低碳钢和中碳钢连铸方坯初始凝固的对比研究

以低碳钢和中碳钢为研究对象,围绕不同连铸工艺参数对方坯初始凝固行为的影响,利用CA-FE耦合模型模拟实际连铸过程结晶器内方坯的初始凝固行为,考察拉速和过热度对方坯出结晶器坯壳厚度的影响,对比二者出结晶器横截面枝晶微观形貌.研究表明:过热度和拉速增加均能使出结晶器坯壳厚度下降,而拉速的影响更为显著.不同钢种在相同条件下出结晶器坯壳厚度下降梯度不同.过热度越低柱状晶越致密细小,利于提高连铸坯质量,拉速对柱状晶的影响相对较小.由于出结晶器坯壳安全厚度限制,过热度取15℃,低碳钢拉速不能超过2.2 m·min-1,中碳钢拉速不能超过2.5 m·min-1,据此针对不同钢种设计不同拉速可提高连铸效率.同时,模型结果显示低碳钢出结晶器时刻柱状晶更为发达.      

气隙对连铸坯凝固影响的有限元数值模拟

以连铸坯凝固传热有限元数学模型研究了铸坯角部形状和气隙对坯壳凝固行为的影响研究结果表明：采用有限元法离散铸坯圆角能更合理地反映铸坯角部的几何和换热条件，从而可以更准确地研究角部换热条件对铸坯凝固行为的影响。角部气隙显著地降低了坯壳表面的换热，使铸坯偏角区成为热节区。此热节区是铸坯凹陷、皮下裂纹等缺陷和漏钢事故发生的诱因。     

车轮钢圆坯表面温度和坯壳厚度的数值分析

采用分段线性的结晶器和二冷拉矫段热流密度表示方法,对车轮钢圆坯的宏观凝固过程进行了流场、温度场和凝固的耦合数学模拟.计算结果与实测数据吻合,表明数学模型可靠准确地反映了实际情况.由于拉速变化引起计算空间内质量流量的变化,圆坯的表面温度和坯壳厚度受拉速强烈影响.二冷拉矫段热流密度的变化反映了散热方式随温度变化进行的自我调节.保温段对圆坯表面温度回升有明显影响,并将凝固终点推后大约1 m.     

15CrMoG钢棒材表面缺陷机理分析和工艺改进

分析得出,棒材表面细小纵裂纹和表面裂口缺陷产生于铸坯加热之前,且与结晶器弯月面保护渣有关。利用Thermo-Calc热力学软件计算15CrMoG钢凝固相变过程,结合亚包晶钢连铸凝固特点综合分析15CrMoG钢棒材表面缺陷的产生原因和产生机理。结果表明:15CrMoG钢在固相线温度附近发生包晶反应L+δ→γ和包晶转变δ→γ,不仅导致初生坯壳生长不均匀,而且加剧P、S元素在凝固前沿的偏析。而初生坯壳不均匀是导致棒材表面缺陷根本原因。棒材表面细小纵裂纹产生于结晶器内坯壳薄弱处,经过二冷和轧制工序在夹杂物和硫偏聚处扩展长大。棒材表面裂口缺陷是初生坯壳不均匀导致结晶器内液面波动大,造成铸坯夹渣所致。通过控制[C]0.16%～0.17%、[S]≤0.005%、保护渣碱度1.2、熔点≥1200℃、粘度≥1.0Pa·s,260 mm×30mm铸坯水量150 m³/h,拉速0.5 m/min等措施,裂纹合格探伤合格率由原45%提高至98%。     

Effect of oscillation-mark formation on the surface quality of continuously cast steel slabs

In a study of early solidification during the continuous casting of steel slabs, the effect of the formation of oscillation marks on the surface quality of the slabs has been examined by metallographic in-vestigation of slab samples and by performing a set of mathematical analyses. Positive segregation of solute elements, especially phosphorus and manganese, has been observed at the bottom of the oscillation marks and has been classified into two categories. One type is observed at the end of the overflow region on subsurface hooks which originate from partial solidification of the meniscus. A heat-flow model which takes into account the shape of the oscillation marks has revealed that this type of positive segregation is caused by local delay of solidification at the bottom of the oscillation marks. The other type of positive segregation has been found in a layer on the bottom of the oscillation marks without subsurface hooks. This form of segregation cannot be explained by the heat-flow model, but is likely due to a penetration mechanism in which the negative pressure in the flux channel generated during the upward motion of the mold draws out interdendritic liquid from the semi-solidified shell. Transverse cracks are found along the bottom of oscillation marks. The surface of the transverse cracks exhibits an interdendritic appearance in the vicinity of the slab surface, which implies that the cracks are initiated as hot tears in the mold region. A heat-flow analysis predicts that deep oscillation marks cause nonuniformity of the shell in the mold, which also was observed in the metallographic in-vestigation. According to the heat-flow analysis, not only the depth but also the pitch of the oscillation marks affects the shell profile. Therefore increasing the frequency of mold oscillation effectively reduces transverse cracks, by decreasing both the depth and the pitch of oscillation marks. Formerly Graduate Student in the Department of Metal-lurgical Engineering, University of British Columbia An erratum to this article is available at .     

Influence of Billet Size on Flow, Solidification and Solute Transport in Continuous Casting

ListofSymbol　　B———Buoyancy ,m·s- 2 ;　　c———Concentrationofsoluteelement ;　　Cμ———Turbulentconstant;　　D———Diffusivityofsoluteelement ,m2 ·s- 1 ;　　fl,fs———Liquidandsolidfraction ;　　fμ———Turbulentcoefficient ;　　h———Enthalpy ,J·kg- 1 ;　　k———Turbulentkineticenergy ,m2 ·s- 2 ;　　kp———Equilibriumpartitioncoefficient;　　Kp———Permeabilityofmushyzone ,m2 ;　　K0 ———Permeabilitycoefficient;　　p———Pressure ,Pa ;　　Pr———Prandtlnumber ;…     

Analysis of thermomechanical behaviour in billet casting with different mould corner radii

Abstract

A finite element thermal stress model to compute the thermomechanical state of the solidifying shell during continuous casting of steel in a square billet casting mould has been applied to investigate longitudinal cracks. A two-dimensional thermoelastoviscoplastic analysis was carried out within a horizontal slice of the solidifying strand which moves vertically within and just below the mould. The model calculates the temperature distributions, the stresses, the strains in the solidifying shell, and the intermittent air gap between the casting mould and the solidifying strand. Model predictions were verified with both an analytical solution and a plant trial. The model was then applied to study the effect of mould corner radius on longitudinal crack formation for casting in a typical 0·75%/m tapered mould with both oil and mould powder lubrication. With this inadequate linear taper, a gap forms between the shell and the mould in the corner region. As the corner radius of the billet increases from 4 to 15 mm, this gap spreads further around the corner towards the centre of the strand and becomes larger. This leads to more temperature non-uniformity around the billet perimeter as solidification proceeds. Longitudinal corner surface cracks are predicted to form only in the large corner radius billet, owing to tension in the hotter and thinner shell along the corner during solidification in the mould. Off corner internal cracks form more readily in the small corner radius billet. They are caused by bulging below the mould, which bends the thin, weak shell around the corner, creating tensile strain on the solidification front where these longitudinal cracks are ultimately observed.     

连铸过程铸坯皮下裂纹的产生及控制

摘要：通过数值模拟的方法研究了典型大方坯（325mm×280mm）连铸过程中温度场和应力场分布,分析了铸坯皮下裂纹产生的原因和主要影响因素,制定了控制铸坯皮下裂纹的具体措施。结果表明：在连铸过程中铸坯的最大回温为121℃,二冷一区最高回热速率达到217.48℃/m,二冷二区最高回热速率达到131.95℃/m,其他各区回热速率都较低。温度回升后铸坯横断面距铸坯表面15~30mm处的最大应力应变值已经超过了钢的极限应力应变值,因此,二冷一区和二区温度回升是铸坯产生皮下裂纹的主要原因。增加二冷一区水量,将此水量在二冷三区和四区相应地减小,可以降低二冷一区回热速率,降低最大回热温度到88℃,控制铸坯皮下裂纹的产生。     

保护渣对430不锈钢铸坯边部凹陷缺陷的影响

针对太钢430不锈钢铸坯边部凹陷严重的问题,采用Gleeble 3800、高温原位分析仪、黏度分析仪等技术手段,系统研究430铸坯边部凹陷缺陷的产生机理和保护渣性能对边部凹陷的影响规律。研究结果表明,430铸坯边部凹陷缺陷的主要原因与保护渣的控制传热有关。保护渣碱度过小,结晶能力弱,坯壳在结晶器内冷却强度大,凝固收缩带来较大的角部扭动力而产生边部凹陷,此时铸坯边部凹陷主要发生在结晶器内;保护渣碱度过大,结晶能力强,铸坯冷却强度不够,出结晶器的坯壳厚度薄,在钢水静压力的作用下铸坯宽度产生延展效应,导致后续产生较大的凝固收缩而形成边部凹陷,此时铸坯边部凹陷主要发生在二冷阶段。保护渣碱度控制为1.00,保护渣的结晶能力适宜,既避免了结晶器内强冷带来的铸坯凹陷,又保证了出结晶器坯壳足够的厚度和强度,最终使铸坯边部凹陷深度由1.26 mm降低至0.30 mm,显著改变了铸坯表面质量。     

Identification of Defect Prone Peritectic Steel Grades by Analyzing High-Temperature Phase Transformations

Continuous casting of peritectic steels is often difficult and critical; bad surface quality, cracks, and even breakouts may occur. The initial solidification of peritectic steels within the mold leads to formation of surface depressions and uneven shell growth. As commercial steels are always multicomponent alloys, the influence also of the alloying elements besides carbon on the peritectic phase transition needs to be taken into account. Information on the solidification sequence and phase diagrams for initial solidification are lacking especially for new steel grades, like high-alloyed TRIP-steels with high Mn, Si, and particularly high Al contents. Based on a comprehensive method development, the current study shows that differential scanning calorimeter measurements allow a clear prediction if an alloy is peritectic (i.e., critical to cast). In order to confirm these results, thermo-optical analyses with a high-temperature laser-scanning-confocal-microscope are performed to observe the phase transformations in situ up to the melting point.     

钢的软接触电磁连铸技术的研究进展

钢的软接触电磁连铸技术(SoftContactElectromagneticContinuousCasting)是利用高频交变电磁场在结晶器内铸坯初始凝固区施加电磁压力来减少钢液与结晶器壁的接触压力,从而减小结晶器振动对铸坯表面质量的影响,降低拉坯阻力和减弱初始凝固点的传热来提高铸坯表面质量。分析了实现钢的软接触电磁连铸在结晶器结构、材质以及电磁场参数等方面需要解决的问题,并介绍了该技术的最新研究成果:高频调幅磁场及无结晶器振动的电磁连铸技术。     

小方坯连铸机喷淋结晶器的研究

建立小方坯喷淋结晶器凝固传热数学模型，模拟计算了铸坯温度场、坯壳厚度、热流场，坯壳与铜壁间气隙厚度。计算坯壳厚度与实测坯壳厚度基本吻合；与普通水缝式结晶器相比，铸坯温度场均匀，坯壳厚度均匀，冷却强度有所提高。     

Variables affecting the nature of the chill zone

Structures and substructures in the chill zone have been studied in Al-Cu alloys as a function of the following solidification conditions at the substrate chill: a) heat sink capacity; b) surface microprofile; c) nature of the liquid metal fluid flow as it makes substrate contact. The parameters taken in account both experimentally and analytically are: heat transfer coefficient of the metal/mold interface, surface rugosity of the mold walls, and the Reynolds number of the liquid metal fluid flow. The results obtained show definite correlations between the structural characteristics of the chill zone and the values of the studied parameters.     

Convection in the two-phase zone of solidifying alloys

The analysis is applicable to alloy solidification which proceeds horizontally to the center of a mold. The model follows the growth of the solid-liquid zone adjacent to the chill face (the initial transient), the movement of the zone across the mold, and the region of final solidification adjacent to the centerline (the final transient). During solidification the density of the liquid varies across the twophase zone. Consequently, there is natural convection which is treated as flow through a porous medium. The equations for convection are coupled with the equation of solute redistribution between the phases in order to calculate macrosegregation after solidification is complete. Results were computed for alloys which show: (1) “inverse segregation≓ at a cooled-surface; (2) macrosegregation resulting from solidification with the initial transient, a period with a complete two-phase zone, and a final transient; and (3) macrosegregation when the width of the two-phase zone exceeds the semi-width of the mold.     

优化设计在小方坯连铸机高效化改造中的应用

通过对小方坯连铸凝固过程的理论分析,详细论述了结晶器、二冷区对小方坯连铸凝固过程的影响,提出了高效化改造时结晶器、二冷区的设计基本原则。在四川川威集团方坯连铸机高效化改造中对结晶器、二冷区进行优化设计,并得到了成功应用。结合理论分析和实际应用事例,提出了小方坯连铸机高效化改造的基本思路。     

Reducing the central porosity of continuous-cast billet by modification of the solidification process

The quality of continuous-cast billet is considered. Means of improving billet solidification are developed, with the pulsed injection of inert gas into the metal in the mold and shear-enhanced mild compression of the billet in the secondary-cooling zone of the continuous-casting machine. These measures are found to shrink the columnar-crystal zone and reduce the central porosity.     

轴承钢矩形坯内部裂纹的研究

通过扫描和能谱分析及温度场模拟对350mm×470mm轴承钢连铸坯内部裂纹进行了研究。结果表明:裂纹处存在一定的夹杂物,夹杂物主要是Al2O3、MgO及部分铝硅酸盐,其中Al2O3夹杂物较大,长度达70μm,宽度为40μm左右;夹杂物主要是由于在炉外精炼中使用了高碱度和较高Al2O3含量的渣系,生产过程中卷渣等造成的;在连铸过程中,液固两相区存在夹杂物,成为裂纹源,铸坯固液界面所承受的应力及由此产生的塑性变形超过了所允许的高温强度和临界应变值,沿夹杂物方向扩展形成裂纹。     

中碳钢连铸方坯内部角裂机制研究与优化

 分别选取西钢某厂实际生产中易发生内部角裂缺陷的40Cr和45钢连铸坯为研究对象,通过对缺陷采用热酸浸低倍试验、金相法和探针能谱分析,发现缺陷处不存在明显的组织异常和质点沉淀。运用ANSYS软件对连铸结晶器凝固过程进行热模拟。研究结果表明,缺陷形成于结晶器内的凝固过程,根本原因是铸坯在结晶器中凝固传热不均导致出现铸坯偏角区热节区效应,从而诱导产生热应力,致使沿柱状晶晶间铁素体开裂,并伴随一定量的铸坯鼓肚现象。通过重新设定结晶器铜管圆角半径和优化生产部分工艺后,最终使连铸坯内部角裂评级在10级以上的比例下降到1042%。     

高速连铸结晶器内凝固传热行为及其均匀性控制

从分析高拉速包晶钢板坯连铸结晶器内凝固传热行为特征入手,首先阐明拉速对结晶器内的界面热阻、凝固坯壳的温度与应力分布的影响规律,研究发现拉速超过1.6 m·min?1时,界面热阻明显增加,拉速由1.4 m·min?1提升至1.6 m·min?1和1.8m·min?1时,出结晶器坯壳厚度相应减少约10%,其发生漏钢的危险不断增加;在此基础上,阐述了结晶器的内腔结构、保护渣、振动与液面控制等控制结晶器内坯壳凝固均匀性的相关技术。要实现高速连铸,首要应考虑结晶器内腔结构的优化设计,使其能更好地迎合凝固坯壳的生长,研制适合包晶钢等凝固特点的专用连铸保护渣至关重要,铸坯鼓肚控制也是保障高拉速液面稳定的关键。