某型发动机5号轴承失效分析

对某型发动机5号轴承进行失效分析.结果表明,该轴承的失效形式为滚动以及滑动接触疲劳;产生滚动以及滑动接触疲劳的原因是轴承套圈不对中.     

钻井泵主轴承螺栓断裂分析

对主轴承螺栓在钻井泵上具体安装配合情况进行了调查，在此基础上，分析计算了主轴承螺栓在钻井泵工作时的受力情况，并通过金相显微镜、扫描电镜等手段对钻井泵主轴承螺栓断裂失效进行了分析。结果表明，该主轴承螺栓受拉－拉和弯曲双重疲劳，且主要在弯曲疲劳的作用下，于主轴承螺栓的应力集中处－螺纹根部，促使疲劳裂纹的产生和扩展，最终导致螺栓的疲劳断裂。为防止这类失效提出了建议。     

某地铁受电弓拉杆球铰轴承失效原因

某地铁受电弓拉杆球铰轴承在运行过程中发生失效断裂.采用宏观分析、断口分析、金相检验、硬度测试及化学成分分析等方法对球铰轴承的失效原因进行了分析.结果表明:该受电弓拉杆球铰轴承的断裂模式属于高周低应力疲劳断裂.球铰轴承在服役过程中承受频繁的振动和交变载荷作用,折角处的微裂纹成为疲劳裂纹源区,裂纹在交变载荷作用下不断扩展,...     

JT9D—7R4G2型发动机八级压气机盘及叶片失效原因分析

通过对失效的第八级压气机盘和叶片观察和金相分析，探讨了该失效件断裂的原因。结果表明，微动磨损引起疲劳断裂。     

29340推力滚子轴承失效分析

通过宏观观察、化学成分分析、硬度测试、金相及断口分析等方法,对29340推力滚子轴承失效的原因进行了分析。结果表明:29340推力滚子轴承在试验安装时,由于施加压力方法不当,内外圈产生偏心,致使外圈受到较大载荷的挤压,产生塑性变形,在压痕和非金属夹杂物处发生断裂。     

发动机惰轮轴承剥落失效分析

某汽车发动机惰轮轴承在路试时轴承出现异响现象,拆解后发现轴承内套圈滚道面发生剥落失效。通过对该失效轴承进行宏观检检、化学成分分析、硬度测试、金相检验、能谱分析和扫描电镜分析,找到了该轴承失效的根本原因。结果表明:由于异常工况使轴承内圈滚道次表面发生白色组织变异,在运转中接触疲劳导致局部区域剥落。同时轴承内套圈材料的颗粒状碳化物聚集分布构成带状偏析和粗大的碳化物,导致钢的力学性能,尤其是疲劳性能显著下降,在受到异常冲击载荷和较大振动的情况下,也易成为疲劳剥落的发源地。     

钛合金杆端体断裂原因

对钛合金杆端自润滑关节轴承进行疲劳试验,在116万次循环拉压后,杆端体耳环处发生断裂。对失效件进行了化学成分、宏观和微观分析。结果表明：杆端体失效形式为疲劳断裂,杆端体耳环和轴承外圈之间发生微动磨损,在循环载荷下,杆端体内孔薄弱处的裂纹扩展,最终发生断裂。     

通风除尘电机轴承内套热损伤疲劳断裂分析

某炼钢厂LF炉外精炼炉通风除尘电机轴承内套在运行过程中发生断裂 ,断裂源位于轴承内表面。用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对断裂件进行宏、微观检验。结果表明 ,电机轴承内套是由于润滑失效产生的热损伤疲劳断裂     

3Cr2W8V合金钢轴承套圈用热挤压芯棒断裂失效分析

某3Cr2W8V合金钢轴承套圈用热挤压芯棒发生断裂失效,通过断口宏观分析、化学成分分析、硬度测试、金相检验等方法,分析了其断裂失效的原因。结果表明:该芯棒的结构设计不合理且机加工表面质量不良,在拉-压交变应力和扭转应力复合作用下产生应力集中,于应力集中的过渡圆角部位的夹杂物相处开裂形成疲劳裂纹源,发生早期疲劳断裂。     

柴油发电机组涡轮增压器主轴轴承失效分析

对进口柴油发电机组正常运行半年后,因涡轮增压器压气端BS轴承失效引起的停机事故进行了失效分析.通过服役条件、现场调研及残骸等分析,找出BS轴承铝合金保持架碎裂是最早失效件.进一步的分析排除了轴承润滑不良引起保持架碎裂的可能性;电镜断口及金相分析查明LA34型轴承装配质量不良和铝合金保持架材料中存在较多的夹杂物和疏松是保持架疲劳断裂的主要原因.     

Analysis of chromatography by plate theory

Recent advances in the plate theory for the analysis of chromatography are reviewed in this article. It can be seen that through a proper definition of height equivalent to a theoretical plate, both plate model and mass-balance model can be closely related. The plate height expressions resulting from various approaches are almost the same in linear chromatography. The emphasis of this article is placed on the extension of plate theory to the configurations of chromatography other than the conventional axial-flow column and to the nonlinear chromatography. The concept of volume equivalent to a theoretical stage has been developed to overcome the problem of design and scale-up of chromatography other than axial-flow configuration. In nonlinear chromatography used for the purification of biomolecules, the retention behavior and the band broadening could be significantly affected by concentration and volume overloads and slow adsorption kinetics. Works on the derivation of thermodynamic and kinetic contributions to plate height owing to nonlinear isotherm and volume overload are reviewed and compared. To conclude this review, future prospects of the application of the plate theory is also presented.     

An Improved Wheeler Residual Stress Model For Remaining Life Assessment of Cracked Plate Panels

In this paper an improved Wheeler residual stress model has been proposed for remaining life assessment of cracked plate panels under variable amplitude loading (VAL). The improvement to the Wheeler residual stress model is in terms of the expressions for the shaping exponent, which is generally obtained through experiments. Simple expressions for the computation of shaping exponent have been proposed for compact tension (CT) specimen and plate panels with a center crack or an edge crack. The remaining life assessment has been carried out by employing linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) principles. In the present study, the degree of influence of overload ratio (OLR) and the shape factor (β) on the shaping exponent have been investigated for remaining life assessment of cracked plate panels under tensile overload. It is observed that the parameters OLR and β have differing influences on the shaping exponent. Crack growth studies have been conducted on CT specimen and plate panels with a center crack or an edge crack subjected to tensile overloads for validating the proposed expressions. It is observed from the studies that the remaining life predicted using the improved Wheeler model for these plate panels are in close agreement with the experimental values reported in literature.     

Experimental measurement of crack opening and closure loads for 6082-T6 aluminium subjected to periodic single and block overloads and underloads

Crack closure and opening stresses have been determined for 6082-T6 aluminium, subjected to single and block overloads and single and block overloads and underloads, using an optical method. The distance between the overloads was varied in order to investigate the effect that crack growth distance between overloads has on crack growth rate. The optical method provided high magnification allowing crack closure away from the crack tip to be determined and the crack advance to be monitored dynamically. The data obtained gives insight into the significance of periodic overloading and underloading as well as what effect interactions, such as crack branching, have on crack growth retardation. The results obtained also enable numerical and analytical codes to be evaluated.     

A self-running standing wave-type bidirectional slider for the ultrasonically levitated thin linear stage

A slider for a self-running standing wave-type, ultrasonically levitated, thin linear stage is discussed. The slider can be levitated and moved using acoustic radiation force and acoustic streaming. The slider has a simple configuration and consists of an aluminum vibrating plate and a piezoelectric zirconate titanate (PZT) element. The large asymmetric vibration distribution for the high thrust and levitation performance was obtained by adjusting the configuration determined by finite elemental analysis (FEA). As a preliminary step, the computed results of the sound pressure distribution in the 1-mm air gap by FEA was com pared with experimental results obtained using a fiber optic probe. The direction of the total driving force for the acoustic streaming in the small air gap was estimated by the sound pressure distribution calculated by FEA, and it was found that the direction of the acoustic streaming could be altered by controlling the vibration mode of the slider. The flexural standing wave could be generated along the vibrating plate near the frequencies predicted based on the FEA results. The slider could be levitated by the acoustic radiation force radiated from its own vibrating plate at several frequencies. The slider could be moved in the negative and positive directions at 68 kHz and 69 kHz, which correspond to the results computed by FEA, with the asymmetric vibration distribution of the slider's vibrating plate. Larger thrust could be obtained with the smaller levitation distance, and the maximum thrust was 19 mN.     

Effect on fatigue crack growth of interactions between overloads

ABSTRACT Various types of interactions between overloads were studied in a 0.38% C low carbon steel. The retarding effect due to consecutive overloads is found to increase with the number of overloads, until it reaches a maximum. Similarly, it is found that a critical distance between overloads ensures the highest retarding effect, while shorter or longer spacing are less efficient for retarding crack growth. These effects are successfully explained using FEM calculations of the effective stress intensity factor. The kinematic hardening of the alloy, which is very efficient in ferritic–pearlitic steels, is shown to be mostly responsible for those effects. Taking into account the amplitude of kinematic hardening allows qualitative explanation of the observed effects. The order of application of the cycles during variable amplitude fatigue is thus important and should be taken into account for predicting fatigue lives.     

FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH DUE TO TWO SUCCESSIVE SINGLE OVERLOADS

The behaviour of fatigue growth and cyclic tip deformation of long cracks due to two successive single overloads was investigated both experimentally and numerically. The results show the effect of the ratio of the second and first overloads, and the crack increment between the two overloads. The contributions of both crack tip blunting and residual stress fields were separated and accommodated in a previously developed crack tip deformation parameter, which was utilized to predict the resulting fatigue crack growth behaviour. The following trends were experimentally observed. Should the ratio of the second and first overloads not be less than one, fatigue crack growth rates followed the predictions based on the second overload. Otherwise, either of the following two situations resulted: (1) when the two overloads were closely applied, the second overload caused an initial acceleration in growth rates followed by a behaviour controlled by the first overload; (2) when the second overload was applied after the crack growth had reached its minimum rate due to the first overload, more retardation in growth rate was observed. Based on the model developed in the paper, it is possible to enhance the retardation effect of an overload if this overload is preceded by another overload. This enhancement depends on the ratio of the two overloads and the crack increment between them.     

Variable amplitude cyclic deformation and fatigue behaviour of stainless steel 304L including step,periodic, and random loadings

This paper discusses cyclic deformation and fatigue behaviours of stainless steel 304L and aluminium 7075‐T6 under variable amplitude loading using strain‐controlled as well as load‐controlled tests. Load sequence effects were investigated in step tests with high‐low and low‐high sequences. For stainless steel 304L, strong hardening induced by the first step of the H‐L sequence significantly affects the fatigue behaviour, depending on the test control mode used. For periodic overload tests of stainless steel 304L, hardening due to the overloads was progressive throughout life and more significant than in H‐L step tests. For aluminium 7075‐T6, no effect on deformation behaviour was observed due to periodic overloads. However, the direction of the overloads was found to affect fatigue life, as tensile overloads led to longer lives, while compressive overloads led to shorter lives. Deformation and fatigue behaviours under random loading were also studied for the two materials. To correlate a broad range of fatigue life data for a material with strong deformation history effect, such as stainless steel, it is shown that a damage parameter with both stress and strain is required. The Smith‐Watson‐Topper parameter as such a parameter is shown to correlate the data reasonably well under different control modes and loading conditions.     

Fracture lifetime of hydrogen-charged AISI 4130 alloy steel under intermittent sustained overloads

The fracture lifetime of a hydrogen-charged AISI 4130 alloy steel under various intermittent sustained overloads was investigated. Overload ratios of 1.4, 1.7, and 2.0 were used to establish five types of intermittent sustained overloads. The magnitude of fracture lifetime was rationalized using the mechanisms of residual compressive stresses, crack closure, dislocation shielding, and hydrogen damage. The fracture lifetime prolonged with increasing the overload ratio and decreasing the hold time and time period. The sustained overloads with the ratio of 2.0, 0.5-h time period, and 0.1-h hold time maximized the fracture lifetime, about 90-fold the lifetime under the overload-free conditions.     

The effect of overloads on threshold and crack closure

The effect of tensile and compressive overloads on the threshold stress intensity level and crack closure behaviour of one aluminium alloy and three steels has been investigated. A few tensile overloads significantly decreased the crack propagation rate and increased the threshold stress intensity. An initially decreased and then increased opening stress was mostly responsible for the delayed retardation and crack arrest. Intermittant compressive overloads significantly accelerated the crack propagation and decreased the threshold stress intensity which was a function of the frequency of overloading. The opening stress was decreased to below zero after a large compressive peak load, and it took >10⁵ cycles for the opening stress to return to its stable level. During this period an initially high crack propagation rate also gradually decreased to the stable value.     

A field investigation into penetration cracks close to dam-to-pier interfaces and numerical analysis

This paper is a preliminary attempt to clarify a cracking issue confronting a double-curvature arch dam. The cracking occurs in the immediate vicinity of the interfaces between the dam body and some of its gate piers. This study seeks to address what is the biggest factor in the occurrence of the cracks. Both an on-site examination and a finite element analysis (FEA) were performed. The on-site examination consists of crack inspection and a concrete strength test. The FEA primarily focuses on structural loads (gravity and hydraulic thrust). The most obvious finding to emerge from the on-site examination is the symmetrical distributions of the cracks in the piers. The trends of the calculated stress contours correlate fairly well with those of the observed crack propagations, regardless of whether or not the hydraulic thrust is considered in the FEA. Our work has led us to conclude that the cracks result primarily from gravity rather than the hydraulic thrust. The cracking issue is independent of the water storage of the reservoir. Long-term and regular monitoring of the cracking lengths and openings should be a priority. The present findings have important implications for further reinforcement and maintenance work on the cracking gate piers.