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Unequal error protection systems are a popular technique for video streaming. Forward error correction (FEC) is one of error control techniques to improve the quality of video streaming over lossy channels. Moreover, frame‐level FEC techniques have been proposed for video streaming because of different priority video frames within the transmission rate constraint on a Bernoulli channel. However, various communication and storage systems are likely corrupted by bursts of noise in the current wireless behavior. If the burst losses go beyond the protection capacity of FEC, the efficacy of FEC can be degraded. Therefore, our proposed model allows an assessment of the perceived quality of H.264/AVC video streaming over bursty channels, and is validated by simulation experiments on the NS‐2 network simulator at a given estimate of the packet loss ratio and average burst length. The results suggest a useful reference in designing the FEC scheme for video applications, and as the video coding and channel parameters are given, the proposed model can provide a more accurate evaluation tool for video streaming over bursty channels and help to evaluate the impact of FEC performance on different burst‐loss parameters. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Yung‐Tsung Weng Chi‐Huang Shih Yeh‐Kai Chou 《International Journal of Communication Systems》2018,31(1)
Forward error correction (FEC) techniques are widely used to recover packet losses over unreliable networks in real‐time video streaming applications. Traditional frame‐level FEC encodes 1 video frame in each FEC coding window. By contrast, in the expanding‐window FEC scheme, high‐priority frames are included in the FEC processing of the following frames, so as to construct a larger coding window. In general, expanding‐window FEC improves the recovery performance of FEC, because the high‐priority frame can be protected by multiple windows and the use of a larger coding window increases the efficiency. However, the larger window size also increases the complexity of the coding and the memory space requirements. Consequently, expanding‐window FEC is limited in terms of practical applications. Sliding‐window FEC adopts a fixed window size in order to approximate the performance of the expanding‐window FEC method, but with a reduced complexity. Previous studies on sliding‐window FEC have generally adopted an equal error protection (EEP) mechanism to simplify the analysis. This paper considers the more practical case of an unequal error protection (UEP) strategy. An analytical model is derived for estimating the playable frame rate (PFR) of the proposed sliding‐window FEC scheme with a Reed‐Solomon erasure code for real‐time non‐scalable streaming applications. The analytical model is used to determine the optimal FEC configuration which maximizes the PFR value under given transmission rate constraints. The simulation results show that the proposed sliding‐window scheme achieves almost the same performance as the expanding‐window scheme, but with a significantly lower computational complexity. 相似文献
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通过对流媒体技术和网络协议的深入研究,设计和实现了一种基于RTP(实时传输协议)和FEC(前向纠错)的无线视频实时传输系统.该系统采用C/S(Client/Server)架构,服务器端基于RTP协议对数据包进行封装,并加入FEC纠错机制;客户端根据RTP数据包的头部信息,重建包序列,定位丢失的数据包,并利用FEC算法对丢失数据进行恢复.实际测试证明该系统能够在无线网络中有效地保证接收端数据的实时性和完整性. 相似文献
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Frederik Vanhaverbeke Marc Moeneclaey Danny De Vleeschauwer 《International Journal of Communication Systems》2007,20(3):297-311
We evaluate the performance of various retransmission schemes to achieve the goal of less than one visible distortion in twelve hours for high definition television. The focus is on an indoor wireless link and a DSL link, and we consider systems where the packets are protected by means of retransmissions with and without forward error correcting (FEC) codes. In order to achieve a satisfactory performance with restricted latency, we propose an unconventional retransmission procedure. The overall conclusion is that retransmissions without FEC achieve the best performance with the lowest latency, lowest overhead and lowest complexity, both in the wireless and the wired home scenario. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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A. Inoie 《International Journal of Communication Systems》2014,27(2):289-302
A media‐specific forward error correction (FEC) is used to prevent the loss of audio packets due to noise or interference in the transmission and buffer overflow in the router. In this FEC scheme, for nth packet, the redundant data are added in (n + ?)th packet where ? is called the offset. In this paper, we consider an M/M/1/K queueing system and derive some simple expressions for calculating the audio qualities of the aforementioned schemes. We analytically and numerically show some counter‐examples and characteristics for these FEC schemes by using our analytical model. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Burst packet loss is a common problem over wired and wireless networks and leads to a significant reduction in the performance of packet‐level forward error correction (FEC) schemes used to recover packet losses during transmission. Traditional FEC interleaving methods adopt the sequential coding‐interleaved transmission (SCIT) process to encode the FEC packets sequentially and reorder the packet transmission sequence. Consequently, the burst loss effect can be mitigated at the expense of an increased end‐to‐end delay. Alternatively, the reversed interleaving scheme, namely, interleaved coding‐sequential transmission (ICST), performs FEC coding in an interleaved manner and transmits the packets sequentially based on their generation order in the application. In this study, the analytical FEC model is constructed to evaluate the performance of the SCIT and ICST schemes. From the analysis results, it can be observed that the interleaving delay of ICST FEC is reduced by transmitting the source packets immediately as they arrive from the application. Accordingly, an Enhanced ICST scheme is further proposed to trade the saved interleaving time for a greater interleaving capacity, and the corresponding packet loss rate can be minimized under a given delay constraint. The simulation results show that the Enhanced ICST scheme achieves a lower packet loss rate and a higher peak signal‐to‐noise‐ratio than the traditional SCIT and ICST schemes for video streaming applications. 相似文献
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The overall channel capacity of a multihop wireless path drops progressively over each hop due to the cascading effect of noise and interference. Hence, without optimal rate adaptation, the video quality is expected to degrade significantly at any client located at a far‐edge of an ad‐hoc network. To overcome this limitation, decoding and forwarding (DF), which fully decodes codewords at each intermediate node, can be employed to provide the best video quality. However, complexity and memory usage for DF are significantly high. Consequently, we propose syndrome‐based partial decoding (SPD). In the SPD framework an intermediate node partially decodes a codeword and relays the packet along with its syndromes if the packet is corrupted. We demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed scheme by simulations using actual 802.11b wireless traces. The trace‐driven simulations show that the proposed SPD framework, which reduces the overall processing requirements of intermediate nodes, provides reasonably high goodput when compared to simple forwarding and less complexity and memory requirements when compared to DF. 相似文献
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Christos Bouras Nikolaos Kanakis Vasileios Kokkinos Andreas Papazois 《International Journal of Communication Systems》2013,26(11):1459-1474
The next step beyond third generation mobile networks is the Third Generation Partnership Project standard, named Long Term Evolution. A key feature of Long Term Evolution is the enhancement of multimedia broadcast and multicast services (MBMS), where the same content is transmitted to multiple users located in a specific service area. To support efficient download and streaming delivery, the Third Generation Partnership Project included an application layer forward error correction (AL‐FEC) technique based on the systematic fountain Raptor code, in the MBMS standard. To achieve protection against packet losses, Raptor codes introduce redundant packets to the transmission, that is, the forward error correction overhead. In this work, we investigate the application of AL‐FEC over MBMS streaming services. We consider the benefits of AL‐FEC for a continuous multimedia stream transmission to multiple users and we examine how the amount of forward error correction redundancy can be adjusted under different packet loss conditions. For this purpose, we present a variety of realistic simulation scenarios for the application of AL‐FEC and furthermore we provide an in‐depth analysis of Raptor codes performance introducing valuable suggestions to achieve efficient use of Raptor codes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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提出一种有效降低误差扩散的数据分割方法.该方法改进了H.264划分子流的做法,采用当前编码宏块被错误解码时对下一编码帧产生的误差扩散程度来判别该宏块的优先级,以此划分不同的传输子流.在给定网络带宽和丢包率的情况下,采用率失真优化的码率分配算法对不同传输子流分别施以不同的信道编码保护力度,以保证在相同传输条件下,优先级高的宏块被正确接收的概率最大化,使重建视频流的质量达到最优.该方法实现简单,对宏块的分类更加合理,有效降低了由于包丢失引起的误差扩散效应,改善了重建视频的质量.实验结果表明在相同的带宽和丢包率条件下,本文方法比H.264方法提高视频接收质量大约0.3~0.6dB. 相似文献
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Fabrice Labeau 《Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing》2007,7(5):643-653
In this paper, we explore computationally efficient implementations of the soft output viterbi algorithm (SOVA) applied to Soft‐Input Soft‐Output (SISO) decoding of linear block codes. In order to simplify the trellis‐based decoding of binary block codes with SOVA, we use the technique of sectionalization of the trellis, which has been successfully applied to the simplification of the MAP and Max‐Log‐MAP algorithms. Due to the branch complexity of the sectionalized trellis, we define a generalization of a non‐binary version of SOVA. However, the computational complexity of directly applying this approach remains too high for efficient implementation; we thus introduce the concept of non‐binary SOVA (NSOVA) with propagation of bit‐level reliabilities (BLR). This new algorithm is analyzed from a computational complexity viewpoint. Both serial and parallel implementations are explored. Finally, optimal sectionalizations are derived for selected codes; since the normal SOVA decoding is a particular case of NSOVA with BLR, we show that our approach is more efficient than a bit‐level trellis by showing that, for all the codes tested, the optimal trellis is a sectionalized one. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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分析了Internet上实时视频传输的特点，提出了基于Internet的实时视频流的应用层QoS控制策略，主要包括拥塞控制策略和差错控制策略以及相应的控制技术。在拥塞控制中，讨论速率控制和速率整形，速率控制主要是根据网络运行状态预测当前可用的带宽，并根据预测值调整视频速率，达到与可用带宽匹配；速率整形则是迫使发送端以码率控制算法规定的码率发送视频流。在差错控制中，则讨论了编码器差错复原、解码器错误隐藏和编码器／解码器交互的差错控制等控制策略。这些控制技术应用于终端系统并不需要路由器和网络的QoS支持，可以最大限度地提高视频质量。 相似文献
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Yoshio Iwai Hajime Nagahara Masahiko Yachida 《Electronics and Communications in Japan》2011,94(11):41-54
An omnidirectional vision system is an imaging system that can capture a surrounding image in all directions by using a hyperbolic mirror and a conventional CCD camera. This paper proposes a streaming server that can efficiently transfer movies captured by an omnidirectional vision system over the Internet. The proposed system uses multiple channels to deliver multiple movies synchronously. Through this method, the system enables clients to view different directions of omnidirectional movies and also supports the function of changing the view area during the playback period. Evaluation experiments show that our proposed streaming server can effectively deliver multiple movies via multiple channels. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 94(11): 41–54, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10375 相似文献
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In this paper, we propose an adaptive Forward Error Correction (FEC) coding algorithm at the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer used in wireless networks. Our algorithm is based on the lookup table architecture, including a distance lookup table and a bit error rate lookup table. These tables will store the best value of the FEC codes based on different distances and bit error rates. Because radio channels change over time, the bit error rate is always changing, or in the case of mobile nodes, when the transmission distance changes, the bit error rate also changes, so previously proposed algorithms take longer to find the optimal value of the FEC code for data transmission. Our proposed algorithm, however, is based on 2 lookup tables, and thus, it can always quickly select an optimal FEC code during early data transmissions and achieve high performance. We compare our algorithm with other methods based on performance metrics such as the recovery overhead of FEC codes, energy efficiency, and peak‐signal‐to‐noise ratio values in the case of image transmission. Our simulation indicates that the proposed algorithm achieves better performances and proves the correctness of the proposed lookup table architecture. 相似文献
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介绍了几种模拟微波的数字化改造方法,综合分析了它们的优缺点,重点叙述了大连模拟微波网数字化改造的实现方法,以及其中应用的新技术,如多址远程遥控切换选择回传和编解码器带纠错功能. 相似文献