3-RRR平面并联机器人神经网络滑模控制研究

针对具有强耦合和高非线性并联机器人的轨迹跟踪控制研究,设计了一种基于神经网络滑模控制器的控制系统。在传统滑模控制的基础上,利用神经网络算法实时修正系统非线性项和不确定参数的功能,有效抑制了SMC系统的抖振现象。建立了3-RRR平面并联机器人的结构简图和Matlab模型,并采用闭环矢量法得到了机器人的运动学反解,为控制系统提供了参考输入。基于机器人的简化动力学方程,设计了一种RBF神经网络滑模控制器,并构造Lyapunov函数证明控制器的稳定性。分别采用传统滑模和神经网络滑模控制方式对机器人的轨迹跟踪进行仿真分析。仿真结果表明:神经网络滑模控制器具有更好的轨迹跟踪精度和较小的稳态误差,验证了神经网络SMC控制器的有效性。     

基于RBF最小参数学习法的正流量变量泵滑模自适应控制

为了提高正流量变量泵的性能,提出基于RBF最小参数学习法的正流量变量泵滑模自适应控制方法。分析正流量变量泵电液伺服系统的动力学特性,并进行系统辨识实验获得较为精确的系统数学函数模型;基于RBF最小参数学习法设计滑模控制器,在系统参数不确定性、摩擦力干扰和系统泄漏等非线性因素的情况下实现对目标流量的跟踪响应和自适应控制;最后利用MATLAB/Simulink对正流量变量泵的控制系统性能进行仿真实验,并和传统的PID控制器和模糊PID控制器进行比较。仿真实验结果验证了所设计控制方法的可行性和有效性。     

基于ESO的电动伺服系统RBF神经网络滑模控制

为了提高电动伺服系统的加载力跟踪精度,基于扩张观测器(ESO)和RBF神经网络,设计了一种自适应滑模控制器。ESO可以观测电动伺服系统的状态变量和外界扰动,解决实际工程应用中因对输出力直接微分造成的微分爆炸问题;利用RBF神经网络逼近系统存在的非线性不确定因素,将ESO观测到的状态变量、扰动项和RBF神经网络的估计值引入到滑模控制其中,实现对滑模控制的补偿,并通过构造李雅普诺夫函数对所提出的控制策略进行稳定性证明;在MATLAB/Simulink环境中搭建仿真模型,验证了ESO和RBF神经网络在不同工况下对系统相应量的精准估计,且误差均满足所设定的性能指标,同时与传统滑模控制进行了对比,所提出的控制策略能有效地解决传统滑模控制的抖振问题,加载力跟踪精度更高,鲁棒性能更优。     

基于RBF神经网络和扰动观测器的PMLSM位置控制

针对永磁直线同步电机的位置控制,其控制精度易受模型误差和负载扰动等因素的影响,设计了一种改进型的滑模趋近律控制器,提出了基于RBF神经网络的建模误差逼近器和非线性负载扰动观测器。首先,利用改进型的滑模趋近律算法,加快到达滑模面的速度,降低系统的滑模抖振;其次,采用RBF神经网络算法逼近系统的建模误差;最后,非线性扰动观测器对系统的负载扰动进行估计。此外,系统采用前馈补偿控制策略,以提高系统的控制精度。仿真结果表明:通过与传统的滑模趋近律控制方法相比,文章提出的方法提高了系统的控制精度、增强了系统的鲁棒性。     

两自由度并联机器人的RBF神经网络辨识滑模控制策略研究

针对两自由度并联机器人的轨迹跟踪问题,提出一种基于RBF神经网络辨识上界的滑模控制策略。该方案利用RBF神经网络对被控对象的不确定上界进行辨识,将所得的上界值适时送到滑模控制器,既发挥了RBF神经网络具有逼近任意函数的优点,又保留了滑模变结构控制的快速性和鲁棒性,达到了理想的控制效果。     

基于径向基函数神经网络控制的机械臂轨迹误差研究

当前,机械臂关节运动轨迹容易受到外界环境的干扰,导致运动轨迹不稳定,抖动现象特别严重,不能很好地满足轨迹跟踪任务的要求。对此,文中创建机械臂双关节运动简图模型,采用径向基函数(RBF)神经网络自适应控制方法跟踪机械臂关节的运动轨迹。分析了机械臂运动轨迹所产生的误差,设计了机械臂关节神经网络自适应控制器,引用李雅普诺夫函数对控制器的稳定性和收敛性进行了证明。结合具体实例,借助于Matlab软件对机械臂双关节的运动轨迹追踪误差进行仿真。同时,与模糊PID控制的仿真误差进行对比和分析。仿真曲线显示,机械臂关节采用RBF神经网络自适应控制方法,运动轨迹追踪所产生的误差较小,输入力矩的振动幅度相对较小。因此,机械臂关节末端采用RBF神经网络自适应控制器,可以降低运动轨迹的跟踪误差,改善振动现象。     

双泵分腔调控电液负载模拟系统复合滑模控制

针对阀控电液负载模拟系统中存在的能耗高、非线性摩擦和舵机运动干扰等问题,提出双泵控制电液负载模拟系统的方案,并且采用滑模控制以保证系统的鲁棒性。建立双泵分腔调控电液负载模拟系统的数学模型;在此基础上,针对单泵控系统动态特性差的问题,设计力-总压力复合控制策略,使其具有和阀控系统相似的动态特性;对于传统的滑模控制造成系统抖振而引起系统的跟踪效果不好的问题,提出一种基于模糊趋近律的等效滑模控制器,并对其稳定性进行了理论分析。最后,经过联合仿真,验证了所设计的控制策略和控制器具有可行性和有效性。结果表明：所提出的复合滑模控制电液负载模拟系统具有良好的跟踪效果,且能够显著地降低系统能耗。     

移动机器人神经网络补偿计算力矩控制

针对存在动力学不确定建模项、建模误差及外界干扰的移动机器人,设计RBF神经网络补偿计算力矩控制算法。基于反步法设计运动学辅助速度控制率。根据动力学理想名义模型,基于计算力矩法设计一般的力矩控制器。在此基础上,建立具有不确定建模项、建模误差及外界干扰的移动机器人动力学模型,基于计算力矩法设计带有RBF神经网络补偿的力矩控制器,神经网络的权值由自适应律给出。最后,利用Lyapunov理论证明了系统的稳定性。仿真结果表明：神经网络对系统不确定项具有良好的逼近性能,相比于一般的计算力矩控制,所提出的神经网络补偿计算力矩控制算法具有更好的跟踪性能,控制系统具有更好的鲁棒性。     

模糊神经滑模控制在气动位置伺服系统中的应用

针对不确定的气动位置伺服系统的跟踪控制问题,提出了一种基于神经网络的模糊滑模控制策略。该控制器用于控制气动伺服关节机器人,仿真结果表明该控制器对系统的不确定性具有较强的鲁棒性,并且具有良好的跟踪性能。     

采用神经网络模糊滑模控制的液压驱动活塞位置控制研究

针对液压驱动活塞运动轨迹和压力精度跟踪误差较大问题,设计了神经网络模糊滑模控制,并对控制精度进行仿真验证。创建了液压缸驱动平面简图,推导出液压缸腔室内部参数变化方程式。分析了液压缸驱动压力和位置的变化,采用线性模型建立输入和输出变换方程式。引用滑模控制方法,采用神经网络算法对滑模控制进行逼近,通过模糊切换规则对滑模控制进行自适应调整。采用MATLAB对液压缸活塞轨迹和腔室压力跟踪进行仿真验证,并且与滑模控制输出效果进行比较和分析。结果表明:采用滑模控制方法,液压缸活塞运动轨迹和腔室压力跟踪误差较大;而采用神经网络模糊滑模控制方法,液压缸活塞运动轨迹和腔室压力跟踪误差较小。采用神经网络模糊滑模控制方法,液压缸控制系统自适应调节能力较强,从而提高了活塞运动轨迹和腔室压力跟踪精度。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。