型煤“三大要素”浅谈

型煤作为煤炭的深加工产品，在煤资源的充分利用方面，已显示出它独有的可行性与节能性。从早期碳化煤球与目前广泛应用的腐植酸煤棒、煤球的比较来看，碳化煤球制作工艺复杂、成本高，对煤炭利用的热效率低，特别是碳化煤球降低了原煤的固定碳含量，直接影响了其工业价值。而腐植酸煤球，虽然其工业燃烧指标要优于碳化煤球，但在制作过程中，人们由于忽视了制作型煤的“三大要素”，     

配煤型煤生产技术及其应用

气化用工业型煤技术在我国是从60年代开始发展起来的，当时为了缓解无烟煤块煤供应紧张状况，很多化肥厂建造了石灰碳化煤球、粘土煤球、清水煤棒等型煤生产线。最近几年，经过一些科研单位的深入研究，气化用工业型煤技术又有了一定程度的发展，但是真正投入正常生产的气化用工业型煤生产线还很少，特别是适用于地方煤气化的配煤成型技术。则很少有人研究。     

我国型煤及其黏合剂开发现状

<正> 我国各地氮肥生产企业先后开发过石灰碳化煤球、腐植酸型煤、黏土煤球、清水煤棒和纸浆煤球等型煤技术。由于丰我国工业型煤技术仍处于较分散的单独研究和开发状态,特别是具有高强、高防水性能的黏合剂开发较弱,因而导致型     

型煤制作自动化改造

有的氮肥厂原料煤不用块煤而是型煤，有的使用腐植酸煤球，有的使用石灰碳化煤球，不论哪一种方法都必须把原料煤大部分粉煤筛出来，一小部分块煤通过破碎后再筛选出来，然后制作成型煤，供造气车间使用。这就要有一个制作型煤的原料车间，中间就涉及到原料煤和石灰及筛灰的运输，配比制作等环节，都需要很大的劳动量，下面就我公司的制作型煤的自动化改造的流程和设备的选型以及使用情况进行阐述及总结。     

气化型煤生产关键技术

从型煤粘合剂的选择到腐植酸钠粘合剂的配制、石灰碳化型煤生产工艺流程和设备配置、煤球与煤棒的选择等方面,系统阐述了气化型煤生产的关键技术。     

关于型煤生产增产降耗与气化技术发展趋势的探讨(上)

1国内粉煤成型技术状况气化用工业型煤技术在我国20世纪60年代开始发展,当时为了缓解无烟煤块煤供应短缺和运输紧张的状况,特别是在我国南方很多小氮肥企业建造了石灰碳化煤球、黏土煤球、清水煤棒、腐植酸钠煤棒等型煤生产线,但因当时粉煤成型     

粘结剂型煤的制造与造气试验

在小氮肥厂以无烟粉煤加入ＨＭ－３粘结剂，制成气化型煤，检测其冷，热态抗压强度，落下强度，型煤性能优于目前工业上使用的石灰碳化煤球。在φ２．２６ｍ造气炉内进行造气试验，结果表明，操作平稳，产气量和灰渣含碳量等指标均优于石灰碳化煤球，可作为小氮肥厂造气用块煤的代用原料。     

推广运用变压吸附技术实现中小氮肥企业的跨越式发展（下）

4 型煤技术现状 20世纪60年代后,我国中小氮肥企业迅猛发展,合成氨原料煤的供求矛盾日益突出。为了解决原料煤的供应问题,福建省永春合成氨厂在国内率先开发成功了以石灰为粘结剂通过碳化固化的碳化煤球,用于合成氨生产。在90年代以前,碳化煤球几乎是唯一能在实际生产中应用的合成氨气化型煤技术。但是,由丁碳化煤球要加入25％左右的石灰,     

型煤的生产和应用

亚洲新能源控股（信阳）有限公司与有关单位联合，采用先进型煤生产技术及腐植酸钠颗粒粘结剂替代原始方法，与粉碎的煤末经充分搅拌、沤化、挤压成型、烘干窑烘干制取煤球供造气使用。其优点是生产工艺简单、煤球性质稳定，煤球发热值在6000kJ／kg以上，为造气工段操作创造良好的生产基础。     

泥炭土型煤在合成氨生产中的应用研究（Ⅱ）

介绍泥炭土型煤－煤棒的生产工艺过程及其气化特性，并在Φ２２６０造气炉上进行造气试验。试验表明，泥炭土型煤在合成氨生产中代替石灰碳化煤球造气具有一定的可行性。     

降低F—T合成汽油成本的途径

用晋城无烟煤粉制违腐钠煤球来代替块煤生产F-T合成原料气，可以降低合成汽油成本约230元／吨．本文介绍了腐钠煤球粘结剂的复合配方和单一配方的实验室及工业试验结果，以供评议分析．     

Effect of the conditions of the coliquefaction of Ukrainian sulfur coals and polyolefins on the yield and composition of products

The coliquefaction of sulfur lignites and bituminous coals from Ukraine with polyethylene and polypropylene wastes was studied. The gas environment and the nature of catalysts were varied. The degree of conversion of the mixture and the yields of oils, asphaltenes, preasphaltenes, and volatile matter from the residues of coliquefaction were determined. It was hypothesized that oils were mainly formed from coals, especially in the mixtures of coals with polyethylene, whereas asphaltenes and preasphaltenes were formed from polyolefins.     

The amenability of some Witbank bituminous ultra fine coals to binderless briquetting

Five ultra fine bituminous coals from the Witbank coalfield were studied. Selected chemical and physical properties, coal petrographic characteristics and mineralogical compositions of the coals were measured. The coals were compacted, using a briquetting press, at various feed moisture contents. The formed briquettes were then tested for compressive strength and water resistance and the values correlated with the coal characteristics and the briquetting conditions. The coals were found to be amenable to conventional binderless briquetting. The bonding in the briquettes was found to be due mainly due to the impurities in the coals, particularly kaolinite. This may add a new perspective to the fundamentals of the binderless briquetting of bituminous coals.     

The effects of morphological changes and mineral matter on H2S evolution during coal pyrolysis

The H₂S release profiles of five important Colombian coals have been monitored using temperature programmed pyrolysis. It was found that there was no correlation between the amount of H₂S and the sulphur content of the original coals. Coals which had been treated to remove all of the mineral matter and inorganic sulphur showed a good correlation with the free swelling index of the coals. This was explained by the physical trapping of H₂S in closed porosity formed during pyrolysis. A similar result was found for demineralised coals with pyrite present. The H₂S for untreated coals showed no systematic variation with rank, the coal sulphur content or free swelling index. This was because certain coals were rich in finely dispersed calcium which could chemically prevent H₂S release.     

Behaviour of inorganic matter during heating of Bulgarian coals: 2. Subbituminous and bituminous coals

Bulgarian subbituminous (Pernik, Bobov Dol) and bituminous (Balkan) coals were gradually heated under air from 100 °C to their fluid ash-fusion temperatures (1400–1600 °C) via 100 °C intervals and the behaviour of their inorganic matter (IM) was studied. The original minerals and newly formed inorganic phases in the oxidation and combustion products (OCPs) of these coals were identified and the behaviour of 33 minerals and phases was described. The coals studied reveal high detrital abundance and low authigenic mineralization with sulphide–sulphate, carbonate or mixed sulphide–sulphate and carbonate tendencies. The IM of coals is composed mainly of quartz, kaolinite, illite + muscovite, feldspars, pyrite, and calcite, while the other minerals identified have subordinate occurrence. The IM of OCPs includes various pre-existing minerals and newly formed phases. The latter phases are glass, quartz–cristobalite–tridymite, mullite, amorphous clay material, hematite–magnetite, anhydrite, and others originating from the heating of these coals or storage of their OCPs. The physico-chemical processes and temperatures that result in the formation of new phases in OCPs are described. The relationships between the ash-fusion behaviour and chemical and mineral composition of the coals are also discussed. A systematization of the physico-chemical transformations and some comparative characterizations, as well as prediction of certain technological and environmental problems related to the behaviour of IM during heating of Bulgarian lignites, subbituminous and bituminous coals are also described and summarized.     

Petrographic and electron-microscopic studies of the oxidation and mineral impurities of coal

The results of studies of the fractured porous structure of the organic matter of coals and the composition of mineral impurities in oxidized black coals are reported. Data of petrographic and electron-microscopic studies combined with microanalysis are given. The possibility of detecting the early stages of coal oxidation based on the appearance of iron sulfate and oxide formed from pyrite was demonstrated.     

Resinite: its infrared spectrum and coalification pattern

On the basis of infrared spectral studies some years ago, it was suggested that the maceral resinite was comprised of two contrasting chemical-structural groups: one confined to peats, brown coals, lignites and sub-bituminous coals, the other to the low- and mediumrank bituminous coals. There was little evidence of the existence of resinites with transitional spectra. The maceral frequently occurred in bituminous coals as veins or interconnected globules probably formed by migration at sub-bituminous levels of coalification. Further support came from their differing responses when carbonized: the highly aliphatic resinites from low-rank deposits distilled with little polymerization or increase in aromaticity, but those from bituminous coals appeared to eliminate non-aromatic CH with development of increasing aromaticity. Recent petrological studies in independent laboratories confirm the contrast between the groups, and the migration, but also suggest that much resinite in bituminous coals is of secondary origin and is due to expulsion from several macerals during the sub-bituminous rank stage, the coalification level corresponding to the period of maximum petroleum generation from crustal organic matter.     

Mechanisms of fine particulates formation with alkali metal compounds during coal combustion

Two types of coals with different sodium (Na) and potassium (K) concentrations were burned in an electrically heated drop tube furnace, to study the formation of particulates in association to alkali metal compounds from the coals. The particulates formed from these coals during combustion were separated by a low pressure impactor (LPI). The particulates collected in each stage of the LPI were analyzed, using an atomic adsorption spectrometer (AAS). The results obtained show that ash particles have bimodal particle size distribution for both coal types. This tendency could be due to the difference of the inherent minerals in raw coals. It was further observed that Na and K were enriched in the fine particulates for both types of coal. There was a dependence of the Na enrichment on the fine particles on concentration of excluded mineral in the raw coals. This work, therefore, showed that the appearance of alkali metal in the ash particles related to the nature of Na and K concentrations in raw coals.     

New chemical structural features of coal. A comparison of several coals

Structural features of several coals of different ranks are compared using an adaptation of the transalkylation reaction. In the present application of this method, trifluoromethanesulphonic acid is used as catalyst and toluene is used in excess as acceptor and solvent. The process can be visualized as a disproportionation reaction in which intermolecular alkyl transfers occur. Under the influence of the acid catalyst, aryl-alkyl bonds in coal are cleaved and alkyl-aryl bonds are formed with the excess toluene solvent. Thus, a large number of substituted toluene derivatives are formed by transfer of groups from coal. Concentrations of ≈ 20 substituent groups and connecting groups are estimated and compared for a range of coals and numerous other compounds are present in small amounts. These compounds are tabulated for two coals and the possible significance and origin of some of them are discussed. The mechanism of the transalkylation reaction as it applies to coal and the reactions of a limited number of relevant model systems are also discussed.     

Filtration in coal liquefaction: filtration of digest prepared from lignite

The filtration characteristics of digests prepared from bituminous coals and lignites are compared. In the case of bituminous coals the filtration rate is sensitive to the presence of gel-like material formed during the early stages of digestion; with lignite the formation of a gel intermediate is undetectable, and it may not form at all. The impact of this difference in dissolution mechanism upon reactor design is considered.