秸秆发酵电厂建设可行性研究

针对我国秸秆资源的特点,提出了采用大型沼气池利用秸秆为原料高温发酵生产沼气,然后通过内燃机组、余热锅炉以及汽轮机组等设备的联合动力循环、沼气代替液化气满足村镇居民的生活用气、沼渣生产有机肥的秸秆综合利用技术路线,该系统采用成熟技术的组合,所有设备均可国产化.介绍了该系统的工艺路线,并分析了其技术可行性与项目经济性.分析结果表明,发电余热完全可以维持沼气池内50～55℃的温度,能够实现高温发酵;以消耗秸秆9万t/a(折合含水量15%,原始热值13.5 MJ/kg)的发酵电厂为例,能够日产热值为21 MJ/m3的沼气72 000 m3,发电量5×107 kWh/a,生产有机肥4.4万t/a;项目投资回收期大约5年.     

稻秆慢速热解的需热量及动力学分析

应用热重-差式扫描(TG-DSC)同步热分析仪进行稻秆的热解实验,通过对DTG和DSC曲线的对比分析,详细探讨了稻秆的基本热解过程;以440 K为临界温度,将实验曲线转换为干稻秆DSC曲线,升温速率β为10,15,20和30 K/min时,干稻秆的热解净热效应分别为878,836,770,841 kJ/kg;采用Coats-Redfern积分法进行动力学分析,基于典型固态反应动力学机理模型,按最小二乘法原理确定A2模型为最佳动力学机理模型。结果表明,随着升温速率的增加,稻秆试样的活化能增加。同时,稻秆热解符合2段机理模型。     

Biofuel potential production from cottonseed oil: A comparison of non-catalytic and catalytic pyrolysis on fixed-fluidized bed reactor

Conversion of vegetable oils predominantly composed of triglycerides using pyrolysis type reactions represents a promising option for the production of renewable fuels and chemicals. The purpose of this article was to compare catalytic cracking with thermal cracking on production of gaseous hydrocarbon and gasoline conversion by cottonseed oil, and to discuss the difference on composition of products from catalytic cracking and thermal cracking. Reaction products are heavily dependant on the catalyst type (catalyst activation) and reaction conditions. They can range from dry gas to light distillate, such as dry gas, liquefied petroleum gas and gasoline. When the temperature of catalytic cracking is over 460 °C, the effects of thermal cracking must be considerable.     

Chemical kinetics of bean straw biofuel pyrolysis using maximum volatile release method

Maximum volatile release (MVR) methods, including single point (MVR-S) and multiple (MVR-M) points, are proposed to extract the kinetics used to predict the fuel bean straw pyrolysis process. The simulation results were compared to those of the distributed activation energy model (DAEM). For the TGA (thermogravimetric analysis) experiments, fuels were heated from ambient temperature to 1,173 K at the heating rates of 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 K min^?1, and the corresponding maximum volatile release points were obtained. For the MVR-S method, both the activation energy (E) and pre-exponential factor (B) increased with increasing heating rates. For the pyrolysis weight loss process, the DAEM showed best agreement with the experimental data, followed by the MVR-M, and then the MVR-S method. However, for weight loss rate prediction, MVR-S method had the best match with the experimental data, whereas the DAEM and MVR-M method generated more errors.     

玉米秆热解的最概然机理

引言我国秸秆原料年产能约为7亿吨,约合3.5亿吨标准煤,包括玉米秆、麦秆和稻草等[1]。秸秆的可再生性、零CO2排放和短生长周期等优势,使其成为生物质利用的重要对象之一[2]。由于成本相对低廉,热化学转换在秸秆利用中占据重要地     

木质素慢速热解机理

利用热重考察了不同升温速率下木质素的热解特性,结合红外光谱对木质素热解的不同阶段生成的半焦的表征结果,分析了木质素在慢速升温条件下的热裂解机理,表明:木质素的热解是一个旧键断裂挥发、新键重组的过程。热解过程随着反应时间的推移依次分为水分挥发、支链断裂重组或挥发和芳环缩聚成碳3个阶段。采用Flynn-Wall-Ozawa方法,根据不同升温速率下测得的失重速率变化求算后两个阶段的活化能,结果分别为64 kJ·mol^-1和132 kJ·mol^-1,进一步证明了木质素热解的分段特征,并表明芳环缩聚成碳所需活化能远大于与苯环相连的支链断裂所需的能量。     

常见农林生物质稻草的催化热解动力学特性

采用热重法对稻草的催化热解特性及反应动力学进行了研究。同时采用Coats-Redfern法对稻草的催化热解过程进行了拟合计算,得到稻草热解的活化能和指前因子。结果表明,酸洗脱灰后稻草热解的初始温度和结束温度都有所升高,稻草的热解反应活性明显降低,热解曲线向高温区移动;而金属盐的加入使稻草的热解曲线向低温区移动,反应活性增加。酸洗后稻草热解活化能升高,加入不同浓度的钾离子、钙离子和镁离子后求得的活化能明显降低,而且加入金属离子的浓度越高,稻草热解的活化能越低。     

Fixed-bed pyrolysis of cotton stalk for liquid and solid products

The pyrolysis of cotton stalk was studied for determining the main characteristics and quantities of liquid and solid products. Particular variables investigated were temperature (from 400 °C to 700 °C), particle sizes (from 0.25 mm to 1.8 mm) and nitrogen gas flow rate (from 50 and 400 cm³/min). All experiments were performed at a heating rate of 7 °C/min. The results showed that particle size and nitrogen flow rate did not exert a significant influence, whereas temperature was very significant. The liquid products and the subfractions of pentane-soluble fraction were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, ¹H-NMR spectroscopy, and the pentane subfraction was analysed by gas chromatography. The characterization of char was performed in terms of its elemental composition, surface area and FT-IR spectroscopy. The H/C and O/C ratios of the chars decreased with the rise in the temperature. FT-IR showed that results the hydroxyl and carbonyl functionalities were lost at high temperatures. According to the experimental results the liquid products can be used as liquid fuels, whereas the solid products can be transformed to activated carbon for adsorption processes.     

Transesterification of rapeseed oil for the production of biodiesel using homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis

In the present work, the transesterification reaction of rapeseed oil with methanol, in the presence of alkaline catalysts, either homogeneous (NaOH) or heterogeneous (Mg MCM-41, Mg–Al Hydrotalcite, and K+ impregnated zirconia), using low frequency ultrasonication (24 kHz) and mechanical stirring (600 rpm) for the production of biodiesel fuel was studied. Selection of heterogeneous catalysts was based on a combination of their porosity and surface basicity. Their characterization was carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Nitrogen adsorption–desorption porosimetry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The activities of the catalysts were related to their basic strength. Mg–Al hydrotalcite showed particularly the highest activity with conversion reaching 97%). The activity of ZrO₂ in the transesterification reaction increased as the catalyst was doped with more potassium cations, becoming thus more basic. Use of ultrasonication significantly accelerated the transesterification reaction compared to the use of mechanical stirring (5 h vs. 24 h).Given the differences in experimental design, it can be concluded that the homogeneous catalyst accelerated significantly the transesterification reaction, as compared to all heterogeneous catalysts, using both mechanical stirring (15 min vs. 24 h) and ultrasonication (10 min vs. 5 h). However, the use of homogeneous base catalysts requires neutralization and separation from the reaction mixture leading to a series of environmental problems related to the use of high amounts of solvents and energy. Heterogeneous solid base catalysts can be easily separated from the reaction mixture by simple filtration, they are easily regenerated and bear a less corrosive nature, leading to safer, cheaper and more environment-friendly operations.     

稻草和废塑料的热解性能研究

考察了稻草和废塑料在不同温度下单独热解时的气、液相收率,并将它们按不同比例混合,进行了稻草与废塑料的共热解性能实验研究。结果表明,稻草热解过程中添加少量废塑料(塑料与稻草质量比低于4∶10)可以增加气体产物的收率,并且随着废塑料添加比例的增加,热解气中CO2的含量明显下降,CH4与不饱和烃的含量有所增加,这有利于提高热解气中可燃气体的收率,增加经济效益,为实现废塑料的回收增值利用开辟了一条新的途径。     

Biodiesel production from waste animal fats using pyrolysis method

It is necessary to utilize waste cooking oil as a raw material of biodiesel because the land area available for cultivation in Japan is limited. Waste cooking oil also includes long-chain saturated compounds and free fatty acids derived from animal fats. The former has a high freezing point and the latter forms a soap with the alkali catalyst typically used in biodiesel production, reducing the yield. To make waste cooking oil available for biodiesel production, pyrolysis of the waste oil was attempted. The resulting triacylglycerols were found to decompose at 360 to 390 °C, fatty acids were generated by cleavage of the ester bond, and short-chain hydrocarbons and short-chain fatty acids were generated by cleavage of the unsaturated bonds in the hydrocarbon chain. When the retention time was extended with a reaction temperature of 420 °C, light-oil hydrocarbons were generated by decarboxylation of the fatty acids. By adding palladium supported by activated carbon (Pd/C) as a catalyst, decarboxylation was promoted, and hydrocarbons comparable to light oil were selectively obtained in high yield at 85 wt.%. Compared to the biodiesel obtained by transesterification, the biodiesel obtained by pyrolysis showed improvement of about − 5 °C in the pseudo-cold filter plugging point.     

微波辅助下热解麦秆制取生物油的分析

采用微波辅助条件下热解稀硫酸预处理的麦秆制取生物油,产物采用分级萃取进行固液分离,依次分离出了环己烷萃取物、乙酸乙酯萃取物、甲醇萃取物和四氢呋喃萃取物,并用气相色谱/质谱联用仪（GC/MS）分析了各级萃取物。结果表明,本研究制取的生物油中化合物种类较少,有利于生物油中高附加值化学品的分离,其中5,6-二氢吡喃-2-酮在环己烷萃取物中的相对含量为45.0%,糠醛在生物油总产物中的相对含量为45.6%。此外,生物油中酸的相对含量为16.0%,表明该生物油含酸量高而不易于直接作为燃料油使用。     

高铝矾土改性对稻草热解与气化特性的影响

在固定床中研究了高铝矾土改性剂及其浓度和反应温度对稻草热解产气特性的影响,选取固定床中最佳实验条件,在流化床中研究了改性高铝矾土床料对稻草气化特性及焦油产率的影响。结果表明,不同物质改性的高铝矾土对稻草热解产气特性的影响不同,4种物质提高稻草热解产气能力的顺序为CaCl2相似文献   

秸秆热解-页岩灰催化裂解生产低焦油生物合成气

为从高粱秸秆生产高品质、低焦油含量生物合成气,基于其单段热解特性研究,借助两段式固定床反应器实施两段热解（热解+裂解）,同时考察页岩灰对热解挥发分的催化裂解效果。结果表明：相对单段热解,两段热解强化了水蒸气与挥发分（尤其是与热解气）的交互;提高裂解温度促进焦油裂解和重整,便利了热解气的生成,同时提高合成气（H₂+CO）的产率和H₂/CO体积比;裂解中加入页岩灰显著促进生物焦油气化,大幅降低气体产物焦油含量：裂解温度适中（约850℃）时（450℃热解）,热解气产率超过40%（质量）,焦油产率低于1.0%（质量）,合成气产量约186 ml·g^-1、体积分数高达64%,且H₂/CO比超过0.5。页岩灰便利H₂的生成,主要源于其铁组分对水气变换的催化作用。     

两段式回转炉热解菜籽饼

通过研究菜籽饼的工业分析,发现挥发分比例较高适合对其热解利用,采用热重分析方法分析了厨菜籽饼的热解特性,提出了菜籽饼两段式热解转化利用的思路。在回转炉中对菜籽饼进行热解反应并分析了500 ℃下固液产物的组成和性质,发现固液产率较高,焦油及焦炭品质较好,具有广阔发展前景,为菜籽饼大规模地资源化利用提供了一条新的道路。     

Biofuels from waste fish oil pyrolysis: Continuous production in a pilot plant

Fast pyrolysis of waste fish oil was performed in a continuous pyrolysis pilot plant. The experiment was carried out under steady-state conditions in which 10 kg of biomass was added at a feed rate of 3.2 kg h⁻¹. A bio-oil yield of 72-73% was obtained with a controlled reaction temperature of 525 °C. The bio-oil was distilled to obtain purified products with boiling ranges corresponding to light bio-oil and heavy bio-oil. These biofuels were characterized according to their physico-chemical properties, and compared with the Brazilian-fuel specifications for conventional gasoline and diesel fuels. The results show that the fast pyrolysis process represents an alternative technique for the production of biofuels from waste fish oil with characteristics similar to petroleum fuels.     

Thermal characterization of mustard straw and stalk in nitrogen at different heating rates

The pyrolysis of mustard straw and stalk was investigated at different heating rates from the ambient temperature to a temperature of 700 °C in a dynamic nitrogen flow of 40 cc/min. The thermogravimetric (TG) and derivative thermogravimetric analysis (DTG) profiles were examined for the entire degradation zone to determine the order of reaction, pre-exponential factor and activation energy. The orders of reaction were in the range of 0.61–1.02, activation energy in the range of 10.83–21.63 kJ/mol and pre-exponential factor was in the range of 15.67–27.2 min⁻¹. This study of kinetics of pyrolysis of this abundant biomass is helpful in developing the mechanism of a thermochemical conversion process.     

Thermodestruction of Mongolian and Russian lignite in slow and fast pyrolysis

The ozonization products of regular and oxidized lignite, semicoke, and humic acids consist of a mixture of aliphatic monocarboxylic and dicarboxylic acids and aromatic polycarboxylic acids of the benzene, naphthalene, and phenanthrene series.