YG8/GH4169异种材料钎焊接头残余应力的数值模拟

钻探采样技术是实现月球土壤样本采集的首选方法,针对钻采工具中异种材料钎焊接头残余应力大、连接质量差等问题,以ANSYS有限元软件为平台,采用数值模拟方法,分析了YG8/GH4169钎焊接头残余应力的分布情况,以及添加Cu,Mo中间层时对接头残余应力的影响规律.结果表明,在硬质合金/高温合金钎焊接头中存在极大的残余应力,硬质合金靠近焊缝的顶点附近为应力集中的危险区域,最大轴向残余应力约为1 304 MPa;添加Cu,Mo中间层均能有效缓解接头残余应力,当中间层厚度小于0.6 mm时,Cu对接头残余应力的缓解效果更好,中间层厚度大于0.6 mm时,Mo的缓解效果更佳;Cu,Mo作为中间层时,缓解接头残余应力的最佳厚度均为1.0 mm左右,异种材料钎焊接头残余应力的试验结果与数值模拟结果基本吻合.     

Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷/40Cr钢钎焊接头减应措施

选用Cu,Nb,Mo箔中间层,在特定的焊接参数条件下对Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷/40Cr钢接头进行了钎焊试验,分析比较了中间层与钎料的不同匹配对抑制裂纹形核及扩展的影响.结果表明,中间层Cu能有效释放接头残余应力,防止接头产生裂纹;中间层Nb易溶解并聚集成带状,并在该带状组织与钎缝界面萌生裂纹;中间层Mo的减应效果较差.影响Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷/40Cr钢钎焊接头残余应力的因素很多,应综合考虑各因素才能达到有效降低接头应力的目的.     

扩散焊接钨/钢接头残余应力的数值模拟

采用有限元法分析钨/钢扩散焊接头残余应力,并探讨添加钒/镍和钒/铜复合中间层对钨/钢扩散焊接头残余应力分布的影响。结果表明:钨/钢扩散焊接头存在较大的残余应力,靠近中间层附近的钨处存在极大的径向压应力,而靠近中间层附近的钢处和整个中间层区域均存在较大径向拉应力;钨/钢直接扩散焊接头的残余应力极大,钨/钒/镍/钢扩散焊接头的残余应力有所降低,钨/钒/铜/钢扩散焊接头残余应力最小;接头力学性能及断裂特征验证了有限元计算结果的准确性。     

异种材料扩散连接接头残余应力的分布特征及中间层的作用

利用有限元方法 ,模拟分析了异种材料扩散连接接头残余应力的分布特征。分析表明 ,对接头有害的较大的残余应力区域分布在膨胀系数较小母材靠近焊缝附近的地带 ,而残余应力的最大值出现在其界面脆性相及焊缝附近靠近接头边缘的微小区域 ,降低连接温度、减少连接时间有利于减小接头残余应力 ,优化接头的界面应力状态。提出了中间层残余应力因子Rf 和中间层厚度因子Tf 概念 ,考虑到中间层的接触强化影响及被焊金属表面物理接触的形成要求 ,当选择中间层时 ,为降低接头的残余应力 ,应尽量选择 |Rf|、Tf 较小的中间层 ,同时中间层厚度应在能保障形成充分物理接触的前提下取较小的厚度     

TC4／QAl10-3-1-5扩散接头残余应力的有限元数值模拟

采用有限元分析软件ANSYS对TC4与QAl10-3-1．5直接扩散连接和填加Ni中间层扩散连接接头残余应力分布进行了数值模拟。结果表明，对接头强度有害的轴向拉应力巩的最大值出现在靠近接头边缘的界面脆性相及焊缝TC4侧的狭小区域内，且拉应力σy随着向中心轴的靠近而迅速减小并逐渐转为压应力，因此该区域是接头的薄弱区；采用Ni中间层时，应力分布梯度相对缓和一些，最大残余应力出现在中间层Ni与TC4之间的金属间化合物NiTi、Ni3Ti上；而随着中间层厚度的增加，接头残余应力也相应的增大。中间层厚仅存在一个最佳值。     

Ti(C,N)/40Cr钎焊接头残余应力数值计算

使用有限元法模拟计算了Cu箔、Mo箔对缓解Ti(C,N)/40Cr钎焊接头残余应力的效果.结果表明,无缓冲层直接钎焊,在Ti(C,N)金属陶瓷外侧靠近钎缝的狭小区域内产生较高的拉伸残余应力,其峰值达到268 MPa;使用屈服极限低的Cu箔,接头最大残余拉应力下降到98 MPa,缓解应力效果显著,但最大残余拉应力所处区域与无缓冲层相比没有明显变化;使用线膨胀系数小的Mo箔,应力峰值出现在Mo箔中,同时缓解应力效果不如Cu箔;无论使用Cu箔还是Mo箔,最佳厚度约为0.8 mm左右,大于或小于该厚度值,应力得不到有效释放.     

基于ANSYS10.0的管道瞬时液相扩散连接有限元数值模拟

采用有限元分析软件ANSYS10.0对管道瞬时液相扩散连接接头处的残余应力分布进行数值模拟。结果表明,在冷却的初始阶段,焊缝及两侧的母材处的应力急剧下降,残余应力在此产生;冷却后,焊缝处应力下降,且低于两侧母材处的应力;其连接接头的最大应力出现在靠近焊缝两侧的母材上,中间层可以缓和应力的分布。     

YG6硬质合金与40Cr钢钎焊接头减应措施研究

用不同厚度的Cu箔、Ni箔作为缓解接头残余应力的中间层材料,以Ag-Cu共晶合金箔为钎料在880℃,10min的工艺参数条件下对YG6硬质合金和40Cr钢进行了真空钎焊试验.研究结果证实,采用Ni箔做中间层能有效地降低接头应力,大幅提高接头强度;Cu箔能有效降低接头残余应力.但Cu本身强度偏低,同时钎焊过程中大量溶解,...     

Ti-Nb-Cu作缓冲层的TiC金属陶瓷/304不锈钢扩散连接

对TiC金属陶瓷和304不锈钢进行真空扩散连接实验,并采用Ti/Nb/Cu中间层以实现活性连接并缓解接头残余应力的目的。对焊接接头进行详细的组织分析和力学性能测试来评估焊接工艺。分析发现在TiC金属陶瓷和304不锈钢之间形成明显的转变过渡区,界面反应产物为（Ti,Nb）,剩余Nb,剩余Cu以及 Cu（s.s）。连接温度925℃,保温时间20min,压力8MPa下得到的接头剪切强度达84.6MPa,此时脆性断裂发生在靠近界面处的陶瓷内部。结果表明,中间层Ti/Nb/Cu的合理选择能很好的降低金属间化合物对接头性能的有害作用,而且Nb对接头残余应力的改善起到关键作用,有效的提高了接头强度。     

Cu作缓冲层的TiC金属陶瓷/304不锈钢扩散连接（英文）

对TiC金属陶瓷和304不锈钢进行真空扩散连接实验,并采用Ti/Nb/Cu中间层以实现活性连接并缓解接头残余应力的目的。对焊后接头进行详细的组织分析和力学性能测试来评估焊接工艺。分析发现在TiC金属陶瓷和304不锈钢之间形成明显的转变过渡区,界面反应产物为(Ti,Nb)、剩余Nb、剩余Cu以及Cu(s.s)。连接温度925℃,保温时间20 min,压力8 MPa下得到的接头剪切强度达84.6 MPa,此时脆性断裂发生在靠近界面处的陶瓷内部。结果表明,中间层Ti/Nb/Cu的合理选择能很好的降低金属间化合物对接头性能的有害作用,而且Nb对接头残余应力的改善起到关键作用,有效的提高了接头强度。     

Brazing of doped graphite to Cu using stress relief interlayers

The microstructure and shear strength of brazed doped graphite (DG)/Cu joints by active metal brazing were studied. In order to evaluate the effect of stress relief interlayers on mechanical property, both kinds of joints, joined directly and inserted interlayer between substrates, were fabricated. It was found that directly brazing of DG to Cu was unsuccessful within the experimental conditions applied. A finite element method (FEM) was employed to evaluate the residual stress in the joints. It was found that the residual stress caused by the physiochemical properties mismatch between DG and Cu deteriorated the DG/Cu joints strength severely. FEM results showed that the use of Cu or Mo significantly reduced the residual stress, when comparing to those obtained without interlayer. Results from the FEM simulation also indicated that the combination of oxygen free high conductivity copper (OFHC)/Mo multi-interlayers were very effective to mitigate residual stress in the DG/Cu joints. Brazing experiments using OFHC/Mo/OFHC, OFHC/Ti/OFHC and OFHC/Ni/OFHC multi-interlayer were successful in all employed cases and the average strength of the joints reached 19.2 MPa with OFHC/Mo/OFHC multi-interlayer. TiC formation was found to be responsible for the filler metal/DG adhesion, some intermetallic compounds also detected in the braze seam due to the inter-diffusion of metallic elements.     

Evaluation of residual stress and corrosion behaviour of electroless plated Ni−P/Ni−Mo−P coatings

Single Ni?P and Ni?Mo?P coatings as well as duplex Ni?P/Ni?Mo?P coatings with the same compositions were prepared by electroless plating. The residual stresses of the coatings on the surface and cross sections were measured by nanoindentation and AFM analysis, and the corrosion behaviour of the coatings in 10% HCl solution was evaluated by electrochemical methods, to establish the correlation between the residual stresses and corrosion behaviour of the coatings. The results showed that the single Ni?P and duplex Ni?P/Ni?Mo?P coatings presented residual compressive stresses of 241 and 206 MPa respectively, while the single Ni?Mo?P coating exhibited a residual tensile stress of 257 MPa. The residual compressive stress impeded the growth of the pre-existing porosity in the coatings, protecting the integrity of the coating. The duplex Ni?P/Ni?Mo?P coatings had better corrosion resistance than their respective single coating. In addition, the stress states affect the corrosive form of coatings.     

Numerical prediction and neutron diffraction measurement of the residual stresses for a modified 9Cr–1Mo steel weld

A modified 9Cr–1Mo steel provides extremely good mechanical properties at a high temperature when produced and heat treated, and thus the interest in the weld characteristics of a modified 9Cr–1Mo steel is increasing due to its potentiality for an application to modern power plants and advanced reactor systems. For the design and fabrication of stable welded structures, the effects of residual stress and deformation need to be estimated. The objective of this paper is to compare the measured residual stresses for modified 9Cr–1Mo steel welds induced by welding processes and the predicted residual stresses by a numerical simulation. The neutron diffraction technique is used to measure the residual stresses both on the surface and in the interior of a thickness for the welded specimens. A T-plate specimen and a V-butt specimen are prepared and their residual stresses are measured. A finite element model is employed to calculate the transient temperature and the residual stresses. The measured data and the simulation results are compared and the characteristics of a distribution of the residual stresses are discussed.     

超硬材料表面镀覆技术及应用

本文系统论述了金刚石、立方氮化硼超硬磨料与典型金属界面的界面反应、界面结构及界面结合问题。按照金属与金刚珠界面作用结果,将典型金属分为：与金刚石界面反应形成稳定碳化物的亲和性金属,如钛、 钨铬、钼等;与金则石界面不反应的惰性金属,如铜等;与金刚石界面接触促使金刚石石墨化的石墨化金属,如铁、钴、镍等。讨论了亲和性金属与超硬磨料界面反应形成化合的的条件及化合物的结构特征与界面结合经度的关系,从而给出了     

电子封装用Cu/Mo/Cu复合材料的工艺研究

研究了浸涂助复剂（铝基合金）和室温轧制工艺对Cu／Mo／Cu复合界面结合强度的影响，简述了Cu／Mo／Cu复合板室温轧制成形工艺过程，详细分析了表面和界面清理、初道次轧制临界变形率及热处理工艺等因素对复合板结合强度的影响。实验结果得出，钼板浸涂Al—Mn—Zn—Sn合金助复剂后的热处理温度为800～850℃；初道次轧制变形率为45％最佳；复合轧制后合适的退火工艺为450℃，保温60min。     

MoSz在空间对接摩擦材料烧结过程中的行为变化

采用粉末冶金技术制备了空间对接用铜基摩擦材料，利用X射线衍射及定量化学分析技术对MoS2在材料烧结过程中的变化行为及与其他组元之间的作用进行研究。结果表明，MoS2在加压烧结过程中存在三个方面的反应：在高温下分解成Mo和S,并造成了S元素的损失；与Cu作用形成了复杂的铜钼硫化合物；与Cu反应生成了Cu的硫化物，该类化合物具有与MoS2相类似的层状结构，有一定的润滑作用。MoS2高温分解后或MoS2与Cu反应产生的Mo元素与石墨反应形成了Mo的碳化物。另外，双飞粉的加入不仅与材料中的Mo元素作用形成CaMoO4并且改变了铜钼硫化合物、Cu的硫化物以及Mo的碳化物中各元素的麾尔比。     

Cu掺杂类金刚石薄膜应力降低机制的第一性原理研究

目的比较不同浓度Cu掺杂类金刚石薄膜的性能变化规律,并分析Cu掺杂对薄膜性能变化的作用机制。方法建立密度为2.03 g/cm^3、2.87 g/cm^3的不同Cu原子数分数(1.56%~7.81%)掺杂类金刚石薄膜(Cu-DLC)初始模型,采用NVT和NOSE温度调节法模拟熔融退火及淬火过程,以及基于广义梯度近似(GGA)的共轭梯度法优化几何模型,运用CASTEP计算Cu-DLC模型的径向分布函数(RDF)、sp3-C含量、体积模量、键长和键角分布等,并探讨Cu掺杂对DLC膜应力变化的影响机制。结果随Cu含量的增加,薄膜中sp3-C杂化比例增加。与DLC相比,Cu掺杂DLC的RDF中第一峰和第二峰的位置发生显著偏移,薄膜中残余应力随着Cu含量的增加先减小后增大,Cu含量为1.56%时,残余应力最小(7.2 GPa)。Cu含量增加导致总键角分布的峰值降低,峰宽向小键角移动,总键长分布峰值降低,在长键长方向产生小而宽的峰。结论C Cu的弱键特性及扭曲的键角、键长得到松弛,对薄膜残余压应力的降低有显著作用,在较高Cu浓度条件下,扭曲的C C键比例增加,形成了更多扭曲的C Cu和Cu Cu结构是导致残余应力增加的关键因素。     

Corrosion behavior of nickel alloys in wet hydrofluoric acid

Wet hydrofluoric acid at concentrations below approximately 60% is highly corrosive to glass, reactive metals, carbon steel and stainless steels. Nickel alloys offer moderate corrosion resistance over a wide range of acid concentration and temperature. The corrosion behavior of eleven commercial alloys was quantified through laboratory testing. Variables that were studied included testing time, acid concentration, temperature, vapor and liquid phases and the presence of residual stresses. Results show that the corrosion rate of a Ni‐Cu and a Ni‐Cr‐Mo‐Cu alloy increased with the acid concentration and the temperature. However, both for increasing acid concentration and temperature, the corrosion rate of the Ni‐Cu alloy increased faster than the corrosion rate of the Ni‐Cr‐Mo‐Cu alloy, especially in the vapor phase. Even in unstressed coupons, nickel alloys showed internal penetration in presence of wet HF; the mode of this internal penetration varied from alloy to alloy. Considering all the studied variables that influence corrosion, the highest ranked material for wet HF service was a Ni‐Cr‐Mo‐Cu alloy.     

不同异种钢管道焊接接头残余应力的数值模拟

利用有限元软件ABAQUS,开发了一个顺次耦合的热应力有限元计算程序,对0Cr18Ni9/20和1Cr5Mo/20异种钢焊接接头残余应力进行了有限元模拟分析.结果表明,无论是采用奥氏体不锈钢焊条A302焊条还是镍基焊条Incone182焊条,0Cr18Ni9/20钢和1Cr5Mo/20钢焊接接头中最大的轴向残余应力和环向残余应力产生在20钢侧的热影响区,0Cr18Ni9侧有最小的焊接残余应力.采用Incone182来代替A302可以有效地降低残余应力值,提高抗应力腐蚀开裂的能力.