基于GAN的刀具状态监测数据集增强方法

在机械加工中,刀具在异常状态下的样本数据较少,数据集不平衡,导致深度学习网络模型对刀具状态预测的准确性难以提高,因此,如何增加异常状态下的样本数据成为亟待解决的问题。针对问题,提出基于生成对抗网络的刀具状态监测数据集增强方法,生成对抗网络的生成器可以生成与原始样本数据具有相似分布的新样本,通过采集镗削加工过程中的振动信号和声音信号,利用生成对抗网络对刀具在异常状态下的样本数据进行生成,并在深度置信网络上测试新样本数据的可用性。实验结果显示,用增强之后的数据集训练深度学习网络模型,其分类精度达到99%以上,因此,该方法能有效地提高刀具状态监测的准确性。     

基于深度自编码网络与模糊推理相结合的矿用齿轮箱故障诊断方法

提出一种基于深度自编码网络与模糊推理相结合的矿用齿轮箱故障诊断方法。通过对完整齿轮、裂齿齿轮和缺齿齿轮3种齿轮工作状态的声信号进行小波分析并建立特征数据库,构建深度自编码网络与模糊推理系统相结合的诊断系统,实现了齿轮故障诊断与辨识。实验结果表明:这种基于声信号的故障诊断方法能够有效检测矿用齿轮箱的运行状况;与传统神经网络诊断方法以及奇异值分解诊断方法相比,该诊断方法对故障状态的辨识准确度分别提高了3.8%和8%。与传统基于振动信号的故障诊断方法相比,基于声信号的诊断方法对故障状态的辨识准确度无明显差别。表明深度自编码网络模糊推理系统同样适用于基于振动信号的矿用齿轮箱的故障特征提取与分析。     

基于单层SAE与SVM的滚动轴承性能退化评估

滚动轴承是旋转机械设备的常用关键部件之一,其性能退化评估是机械设备状态监测与视情维修的基础和依据。为及时准确掌握滚动轴承性能退化趋势与程度,提出基于单层稀疏自编码学习和支持向量机的滚动轴承性能退化评估方法,研究能够深度挖掘数据各种潜在隐含信息的稀疏自编码学习方法以及基于时频域特征和稀疏自编码学习的轴承状态特征的提取方法;提出基于支持向量机分类算法改进的轴承性能退化评估算法,并应用到滚动轴承的性能退化评估模型中,确定了模型参数寻优的方法;最后将所获得的轴承状态特征输入到轴承性能退化评估模型,得到了轴承性能退化趋势图,并通过滚动轴承实例验证了所提出方法的实用性。     

基于振动信号的齿轮可靠性评估

为了保障产品设备能够安全可靠地运行,提出了基于设备振动信号的运行可靠性评估方法。该方法可以把反映设备运行状态的特征指标与可靠性指标之间建立联系,将提取并优选出的敏感特征指标与比例故障率模型相结合,建立适用于齿轮箱设备的可靠性评估模型,从而实现设备运行可靠性的有效评估。将该方法应用于减速齿轮箱的可靠性分析中,并在试验中随机抽取60个数据文件进行识别验证,对齿轮性能退化状态识别率达86.67%,表明此方法的合理性和有效性。     

旋转机械在线振动监测系统的研究

介绍了基于Internet的旋转机械在线振动监测系统，该系统通过在线监测旋转机械的振动状态，能及时发现旋转机械的振动异常，并产生报警。同时系统还可处理和保存旋转机械运行过程中的相关数据，提供对旋转机械的振动数据和工艺量数据等的在线分析处理。     

基于深度SVDD-CVAE的轴承自适应阈值故障检测

通过状态监测进行轴承故障报警,能有效避免设备灾难性事故的发生。基于数据时序特征重构的故障检测法由于仅采用正常数据进行训练, 能有效避免故障数据不足而导致的模型检测精度下降。然而,此类方法的故障阈值确定依赖于大量的历史数据,且对检测精度有着极大的影响。为此,提出基于深度SVDD-CVAE的轴承自适应阈值故障检测方法。针对时序信号特征增强提取构建ConvLSTM作为基础单元的CVAE特征压缩提取框架,有效提取轴承故障微弱特征;结合SVDD自适应学习特征空间超球面,实现故障检测阈值的自适应确定;最后,通过全局误差损失反向传播对深度SVDD-CVAE框架进行迭代优化。实验结果表明：所提出的方法能有效提取轴承微弱故障特征、自适应确定阈值,并在IMS轴承数据集上取得97.7%的检测准确率。     

基于稀疏自编码器与自组织映射网络的轧机颤振预警方法

颤振是轧机生产过程中常见的问题之一，严重影响轧机的生产效率。为实现轧机颤振状态的实时监测，预防轧机发生颤振，提出了一种轧机颤振预警方法。该方法利用稀疏自编码器对轧机的振动数据进行降维融合，并且通过自组织映射网络构建能够准确地反应轧机振动趋势的特征指标；同时，以轧机正常运行状态的数据为基准，通过3σ准则设定合理有效的阈值。实验结果表明：所构造的轧机振动趋势特征指标以及设定的报警阈值能够及时发现轧机振动趋势的变化，并在振动达到峰值之前进行报警。最后，将提出的SAE-SOM模型与AE-SOM模型进行比较，结果表明，SAE-SOM模型更加稳定且能够更早发现振动状态的异常变化。     

基于主轴振动监测的精密机床可靠性评估

数控机床的可靠性评估对于评价加工精度和加工效率有着重要意义.以比例风险模型(PHM)为基础的基于状态维修(CBM)方法是预防性维修方法的一种,它强调运行时间和实时状态对设备寿命的影响,基于历史数据和实时运行状态评估设备的可靠性.对计算模型加以改进,利用灰色模型估计其中的风险度函数的参数,使之适用于数控机床失效数据较少的情况.以某厂实际运行的精密机床主轴轴振作为状态量,建立数据库,采集轴振信号,记录历史事件,采用CBM方法分析数据,计算机床的可靠度、风险度.计算结果表明:该方法能够评估设备的运行状态,并能优化设备维修策略.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.