Optimizing pyrolysis of resin carbon for anode of lithium ion batteries

1INTRODUCTION Lithiumionbatterieshaveattractedworldwide attentionandbeendevelopedrapidlyduetotheirhighenergydensity,goodcharge dischargeper formancesandlongcyclelife[14].Theseoutstand ingpropertiesresultfromtheuseofcarbonmateri alsasanodeinsteadoflithiummetal.However,thespecificcapacityofcarbonmaterialsisfar smallerthanthatoflithiummetal(3670mA·h/g).Muchefforthasbeenfocusedonimprovingca pacityofcarbonanodesduringthepastfew years[57].Recentworkindicatedthatdisorderedcar bons,obtainedbypy…     

Preparation and electrochemical properties of Co3O4/graphite composites as anodes of lithium ion batteries

Co₃O₄/graphite composites were synthesized by precipitation of cobalt oxalate on the surface of graphite and pyrolysis of the precipitate, and the effects of graphite content and calcination temperature on the electrochemical properties of the composites were investigated. The samples were characterized by thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and charge/discharge measurements. With increasing the graphite content, the reversible capacity of the Co₃O₄/graphite composites decreases, while cycling stability improves dramatically, and the addition of graphite obviously decreases the average potential of lithium intercalation/deintercalation. The reversible capacity of the composites with 50% graphite rises from 583 to 725 mA·h/g as the calcination temperature increases from 300 to 500 °C, and the Co₃O₄/graphite composites synthesized at 400 °C show the best cycling stability without capacity loss in the initial 20 cycles. The CV profile of the composite presents two couples of redox peaks, corresponding to the lithium intercalaction/deintercalation for graphite and Co₃O₄, respectively. EIS studies indicate that the electrochemical impedance decreases with increasing the graphite content.     

Electrochemical performance of LiFePO4/（C＋Fe2P） composite cathode material synthesized by sol-gel method

A LiFePO4/(C+Fe2P) composite cathode material was prepared by a sol-gel method using Fe(NO3)3·9H2O,LiAc·H2O,NH4H2PO4 and citric acid as raw materials,and the physical properties and electrochemical performance of the composite cathode material were investigated by X-ray diffractometry(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and electrochemical tests.The Fe2P content,morphology and electrochemical performance of LiFePO4/(C+Fe2P) composite depend on the calcination tempera...     

Mild oxidation treatment of graphite anode for Li-ion batteries

1　INTRODUCTIONNumerous carbonaceous materials have beeninvestigated as anodes of lithium ion batteries dur ing the past several years[1 4]. Graphite is an at tractive material for anodes of lithium ion batteriesdue to its high reversible capacity (372 mA·h/g intheory), low and flat discharge potential (0.1 0.2 Vvs. Li)[5 8]. However, there are still some prob lems for the graphite in the application with respectto a low practically available capacity, and a largeir…     

Influence of Temperature on Electrochemical Performances of Rare Earth Based Hydrogen Storage Material

1 IntroductionRare earth-based hydrogenstorage alloys ofAB5typehave beenthe most major electrode material for small-sizeNi/MHbatteries because of their high discharge capacity,superior highrate capability andfavorable ratio of pricetoperformance. But their electrochemical performances be-come worse when the alloys are applied to large-size Ni/MHbatteries of electric vehicles .Thisfact may be due tothe rising of temperature inside the large batteries causedbythe high electric current of char…     

锂离子电池负极材料多孔硅/硅铁合金的制备及性能

为改善锂离子电池硅负极材料的电化学性能,利用镁热还原法制备了不同铁掺杂量的多孔硅/硅铁合金复合材料,并对其结构以及在锂离子电池中的充放电性能进行了研究.材料均呈现多孔结构,硅铁合金均匀分布在孔道内部.多孔硅/硅铁合金复合材料具有较好的循环稳定性,在0.1C倍率下循环100圈后可逆容量为1 133.5 m A·h/g,容量保持率为66%;在1C倍率下可逆容量仍可以达到776.9 m A·h/g.     

Synthesis and characterization of high-voltage cathode material LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 by one-step solid-state reaction

LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ was prepared under various conditions by one-step solid-state reaction in air and its properties were investigated by X-ray diffractormetry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical measurement. XRD patterns show that LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ synthesized under various conditions has cubic spinel structure. SEM images exhibit that the particle size increases with increasing calcination temperature and time. Electrochemical test shows that the LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ calcined at 700 °C for 24 h delivers up to 143 mA · h/g, and the capacity retains 132 mA · h/g after 30 cycles. Foundation item: Project (76600) supported by Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Central South University     

Synthesis and characterization of triclinic structural LiVPO4F as possible 4.2 V cathode materials for lithium ion batteries

A potential 4.2 V cathode material LiVPO4F for lithium batteries was prepared by two-step reaction method based on a carbon-thermal reduction （CTR） process. Firstly, V2O5, NH4H2PO4 and acetylene black are reacted under an Ar atmosphere to yield VPO4. The transition-metal reduction is facilitated by the CTR based on C→CO transition. These CTR conditions favor stabilization of the vanadium as V^3＋ as well as leaving residual carbon, which is useful in the subsequent electrode processing. Secondly, VPO4 reacts with ElF to yield LiVPO4F product. The property of the LiVPO4F was investigated by X-ray diffractometry （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and electrochemical measurement. XRD studies show that LiVPO4F synthesized has triclinic structure（space group p I ）, isostructural with the naturally occurring mineral tavorite, EiFePO4-OH. SEM image exhibits that the particle size is about 2μm together with homogenous distribution. Electrochemical test shows that the initial discharge capacity of LiVPO4F powder is 119 mA·h/g at the rate of 0.2C with an average discharge voltage of 4.2V （vs Ei/Li^＋）, and the capacity retains 89 mA·h/g after 30 cycles.     

Synthesis and electrochemical performance of TiO2-B as anode material

TiO₂-B was synthesized by solid-state reaction. The structures, surface morphologies and electrochemical performances of TiO₂-B were characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical measurement, respectively. The effects of calcining temperature, molar ratio of K₂O to TiO₂ and calcining time on the characteristics of TiO₂-B were investigated. The results show that the calcining time exerts a significant influence on the electrochemical performances of TiO₂-B. The TiO₂-B is obtained with good crystal structure and suitable size by using K₂Ti₄O₉, which is prepared at 950°C for 24 h under the condition of x(K₂O)/x(TiO₂)=1:3.5. The TiO₂-B delivers all initial discharge capacity of 231.6 mA·h/g. And the rate capacity is 73.2 mA·h/g at 1 675 mA/g, which suggests that TiO₂-B is a promising anode material for the lithium ion batteries.     

Preparation of activated carbons from mesophase pitch and their electrochemical properties

The influences of molar ratio of KOH to C and activated temperature on the pore structure and electrochemical property of porous activated carbon from mesophase pitch activated by KOH were investigated. The surface areas and the pore structures of activated carbons were analyzed by nitrogen adsorption, and the electrochemical properties of the activated carbons were studied using two-electrode capacitors in organic electrolyte. The results indicate that the maximum surface area of 3 190 m2/g is obtained at molar ratio of KOH to C of 5:1, the maximum specific capacitance of 122 F/g is attained at molar ratio of KOH to C of 4:1, and 800 ℃ is the proper temperature to obtain the maximum surface area and capacitance.     

Preparation and properties of pitch carbon based supercapacitor

Using the mesophase pitch as precursor, KOH and CO2 as activated agents, the activated carbon electrode material was fabricated by physical-chemical combined activated technique for supercapacitor. The influence of activated process on the pore structure of activated carbon was analyzed and 14 F supercapacitor with working voltage of 2.5 V was prepared. The charge and discharge behaviors, the properties of cyclic voltammetry, specific capacitance, equivalent serials resistance (ESR), cycle properties, and temperature properties of prepared supercapacitor were examined. The cyclic voltammetry curve results indicate that the carbon based supercapacitor using the self-made activated carbon as electrode materials shows the desired capacitance properties. In 1 mol/L Et4NBF4/AN electrolyte, the capacitance and ESR of the supercapacitor are 14.7 F and 60 m?, respectively. The specific capacitance of activated carbon electrode materials is 99.6 F/g; its energy density can reach 2.96 W·h/kg under the large current discharge condition. There is no obvious capacitance decay that can be observed after 5000 cycles. The leakage current is below 0.2 mA after keeping the voltage at 2.5 V for 1 h. Meanwhile, the supercapacitor shows desired temperature property; it can be operated normally in the temperature ranging from -40 ℃ to 70 ℃.     

Manufacture of high-dispersed W-Cu composite powder by mechano-thermal process

In order to improve the process of co-reduction of oxide powder, a new mechano-thermal process was designed to produce high-dispersed W-Cu composite powder by high temperature oxidation, short time high-energy milling and reduction at lower temperature. The particle size, oxygen content and their sintering abilities of W-Cu composite powder in different conditions were analyzed. The results show that after a quick milling of the oxide powder for about 3-10 h, the reduction temperature of the W-Cu oxide powder can be lowered to about 650 ℃ from 700-750 ℃ owning to the lowering of particle size of the oxide powder. The average particle size of W-Cu powder after reduction at 650 ℃ is about 0. 5μm smaller than that reduced at 750 ℃. After sintering at 1 200℃ for 1 h in hydrogen atmosphere, the relative density and thermal conductivity of final products (W-20Cu) can attain 99. 5% and 210 W ·m-1· K-1 respectively.     

Electrical resistivity of TiB2/C composite cathode coating for aluminum electrolysis

1INTRODUCTIONThere are many disadvantages in the presentHall-Heroult electrolytic process[1],such as highenergy consumption,low unit productivity and se-rious environmental pollution and so on,especiallythe high energy consumption of per ton alumin-ium,which ranges from13MW·h to15MW·h,and the energy efficiency is less than50%[2].Therefore,low-energy consumption aluminumre-duction cell has been a research focus for interna-tional aluminum companies and institutes.Thedrained cathode cel…     

尖晶石型锰酸锂的复合掺杂改性

以固相烧结法制备的尖晶石型锰酸锂为基础,对其结构中掺杂复合非金属元素B和F,合成了B、F掺杂的尖晶石。通过X射线衍射、扫描电镜、电化学分析方法对试样的晶体结构、表面形貌及电化学性能进行表征。结果表明,采用B、F包覆的锰酸锂与纯锰酸锂的X射线衍射结果相似,波峰尖锐且峰值高;随着B的掺入,尖晶石作为正极材料充放电的循环性能得到了提高,但是其初始容量较低,仅为102.3mA·h/g。随着加入复合非金属元素B和F,样品的初始容量提高到了110.9mA·h/g,50次循环后的容量保持率为83.14%。实验结果表明,复合掺杂有效提高了锰酸锂的电化学性能。     

Nanostructure and formation mechanism of Pt-WO<Subscript>3</Subscript>/C nanocatalyst by ethylene glycol method

Pt-WO3 nanoparticles uniformly dispersed on Vulcan XC-72R carbon black were prepared by an ethylene glycol method.The morphology,composition,nanostructure,electrochemical characteristics and electrocatalytic activity were characterized,and the formation mechanism was investigated.The average particle size was 2.3 nm,the same as that of Pt/C catalyst.The W/Pt atomic ratio was 1/20,much lower than the design of 1/3.The deposition of WO3·xH2O nanoparticles on Vulcan XC-72R carbon black was found to be very difficult by TEM.From XPS and XRD,the Pt nanoparticles were formed in the colloidal solution of Na2WO4,the EG insoluble Na2WO4 resulted in the decreased relative crystallinity and increased crystalline lattice constant compared with those of Pt/C catalyst and,subsequently,the higher specific electrocatalytic activity as determined by CV.The Pt-mass and Pt-electrochemically-active-specific-surface-area based anodic peak current densities for ethanol oxidation were 422.2 mA·mg-1Pt and 0.43 mA·cm-2Pt,1.2 and 1.1 times higher than those of Pt/C catalyst,respectively.     

多孔硫化镍中空亚微球的制备 及其超电容性能研究

以四水合乙酸镍为原料、硫代乙酰胺为沉淀剂和硫源,采用一步溶剂热法合成了介孔富有的多孔NiS中空亚微球。并采用XRD、FESEM、EDS、TEM、HRTEM、SAED、XPS和氮气吸脱附测试以及循环伏安(CV)、恒流充放电、交流阻抗等进行了材料表征和电化学性能测试。研究结果表明,所合成的NiS为介孔富有的多孔中空亚微球结构,且其尺寸大小较为均匀,壳层较薄。这种独特的多孔中空结构使得其作为超级电容器电池型正极材料时表现出优异的电化学性能:3 A·g~(-1)电流密度下的比容量值为155.4mA·h·g~(-1),20 A·g~(-1)电流密度下的比容量值仍然保持在92.9 mA·h·g~(-1),倍率容量保持率为59.8%,且在5 A·g~(-1)电流密度下5 000次循环后比容量仍可达115.3 mA·h·g~(-1),初始容量保持率为85.0%。     

锂摩尔分数对合成LiFePO_4/C的组织结构及电化学性能的影响

在不同Li/Fe配比、合成工艺相同条件下,采用Sol-gel液相合成法合成LiFePO4/C正极材料。利用XRD衍射分析和SEM扫描电镜对合成的粉体进行物相表征,通过交流阻抗测试和充放电对材料进行电化学性能研究。结果表明,Li、Fe物质的量比为1.05时合成的LiFePO4/C结晶度最优,交流阻抗曲线显示该材料具有较小的内部阻抗,极化现象小,在0.2C倍率放电下首次放电比容量为127.5mA·h/g,电化学性能较佳。     

Preparation and electrochemical properties of polymer Li-ion battery reinforced by non-woven fabric

A polymer electrolyte based on poly(vinylidene) fluoride-hexafluoropropylene was prepared by evaporating the solvent of dimethyl formamide, and non-woven fabric was used to reinforce the mechanical strength of polymer electrolyte and maintain a good interfacial property between the polymer electrolyte and electrodes. Polymer lithium batteries were assembled by using LiCoO2 as cathode material and lithium foil as anode material. Scanning electron microscopy, alternating current impedance, linear sweep voltammetry and charge-discharge tests were used to study the properties of polymer membrane and polymer Li-ion batteries. The results show that the technics of preparing polymer electrolyte by directly evaporating solvent is simple. The polymer membrane has rich micro-porous structure on both sides and exhibits 280% uptake of electrolyte solution. The electrochemical stability window of this polymer electrolyte is about 5.5 V, and its ionic conductivity at room temperature reaches 0.151 S/m. The polymer lithium battery displays an initial discharge capacity of 138 mA·h/g and discharge plateau of about 3.9 V at 0.2 current rate. After 30 cycles, its loss of discharge capacity is only 2%. When the battery discharges at 0.5 current rate, the voltage plateau is still 3.7 V. The discharge capacities of 0.5 and 1.0 current rates are 96% and 93% of that of 0.1 current rate, respectively.     

碳包覆石墨作为锂离子电池负极材料的研究

将天然石墨(NG)用浓HNO3氧化处理后,在其表面包覆柠檬酸,在惰性气体气氛下700℃处理18h,制得了包覆改性石墨.采用XRD及电化学测试等手段对材料进行了结构表征和性能测试.考察了不同包覆比例对材料充放电性能的影响.XRD结果表明包覆改性对石墨的结构并没有明显的影响.充放电测试表明,与天然石墨相比,包覆改性石墨具有更好的电化学性能,其中又以石墨与柠檬酸质量比为2∶1时性能最好,其首次放电容量为345.1 mA h g1,经20次循环后容量仍保持在305 mA h g1以上,容量衰减率仅为11.01%.     

多孔五氧化二铌球的合成及其电化学性能研究

以表面活性剂CTAB为模板,通过水热法及煅烧过程合成了多孔Nb_2O_5微球。对所得产品的表征和电化学性能测试结果表明:合成了正交结构的Nb_2O_5球,且其单分散性能较好,直径为900 nm左右,球上分布有很多孔径为2~70 nm的小孔,形成了独特的多孔结构,该结构增加了材料的比表面积,其比表面积为340 m~2/g。独特的多孔结构和较大的比表面积使得其作为锂离子电池负极材料时表现出优异的电化学性能:首次容量较高,多孔Nb_2O_5球的首次充放电容量分别为297.8和395.9 m A·h·g~(-1);循环性能稳定,在电流密度为20 m A/g下充放电时,第3次循环后的库伦效率几乎达到100%;倍率性能优异,在50,100 m A/g电流密度下,经过20次循环后的容量分别为139.6,117.1 m A·h·g~(-1),容量保持率都为90%以上。