Analysis and design of an active‐clamping zero‐voltage‐switching isolated inverse‐SEPIC converter

This paper presents an active‐clamping zero‐voltage‐switching (ZVS) isolated inverse‐SEPIC converter. The high voltage spikes when turning off the switches are eliminated. The energies stored in the parasitic elements can be recycled to achieve the ZVS of switches. Therefore, the conversion efficiency increases substantially, yet with a reduced circuit cost. Detailed analysis and design of the proposed topology are described. Experimental results are recorded for a prototype converter with a DC input voltage ranging from 130 to 180 V, an output voltage of 12 V and a rated output power of 120 W, operating at a switching frequency of 65 kHz. The average active‐mode efficiency is above 88%. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis and design of a two‐transformer active‐clamping forward converter with parallel‐connected current doubler rectifiers

A new two‐transformer active‐clamping forward converter with parallel‐connected current doubler rectifiers (CDRs) is proposed in this paper. The presented DC–DC converter is mainly composed of two active‐clamping forward converters with secondary CDRs. Only two switches are required and each one is the auxiliary switch for the other. The circuit complexity and cost are thus reduced. The leakage inductance of the transformer or an additional resonant inductance is employed to achieve zero‐voltage‐switching (ZVS) during the dead times. Two CDRs at the secondary side are connected in parallel to reduce the current stresses of the secondary windings and the ripple current at the output side. Accordingly, the smaller output chokes and capacitors decrease the converter volume and increase the power density. Detailed analysis and design of the presented two‐transformer active‐clamping forward converter are described. Experimental results are recorded for a prototype converter with a DC input voltage of 130??180V, an output voltage of 5 V and an output current of 40 A, operating at a switching frequency of 100 kHz. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An active‐clamping zero‐voltage‐switching flyback converter with integrated transformer

This paper proposes an active‐clamping flyback converter using an integrated transformer. The proposed converter is composed of two active‐clamp flyback converters. The presented converter can balance the total load current between secondary sides of two transformers so that the rectifier diode conduction loss is reduced. Also, the main switch of one converter is the auxiliary switch for the other converter, so that only two switches are required and both can achieve zero‐voltage‐switching operation. The two transformers are integrated into one magnetic core; therefore, the volume and copper loss of transformer can be reduced. Detailed analysis and design of this integrated magnetic active‐clamping flyback converter are described. Experimental results are recorded for a prototype converter with an AC input voltage ranging from 85 to 135 V, an output voltage of 24 V and an output current of 5 A, operating at a switching frequency of 100 kHz. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An inverse‐time low‐impedance protection design for feeders in active distribution networks

One of the major issues associated with active distribution networks (ADNs) is to devise an appropriate protection scheme that works successfully in different operation modes. This paper describes the design of an inverse‐time low‐impedance (ITLI) protection scheme with the aid of the advanced measurement technologies in ADNs. The scheme detects faults and calculates tripping time by using the magnitude ratio of the maximum load impedance to the measured impedance. ITLI protection is immune to varying fault current caused by the flexible operation modes and able to automatically adjust fault‐tripping time according to the fault severity. With the existing communication infrastructures, an event‐triggered adaptive setting scheme updates the settings of ITLI relays in real time. The setting method not only enhances the detecting capability but also provides higher reliability and sensitivity before, during, and after events in ADNs, such as tap position adjustment, DGs fluctuation, and network structure change. Besides, an acceleration method based on the definite‐time grading technique is presented to reduce the impact of infeeds and fault resistance. The effectiveness of the proposed protection scheme is demonstrated in a 12.47‐kV active distribution network established by PSCAD/EMTDC. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Analysis and design of a half‐bridge LLC series resonant converter employing two transformers

This paper presents a two‐transformer LLC series resonant converter (SRC), which is derived from incorporating two identical converters. The proposed converter allows a low‐profile power supply design for liquid crystal display (LCD) TVs and servers. The presented converter can equally share the total load current between two transformers and the output rectifier modules. Therefore, the heat problem can be effectively relieved. The steady‐state analysis and design of this new two‐transformer LLC SRC are described. The experimental results are recorded for a prototype converter with an output voltage of 12thinspaceV, an output power of 300 W, and a resonant frequency of 74 kHz. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

宽幅压输入、恒压输出的ZVZCT-PWM SEPIC变换器分析设计

分析ZVZCT-PWM SEPIC拓扑结构的工作原理,一个开关周期内得到14种工作模态.在宽幅压输入、恒压输出,以及SEPIC变换器工作于电流连续模式(CCM)的条件下,对其各元件参数进行了优化选取,并计算出辅助开关管在主开关管占空比变化后相应的具体导通、关断时间.Matlab软件仿真结果表明,该变换器在上述条件下能够...     

An active‐passive capacitor‐commutated converter for HVDC systems with a three‐phase voltage‐source PWM converter

This paper introduces a new approach to the capacitor‐commutated converters (CCCs) for HVDC systems. A small‐rated three‐phase voltage‐source PWM converter is connected between a series commutation capacitor and thyristor converter through matching transformers. The PWM converter acts as auxiliary commutation‐capacitor for the thyristor converter while the series passive capacitor acts as the main commutation capacitor. The capacitance, which is the sum of the small‐rated active and series passive capacitors, is variable, so that stable commutation is obtained. In CCCs, commutation failure occurs when the AC bus voltage is recovered whereas the proposed combined commutation‐capacitor can achieve successful commutation for both rapidly decreasing and increasing AC bus voltages. The basic principle of the proposed active–passive capacitor‐commutated converter is discussed in detail. Then, constant margin angle control with a constant firing angle of the thyristor converter is proposed using a function generator block. Digital simulation demonstrates the novelty and effectiveness of the proposed active–passive capacitor‐commutated converter. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 151(1): 66–75, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20030     

Pulse current regenerative resonant snubber‐assisted two‐switch flyback‐type ZVS PWM DC‐DC converter

In this paper, a two‐switch high‐frequency flyback transformer‐type zero voltage soft‐switching PWM DC‐DC converter using IGBTs is proposed. Effective applications for this power converter can be found in auxiliary power supplies of rolling stock transportation and electric vehicles. This power converter is basically composed of two active power switches and a flyback high‐frequency transformer. In addition to these, two passive lossless snubbers with power regeneration loops for energy recovery, consisting of a three‐winding auxiliary high‐frequency transformer, auxiliary capacitors and diodes are introduced to achieve zero voltage soft switching from light to full load conditions. Furthermore, this power converter has some advantages such as low cost circuit configuration, simple control scheme, and high efficiency. Its operating principle is described and to determine circuit parameters, some practical design considerations are discussed. The effectiveness of the proposed power converter is evaluated and compared with the hard switching PWM DC‐DC converter from an experimental point of view, and the comparative electromagnetic conduction and radiation noise characteristics of both DC‐DC power converter circuits are also depicted. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 152(3): 74–81, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20081     

Analysis of the ZVS two‐switch forward converter with synchronous current doubler rectifier

A soft switching two‐switch forward converter is presented to achieve zero voltage switching (ZVS) turn‐on of switching devices. In the adopted converter, a buck‐boost type of active clamp is connected in parallel with the primary winding of transformer. The energy stored in the transformer leakage inductance and magnetizing inductance can be recovered so that the peak voltage stress of switching devices is limited. The resonance between the transient interval of two main and auxiliary switches is used to achieve ZVS turn‐on of all switches. The current doubler synchronous rectifier is used in the secondary side of transformer for reducing the root mean square value of output inductor current, transformer secondary winding current and output voltage ripple by cancelling the current ripple of two output inductors. First, the circuit configuration and the principles of operation are analyzed in detail. The steady‐state analysis and design consideration are also presented. Finally, experimental results with a laboratory prototype based on a 380 V input and 12 V/30 A output were provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed converter. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Low‐noise,low‐sensitivity,active‐RC allpole filters using impedance tapering

In this paper it is shown that active‐RC filters whose sensitivity to component tolerances can be minimized by impedance tapering, will also have low output thermal noise. It is shown that impedance tapering will also reduce output thermal noise in OTA‐C filters. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Low‐power,low‐noise,active‐RC band‐pass filters using a ‘lossy’ LP–BP transformation

A new and straightforward design procedure for simple canonical topologies of allpole, active‐RC, low‐selectivity band‐pass (BP) filters, with low sensitivity to component tolerances is presented. The procedure is primarily intended for discrete‐component, low‐power filter applications using just one amplifier for relatively high‐order filters. The design procedure starts out with an ‘optimized’ low‐pass (LP) prototype filter, yielding an ‘optimized’ BP filter, whereby the wealth of ‘optimized’ single‐amplifier LP filter designs can be exploited. Using a so‐called ‘lossy’ LP–BP transformation, closed‐form design equations for the design of second‐ to eighth‐order, single‐amplifier BP filters are presented. The low sensitivity, low power consumption, and low noise features of the resulting circuits, as well as the influence of the finite gain‐bandwidth product and component spread, are demonstrated for the case of a fourth‐order filter example. The optimized single‐opamp fourth‐order filter is compared with other designs, such as the cascade of optimized Biquads. Using PSpice with a TL081 opamp model, the filter performance is simulated and the results compared and verified with measurements of a discrete‐component breadboard filter using 1% resistors, 1% capacitors, and a TL081 opamp. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis and design of a ZVS converter for high voltage input–low voltage output application

This paper proposes a full‐bridge (d = 50%) cascaded buck topology which is a very suitable circuit for high voltage input–low voltage output applications with high output current. Benefiting from working under a large duty cycle, the proposed converter can easily achieve zero voltage switching turn‐on and turn‐off of active switches in a full bridge. Small‐signal model of this topology is analyzed through its corresponding peak current mode control. Its small‐signal transfer function is given, and the control loop design is discussed. Advantages of this topology and operation principles are analyzed. Design guidelines, drawn from this analysis, are applied on a low‐voltage (3.3 V) output voltage prototype to validate the proposed concept. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

A model‐based dead‐band compensation for the dual‐active‐bridge isolated bidirectional DC–DC converter

The dual active bridge (DAB)‐based isolated bidirectional converter has been used to realize bidirectional energy flow while offering needed isolation between the primary and secondary side: for example, the battery side and grid side of one plug‐in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). Even though the operation of a DAB‐based DC–DC converter is straightforward, various transient processes exist, such as the dead‐band effect, which deeply affects the dynamic performance of the converter in real world applications. Compensation of this effect is not easy because of the strong nonlinearity of the entire system. This paper quantitatively analyzed the dead‐band effect at different output powers, and presented a model‐based controller to realize the nonlinear dead‐band compensation strategy, which can effectively mitigate demerits of the traditional PI‐based control strategy. The proposed control algorithm is validated through theoretical simulation and experimental results. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Isolated high voltage‐boosting converter derived from forward converter

A novel isolated high voltage‐boosting converter, derived from the traditional forward converter, is presented in this paper. As compared with the traditional forward converter, the demagnetizing winding of the transformer in the proposed converter is used not only to demagnetize but also to improve the voltage conversion ratio. Therefore, the duty cycle is not limited, and the utilization of the transformer, also called coupled inductor, can be increased also. Furthermore, the proposed converter maintains the advantage of possessing a non‐pulsating output current, leading to a small output voltage ripple. Moreover, by applying one additional voltage‐boosting winding to the transformer, the voltage conversion ratio can be significantly improved. In addition, an active clamp circuit is employed in the proposed converter to reduce the voltage stress of the main switch, caused by the leakage inductance in the transformer, and the switches can achieve zero‐voltage switching. Finally, the analysis of operating principles, choice of the turns, turns ratio, core size, and each wire size of the coupled inductor are described in detail, and the experimental results with a prototype with 12‐V input voltage, 100‐V output voltage, and 100‐W output power are provided to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed converter. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis and design of a dual‐mode control flyback converter

This letter presents a dual‐mode control scheme to improve the efficiency of a flyback converter in a wide load range. The proposed flyback converter features a novel dual‐mode operation. The valley‐switching technique is adopted to reduce the switching loss at light load. On the other hand, the fixed off‐time (FOT) controls with continuous conduction mode operations decrease the conduction losses at heavy load. The principles and design procedures of the proposed dual‐mode controller are discussed and analyzed. Finally, a 140‐W dual‐mode flyback converter with an output voltage of 19 V is implemented. Experimental results agree with the theoretical analysis. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A non‐isolated high step‐up DC‐DC converter with integrated 3 winding coupled inductor and reduced switch voltage stress

In this paper, a non‐isolated high step‐up dc‐dc converter based on coupled inductor is proposed. The proposed converter can be used in renewable energy applications. In suggested converter, the high voltage is achieved using 3‐winding coupled inductor, which leads to low voltage rate of the switch. A clamp circuit is used to recycle the leakage inductance energy. Also, the clamp circuit prevents the creation of voltage spikes on semiconductor devices and causes the voltage stress of elements are limited to less than the output voltage. The presented theoretical analyses show that the operation of suggested converter in continuous conduction mode needs to small magnetic inductor. Therefore, the size of coupled inductor's core is reduced, and so the size and cost of presented converter will be decreased. Analysis of the proposed converter is provided with laboratory results to verify its performance.     

Fast‐scale stability limits of a two‐stage boost power converter

There are many applications in power electronics that demand high step‐up conversion ratio between the source and the load. A simple way of achieving such a high voltage ratio is by cascading DC–DC boost converters in a few stages. The individual converters in such a cascaded system are usually designed separately applying classical design criteria. This paper investigates the stability of the overall system of a cascade connection of two boost converters under current mode control. We first demonstrate the bifurcation behavior of the system, and it is shown that the desired periodic orbit can undergo fast‐scale period doubling bifurcation leading to subharmonic oscillations and chaotic regimes under parameter variation. The value of the intermediate capacitor is taken as a design parameter, and we determine the minimum ramp slope in the first stage required to maintain stability. It is shown that smaller capacitance values give rise to wider stability range. We explain the bifurcation phenomena using a full‐order model. Then, in order to simplify the analysis and to obtain a closed‐form expression to explain the previous observation, we develop a reduced‐order model by treating the second stage as a current sink. This allows us to obtain design‐oriented stability boundaries in the parameter space by taking into account slope interactions between the state variables in the two stages. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis and implementation of a high step‐up converter for fuel cell power‐generation systems

This paper presents a high step‐up converter, which utilizes a three‐winding coupled inductor and a rectified voltage‐doubler circuit to obtain high step‐up gain for fuel cells. The proposed converter functions as an active‐clamp circuit, which relieves large voltage spikes across the power switches. Thus, power switches with low‐voltage‐rated can be utilized to reduce conduction losses and circuit cost. Energy stored in leakage inductances of the coupled inductor is recycled to the output terminal, resulting in efficiency improvements. In addition, the coupled inductor in the presented converter can also have extra windings in order to achieve higher voltage gain. Finally, a prototype circuit with an input voltage of 60 V and an output voltage of 380 V is developed for a 1000 W‐rated fuel cell power‐generation system to validate its performance, and experimental waveforms and measured efficiency under different input voltages and output power level are demonstrated. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于宽幅压的SEPIC变换器稳定性分析及参数选取

基于SEPIC拓扑结构,分析其工作原理,通过状态空间平均法,得到该变换器的动态小信号模型,讨论了其占空比与稳定性之间的关系,并在宽幅压输入条件下对其各元件参数进行了优化选取,并通过Matlab软件仿真加以分析,从而得出结论,具有独具特色优点的SEPIC变换器是船用幅压直流变换器的方案选择之一。     

Non‐isolated single‐switch DC–DC converters with extended duty cycle for high step‐down voltage applications

Several new topologies of single‐switch non‐isolated DC–DC converters with wide conversion gain and reduced semiconductor voltage stress are proposed in this paper. Most of the proposed topologies are derived from the conventional inverse of SEPIC (Zeta) converter. The proposed topologies can operate with larger switch duty cycles compared with the existing single switch topologies, hence, making them well suitable for high step‐down voltage conversion applications. With extended duty cycle, the current stress in the active power switch is reduced, leading to a significant improvement of the system losses. Moreover, the active power switch in some of the proposed topologies is utilized much better compared to the conventional Zeta and quadratic‐buck converters. The principle of operation, theoretical analysis, and comparison of circuit performances with other step‐down converters are discussed regarding voltage and current stress and switch silicon utilization. Finally, simulation and experimental results for a design example of a 50 W/5 V at 42‐V input voltage operating at 50 kHz will be provided to evaluate the performance of the proposed converters. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.