美国得克萨斯州风电消纳的市场运行机制及启示

美国得克萨斯州风电装机容量一直稳居美国第一。作为得州电网独立运营机构的得州电力可靠性委员会（ERCOT）,曾面临集中式开发和外送的风电消纳困难,在2009年全年全网弃风率达到17%。经过对电网的投资建设和在电力市场及调度运行方面的优化与提升,得州电网内的弃风量显著降低,近几年一直维持在2%以下。主要分析ERCOT在适应风电消纳方面所采用的市场机制,通过借鉴ERCOT在风电管理和消纳方面的实践经验,提出对中国集中式风电消纳的启示和建议。     

科技快讯

黑龙江省电力有限公司风电接入科研项目通过验收12月1日,黑龙江电力有限公司电力调度通信中心自主研发的《风电场接入黑龙江电网运行分析研究》项目通过验收。该项目着力解决黑龙江电网大容量风电机组接入系统的计算分析和安全稳定运行问题,为进一步提高黑龙江电网风电接纳能力提供科学依据。     

东润环能受邀参加调度运行会议

9月25日,2012年黑龙江电网风电调度运行工作会议在伊春市召开,黑龙江省内主要新能源投资公司的主要负责人、主管生产领导、运行部门负责人、黑龙江电力调度控制中心的主要负责人,各市相关调度控制中心负责人出席了本次会议;本次会议的主要任务是总结过去一个年度风电调度运行工作情况,分析当前风电运行面临的形势和困难,确定今后工作的目标,进一步做好黑龙江风电调度运行     

风电接入对地区电网影响及控制策略研究

以未来大容量风电不断接入地区电网为背景,研究风电接入对地区电网的影响及相应的调度控制策略。首先以潮流分析为核心,提出一种基于随机潮流计算的风电仿真方法;其次针对电网典型运行方式、不同风电机组模型,通过仿真计算检验区域电网在不同风电接入水平下的变化特性,进而分析风电接入对电网稳定的量化影响;最后提出适用于地区电网现状的调度控制策略。     

同一控制区两级调度风电实时协调控制策略

新能源场站普遍存在点多面广、单场容量相对较小的特点,因此部分电网虽按同一控制区运行,但选择将新能源场站控制权下放,形成风电资源两级控制现状。为协调常规能源与风电运行,最大程度消纳风电,通过将下级调度风电整体等效为上级调度的自动发电控制(AGC)虚拟机组,提出同一控制区两级调度风电实时协调控制架构,并投入实际运行。上级调度根据电网当前运行状态、负荷超短期预测和风电实际出力及预测,每5min滚动计算得到电网内各个下级调度的风电发电指标,经余缺调剂后,下发给下级调度风电AGC执行。在大风季、供暖期的运行结果表明,采用所述的两级调度实时协调控制方案后,达到了京津唐地区风电增发的效果。     

基于调度原理的最优风电装机容量计算

由于风电的装机容量远远超过电网网架的传输能力,使许多地区风电外送受阻,调度人员为保证电网的安全运行,通常将调度周期内电网所剩传输空间的最小值等效为风电场并网的装机容量。这种传统调度方式不仅浪费了调度周期内非最小传输空间的电网传输容量,而且导致大量风电装机容量未被利用,影响了风电的运行效益,为此,在电网现有传输能力基础上,将传统调度方法所确定的风电并网装机容量作为风电装机容量初始值,使风电场装机容量按给定步长递增,然后利用滚动分时段调度方法确定不同装机容量下的风电年发电量,最后以风电最大运行价值为目标,求解风电最优装机容量。以某省实际电网作为算例,算例结果验证了所提方法的可行性与有效性,可大大提高再生能源的利用率。     

新疆北部地区清洁能源出力特性分析

分析了新疆北部阿勒泰、塔城地区风电、光伏、水电出力特性,找出各电源出力特性规律,阐述了风电出力对电网经济性的影响,提出了风电、光伏、水电的利用原则,为该地区的电力电量平衡、调度计划制定及清洁能源运行出力掌控提供了技术参考。     

辽宁风电装机容量333万千瓦

2011年5月16日,来自于辽宁电力公司调度通信中心的信息表明,辽宁电网风电装机容量已增长到333万千瓦,在风电装机容量快速增长的同时,4月份以来正值大风天气频发时期,辽宁部分地区瞬时最大风力达到了7级,风电发电增大。为了提高风电接纳能力,辽宁电力公司严格执行《风电接入电网技术规定》等有关要求     

山西省电力公司成功研发山西电网和谐调度支持系统

山西省电力公司成功研发了山西电网和谐调度支持系统。该系统从电网安全稳定运行、国家节能减排政策、智能电网发展规划、节能发电调度、风电等新能源大规模接纳和山西电网电源结构的现实情况出发,以燃煤、供热、脱硫、空冷机组为应用对象,通过在电力调度通信中心远程实时监测和综合评价机组的能耗与排放水平,     

大规模风电运行的调度模式设计

大规模风电入网,是当前内蒙古电网面临的主要问题之一。研究风电负荷特性对电网调度的影响,得出全网风电极小值对电网运行影响最大的结论。分析风电功率预测在电网运行管理中的作用,提出风电预测的超短期、短期和中期预测相结合的模式,用于电网调度部门的风电运行管理,降低风电对电网的冲击。说明采用电网调峰容量接纳风电,可以大幅度降低电网接纳风电的风险;并指出应按照风电跨省、跨区接纳方式,设计适用于风电运行管理的扁平化调度模式。     

Experience with ERCOT System's IT development and operation

ERCOT is an independent, not for profit organization that manages the deregulated electric system in the state of Texas. The deregulation model includes separate markets for bulk power and retail choice, with ERCOT acting as a facilitator for ancillary service market operation, reliability coordination and retail switching. The information technology (IT) tools are broadly classified under three categories-technical operations, commercial operations, and data warehouse. Technical operations include the market operation system (MOS) working in tandem with the power operation system (POS). Commercial operations include the client registration, load profiling, data acquisition, data aggregation, settlements, billing and a transaction clearing house. Since the ERCOT market is an evolving market, new market rules and reliability standards are established periodically and the IT tools are updated to reflect these changes. This paper provides an overview of the development and operational process of the IT tools pertaining to the ERCOT technical operations system.     

Integration of compressed air energy storage systems co-located with wind resources in the ERCOT transmission system

In this paper, we investigate optimal locations and capacity for integrating storage systems in the electric transmission grid to improve wind power production. The impacts on wind power production and conventional thermal generation due to operation of utility-scale storage systems are simulated. A compressed air energy storage (CAES) is chosen as an utility-scale storage technology, which can provide several hundred MWs of electric power. A mixed integer programming (MIP) is implemented for the mathematical formulation. The Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) wind, load data and its simplified transmission system are used for a case study. To mandate wind power production, we apply 20% goal for renewable portfolio standard (RPS). Operation of 1350 MW CAESs improves wind power production and RPS target achievements, however, thermal generation does not significantly decrease under the given simulation condition.     

The Annual Black Start Service Selection Analysis of ERCOT Grid

This paper evaluates ERCOT's existing annual Black Start service selection analysis and subsequently presents novel selection procedures. ERCOT procures Black Start resources annually through a competitive process. It selects and awards contracts to qualifying resources after completing a Black Start unit selection analysis, which selects a group of Black Start resources that meet a set of system selection criteria consisting of system reliability and minimum cost parameters. A current analysis methodology exists, but due to its inherent limitations, it is very labor intensive. Further analysis methodology development is performed to streamline the selection process, enable additional functions, reduce the manual intervention of personnel, and overall to improve the selection analysis. This paper analyzes the current Black Start automatic program analysis, and proposes new methodologies, programming improvements, and enhanced user ability.     

Stochastic Security for Operations Planning With Significant Wind Power Generation

In their attempt to cut down on greenhouse gas emissions from electricity generation, several countries are committed to install wind power generation up to and beyond the 10%-20% penetration mark. However, the large-scale integration of wind power represents a challenge for power system operations planning because wind power 1) cannot be dispatched in the classical sense; and 2) its output varies as weather conditions change. This warrants the investigation of alternative short-term power system operations planning methods capable of better coping with the nature of wind generation while maintaining or even improving the current reliability and economic performance of power systems. To this end, this paper formulates a short-term forward electricity market-clearing problem with stochastic security capable of accounting for nondispatchable and variable wind power generation sources. The principal benefit of this stochastic operation planning approach is that, when compared to a deterministic worst-case scenario planning philosophy, it allows greater wind power penetration without sacrificing security.     

德国新能源发电发展和运行研究

近年来,德国新能源发展迅猛,新能源发电量占比逐年提高。分析德国各类电源装机、发电量和发电小时数变化,揭示德国近十年来的能源转型历程。分析德国及其与周边国家联络线电量和电价的变化情况,研究新能源发展给德国电价带来的影响。通过典型周电力系统运行数据,分析德国电力系统应对新能源功率波动性的措施。德国新能源发展和运行实践表明,新能源优化运行和最大化消纳主要取决于灵活的电力现货市场机制、强有力的电源调节能力和坚强的跨国输电网络,同时,新能源的发展将对全社会电力生产成本和电价产生重大影响。     

When ancillary services decrease with more wind in ERCOT

The extant literature predicts that increasing penetration of variable generation resources should have a profound effect on ancillary services for maintaining system frequency and reliability. However, a study of the ERCOT market found that between 2014 and 2017, the procured quantities of ancillary services continuously declined, while annual wind generation output increased by 26 million MWh. This article discusses potential reasons for the phenomenon of declining need for ancillary services and its implications.     

上海风电发展现状及前景分析

风电作为成熟的规模化可再生能源技术,与其它形式的可再生能源相比,在建造成本和技术方面具有很大的竞争优势。根据国际、国内风电发展形势,结合上海市风力资源和地理位置以及发展现状,分析了上海发展风电产业的潜力。     

Optimal Automatic Generation Control with Hydro,Thermal, Gas,and Wind Power Plants in 2-Area Interconnected Power System

Abstract

This paper explores automatic generation control (AGC) of a more realistic 2-area multi-source power system comprising hydro, thermal, gas, and wind energy sources-based power plants in each control area. The wind power plants (WPPs) have been growing continuously worldwide due to their inherent feature of providing eco-friendly sustainable energy. But, operations of WPPs are associated with system stability problems due to lack of inertia. However, WPPs do not participate in the elimination of mismatch between generation and demand by AGC but disturbance can be injected by the WPPs due to the stochastic nature of wind energy. An optimal controller based on full state feedback control theory is designed to conduct the study. The system dynamic performance analysis is carried out for 1% step load disturbance in corresponding control areas. It is observed that the system dynamic graphs of deviation in area frequency and tie-line power are significantly improved with the implementation of optimal AGC controller compared to GA tuned classical controller. It has also been shown that the WPPs aid the increase in load disturbance when the input wind power reduces but it negates the effect of increase in load disturbance for increase in wind energy to the WPPs.     

A two‐layered neighborhood tabu search‐based approach to optimal allocation of D‐FACTS in distribution systems

This paper proposes two‐layered neighborhood tabu search for determining the optimal allocation and output of D‐FACTS device in a distribution system with uncertain wind power generation. In recent years, wind power generation has been introduced into distribution systems for clean and inexhaustible distributed generation. However, a distribution system with wind power generation often encounters the reverse flow due to the uncertain output performance of wind power generation. As a result, the voltage variation may become much larger. In this paper, two‐layered neighborhood tabu search is proposed to determine the optimal allocation and output of D‐FACTS devices. To consider the uncertainty of wind power generation, this paper carries out Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate the probabilistic voltage assessment in the distribution system with uncertain wind power generation. The proposed method is successfully applied to a sample system. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 155(3): 29–37, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20103