaluate that hardware are continually being developed. This article presents an overview of the developments toward burst pressure prediction of FRP pressure chambers using acoustic emission (AE) technique. Burst strength prediction methods and related research in this context are also briefly discussed. The historical background of FRP pressure chamber/vessel testing using AE is also covered in this review.     

Simulation and evaluation of tablet-coating burst based on finite element method

The objective of this study was to simulate and evaluate the burst behavior of coated tablets. Three-dimensional finite element models of tablet-coating were established using software ANSYS. Swelling pressure of cores was measured by a self-made device and applied at the internal surface of the models. Mechanical properties of the polymer film were determined using a texture analyzer and applied as material properties of the models. The resulted finite element models were validated by experimental data. The validated models were used to assess the factors those influenced burst behavior and predict the coating burst behavior. The simulation results of coating burst and failure location were strongly matched with the experimental data. It was found that internal swelling pressure, inside corner radius and corner thickness were three main factors controlling the stress distribution and burst behavior. Based on the linear relationship between the internal pressure and the maximum principle stress on coating, burst pressure of coatings was calculated and used to predict the burst behavior. This study demonstrated that burst behavior of coated tablets could be simulated and evaluated by finite element method.     

Failure prediction analysis for polyethylene flawed pipes

Through this paper limit load analysis and the EPRI/GE procedure were applied to predict instability conditions for medium density polyethylene flawed pipes. Predicted values for internally pressurized cylinders with axial cracks and cylinders with circumferential cracks under remote tension were compared to experimental results obtained from tests conducted on full scale structures. For the pipes under internal pressure, both schemes led to critical pressure values in agreement with actual burst pressures, despite plastic collapse having been observed in the failure of these structures. For the pipes with circumferential internal cracks subjected to remote tension, the predicted loads from the EPRI procedure do not agree with experimental values whereas limit load predictions are quite satisfactory. On the other hand, for the circumferentially externally cracked pipes both predictions reasonable agree with experimental data.     

神经网络方法在大跨度屋面风压研究中的应用

大跨度结构屋盖表面风压系数和功率谱的测量对于结构风振响应的计算有重要意义。提出了根据有限的风洞试验测试结果用神经网络方法预测未知点平均和脉动风压系数、以及脉动风压的自功率谱和互功率谱函数的方法,并将这一方法应用于一座实际大跨度屋盖结构,其预测结果与实测值吻合得较好。这为研究大跨度屋盖结构的风荷载和风振响应分析提供了一个有效方法。     

Predicting Failure Strength of Randomly Oriented Short Glass Fiber-Epoxy Composite Specimen by Artificial Neural Network Using Acoustic Emission Parameters

Acoustic emission (AE) peak amplitude and cumulative energy emitted during 50% of failure of composite specimen was collected, analyzed, and utilized to predict the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) using artificial neural network (ANN) and the performance of various training algorithm on prediction was analyzed. AE data have been collected from finite numbers of randomly oriented short glass fiber-epoxy tensile specimens, while loading up to failure in a tensile testing machine. AE response from each of the specimen was classified and segregated by understanding the failure mechanism. A feed forward back-propagation type ANN was designed and the segregated data of amplitude hits and cumulative energy was processed using two separate networks to predict the UTS of corresponding specimens using it with appropriate parameters and the results were analyzed.     

大型压力输水管道泄漏监测方法的试验研究

为研究一种针对大型压力输水管道泄漏问题的在线监测方法,设计了4种不同压力工况(0.2 MPa、0.4 MPa、0.6 MPa、0.8 MPa)和4种不同泄漏孔直径工况(2 mm、4 mm、8 mm、14 mm)的管道模型试验。试验通过控制阀门开闭、阀门孔径大小和输水管压力变化来模拟实际运行管道的泄漏状态,并用水声检波器采集泄漏状态和非泄漏状态下的管道噪声数据来比较信号差异。经过分析,推导出了泄漏孔面积、管道压力与管道噪声信号振幅三者的关系。试验结果表明,通过利用水声检波器监测管道噪声变化进而监测管道泄漏是可行的,且泄漏信号主要由偶极子声源组成,泄漏状态下振幅随泄漏孔面积和管道运行压力均呈幂函数的关系增长。     

Predicting motor vehicle crashes using Support Vector Machine models

Crash prediction models have been very popular in highway safety analyses. However, in highway safety research, the prediction of outcomes is seldom, if ever, the only research objective when estimating crash prediction models. Only very few existing methods can be used to efficiently predict motor vehicle crashes. Thus, there is a need to examine new methods for better predicting motor vehicle crashes. The objective of this study is to evaluate the application of Support Vector Machine (SVM) models for predicting motor vehicle crashes. SVM models, which are based on the statistical learning theory, are a new class of models that can be used for predicting values. To accomplish the objective of this study, Negative Binomial (NB) regression and SVM models were developed and compared using data collected on rural frontage roads in Texas. Several models were estimated using different sample sizes. The study shows that SVM models predict crash data more effectively and accurately than traditional NB models. In addition, SVM models do not over-fit the data and offer similar, if not better, performance than Back-Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) models documented in previous research. Given this characteristic and the fact that SVM models are faster to implement than BPNN models, it is suggested to use these models if the sole purpose of the study consists of predicting motor vehicle crashes.     

Buckling of Carbon/Glass Composite Tubes Under Uniform External Hydrostatic Pressure

Abstract: This paper describes an experimental and an analytical investigation into the collapse of 44 circular cylindrical composite tubes under external hydrostatic pressure. The results for 22 of these tubes were from a previous investigation and the results for a further 22 models are reported for the first time in this paper. The investigations concentrated on fibre‐reinforced plastic tube specimens made from a mixture of three carbon and two E‐glass fibre layers. The lay‐up was 0°/90°/0°/90°/0; the carbon fibres were laid lengthwise (0°) and the E‐glass fibres circumferentially (90°). The theoretical investigations were carried out using a simple solution for isotropic materials, namely a well‐known formula by ‘von Mises’. The previous investigation also used a numerical solution based on ANSYS, but this was found to be rather disappointing. The experimental investigations showed that the composite specimens behaved similarly to isotropic materials previously tested, in that the short vessels collapsed through axisymmetric deformation while the longer tubes collapsed through non‐symmetric bifurcation buckling. Furthermore, it was discovered that the specimens failed at changes of the composite lay‐up due to the manufacturing process of these specimens. These changes seem to be the weak points of the specimens. For the theoretical investigations, two different types of material properties were used to analyse the composite. These were calculated properties derived from the properties of the single layers given by the manufacturer and also the experimentally obtained properties. Two different approaches were chosen for the investigation of the theoretical buckling pressures, of the previously analysed models, namely a program called ‘MisesNP’, based on a well‐known formula by von Mises for single‐layer isotropic materials, and two finite element analyses using the famous computer package called ‘ANSYS’. These latter analyses simulated the composite with a single‐layer orthotrophic element (Shell93) and also with a multi‐layer element (Shell99). The results from Shell93 and Shell99 agreed with each other but, in general, their predictions were higher than the analytical solution by von Mises. The von Mises solution agreed better than the finite element solutions for the longer vessels, which collapsed by elastic instability, particularly when the experimentally obtained material properties were used. Thus, it was concluded that the results obtained from the finite element analyses predicted ‘questionable’ buckling pressures. The report provides design charts by all approaches and material types, which allow the possibility of obtaining a ‘plastic knockdown factor’ for these vessels. The theoretical buckling pressures obtained using the computer programs MisesNP or ANSYS can then be divided by the plastic knockdown factor obtained from the design charts, to give the predicted buckling pressures. It is not known whether or not this method can be used for the design of very large vessels.     

胶印印刷压力对油墨转移性能的影响

目的研究不同印刷压力下CMYK四色油墨的油墨转移率的变化趋势。方法采用控制变量法对胶印印刷压力和油墨转移之间的关系进行深入研究,运用IGT C1-5印刷适性仪印刷胶版纸,印刷速度相同,在不同的印刷压力下进行实验。结果得到了CMYK 4种油墨不同印刷压力下在胶版纸上印刷的油墨转移率数据,利用Matlab软件对所得数据进行拟合,得到了印刷压力与油墨转移率的关系曲线和方程。结论油墨转移率随印刷压力的增加而显著增大,在胶版纸上印刷压力达到450 N左右时,油墨转移率最大,随后油墨转移率随着印刷压力的增加而降低。经软件分析油墨转移率和印刷压力呈五次曲线关系。     

Vapor Pressure of the 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (R-134a) + Polyalkylene Glycol System

Vapor pressures of the 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane + polyalkylene glycol system were obtained at 72 points over the temperature range from 253.15 to 333.15 K at 10 K intervals and the composition range from 0 to 90 mass % polyalkylene glycol. It was found that below 273.15 K, the effect of the polyalkylene glycol on the vapor pressure was negligible up to 30 mass % polyalkylene glycol. The vapor pressure of the 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane + polyalkylene glycol system decreased as the concentration of polyalkylene glycol increased. Raoults model and Flory–Huggins model were used for data reduction. Raoults model gave reasonable predictions for the vapor pressure of the system below 30 mass % polyalkylene glycol. The Flory–Huggins model gave reasonable predictions for the vapor pressure over the complete composition range. An empirical vapor pressure equation was obtained in terms of temperature and mass fraction polyalkylene glycol. The empirical equation was the most convenient way to calculate the vapor pressure.     

A new model of first-order magnetocaloric materials with experimental validation

The use of new mathematical models to represent first-order magnetocaloric materials is reported. Three mathematical models with differing strengths and weaknesses are assessed. The material models are implemented in a numerical model to predict the cyclical performance of a magnetocaloric regenerator. Predictions using both measured and modeled material are compared. A prototype is used to confirm the predictions of the model as well as confirm performance trends related to the variables being investigated. The numerical model with measured and mathematically represented materials shows good correlation to experimental tests. The result is a new and useful method of representing magnetocaloric materials that can accurately predict results over a range of cyclical parameters.     

压力模拟试验过程中引压管路标定方法研究

压力模拟试验通过精准控制试件附近压力的变化,模拟出试验件在实际工作过程中的气流环境,考察试验件通气效能及结构可靠性。文章结合试验过程中测量特定位置压力值的需求,提出一种引压管路测压的标定方法。在标定试验中,使用测量规通过引压管路得到初始压力值,用标准真空规得到待测位置的标准压力值。利用MATLAB选择合适的拟合函数并将两组数值拟合出一组修正关系式,后续试验中将测量规的压力值通过关系式修正即可得出待测位置的准确压力值。经试验验证,该标定方法能够有效消除引压管路对压力测量值的影响,保证压力模拟试验的顺利进行。     

HMX基推进剂临界起爆压力的研究

为了研究HMX含量、粒径和形貌对复合推进剂临界起爆压力的影响,对设计出的7组配方开展了临界起爆条件试验,计算了相应的冲击波临界起爆压力。结果表明,HMX质量分数分别为5%、10%、15%时,推进剂的临界起爆压力分别是15.40、7.99、7.55 GPa;HMX质量分数相同,中位粒径分别为5.432、6.482、9.121、136.800μm时,推进剂的临界起爆压力分别是7.99、7.99、9.42~15.40、9.04~15.40 GPa;当HMX的颗粒分布跨度较大时,临界起爆压力为7.99 GPa。随着HMX的含量在一定范围内增高,复合推进剂的临界起爆压力减小;随着HMX的中位粒径增大,复合推进剂的临界起爆压力增大;颗粒的类球形结构能大幅提高临界起爆压力。     

Use of Acoustic Emission to Evaluate Residual Strength in FRP Pipes after Impact Damage

Acoustic Emission (AE) has proven to be a useful tool in the monitoring of fiberglass pressure vessels. The ASME Piping and Pressure Vessel Code (subsection X) implements AE as an approved method for quality control and in service testing of fiberglass pressure vessels, making it an accepted technique for the evaluation of fiber composite structures. This article presents the result of AE monitoring of fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) pipes after impact damage has incurred. The results from these tests indicate that AE can be used as a tool to predict the level of damage incurred in the pipes after impact and during pressurization. The use of the Felicity Ratio as the benchmark for evaluation is presented as the key evaluating value.     

AN EGF EXERCISE IN PREDICTING DUCTILE INSTABILITY: PHASE 2, CRACKED PRESSURE VESSEL

This report discusses the results of a collaborative European Group on Fracture exercise to predict the pressure-crack size relationships of an experimental cracked pressure vessel which was undergoing tests for the CEGB. The details of the test and background mechanical properties data had been circulated to interested parties with a request for predictions to be returned prior to the vessel test results being published. The results of this exercise are described here, analysed in detail and compared with the test results. Collectively, eighteen individuals provided thirty eight different estimates of the vessel behaviour. The procedures used included R6 and variants of it, crack tip opening displacement approaches, engineering J design curve approaches, simple plastic collapse criteria and the GE J estimation scheme. Analysis of the predictions showed that: (1) in the prediction of maximum pressures, the plastic limit pressure was important; (2) in the prediction of initiation pressures the initiation toughness dominated; (3) the detailed form of the resistance curve had little influence on either the crack growth predictions or the maximum pressure predictions. (4) all forms of failure assessment diagram based upon the R6 axes were capable of producing accurate predictions. (5) where a poor model was used to represent the cracked section the results were unsatisfactory.     

Hydrogen component fugacity coefficients in binary mixtures with ethane: Pressure dependence

The fugacity coefficients of hydrogen in binary mixtures with ethane were measured. Data were taken using an experimental chamber which is divided into two regions by a semipermeable membrane through which hydrogen, but not ethane, can penetrate. The measurement of the gas pressures inside and outside the membrane gives the hydrogen component fugacity at a given temperature, binary mixture mole fraction, and mixture pressure. In this paper, results are reported at mixture pressures of 5.25, 6.97, 10.21, and 13.47 MPa. In each case, the temperature of the mixture was maintained at an average value of 130°C (403.15 K). The general qualitative features of the data are discussed, and comparisons are made with predictions obtained from the Redlich-Kwong and Peng-Robinson equations of state.