面向直流操作电源系统的LiFePO4电池性能优化控制研究

磷酸铁锂电池电压变化范围较宽且充放电特性敏感,一般不宜简单应用于需要长期处于浮充状态的直流操作电源系统。为此,提出了一种磷酸铁锂电池在直流操作电源系统应用中的优化控制方案,根据磷酸铁锂电池工作状态,利用AC/DC充电电源优化控制电池的充放电电流大小,使电池在浮充状态下获得电池期望的充放电电流,以实现磷酸铁锂电池在直流操作电源系统中的安全高效经济应用。首先,基于直流操作电源系统指标要求与磷酸铁锂电池性能优化要求,确定其期望的充放电状态与充放电电流值;然后,根据磷酸铁锂电池期望的充放电电流值与内部等效状态,在允许的电压波动范围内调节直流操作电源系统中AC/DC变换器的输出电压,迫使磷酸铁锂电池的实际充放电电流趋于期望的充放电电流,从而优化磷酸铁锂电池的性能。最后通过理论分析与实例分析说明了方案的可行性。     

Design and implementation of a high‐efficiency bidirectional DC‐DC Converter for DC micro‐grid system applications

This paper studies the design and implementation of a non‐isolated dual‐half‐bridge bidirectional DC‐DC converter for DC micro‐grid system applications. High efficiency can be achieved under wide‐range load variations by the zero‐voltage‐switching features and an adaptive phase‐shift control method. A three‐stage charging scheme is designed to meet the fast‐charging demand and prolong the lifetime of LiFePO₄ batteries. A digital‐signal‐processing control IC is used to realize the power flow control, DC‐bus voltage regulation, and battery charging/ discharging of the studied bidirectional DC‐DC converter. Finally, a 10 kW prototype converter with Enhanced Controller Area Network communication function is built and tested for micro‐grid system applications. A light‐load efficiency over 96% and a rated‐load efficiency over 98% can be achieved. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Implementation and design of high‐power fast charger for lithium‐ion battery pack

The high‐power fast charger (HPFC) incorporating a power stage with a controlling loop is presented in this paper. A power stage is composed of an inter‐leaved boost power factor correction and a DC‐DC full‐bridge phase‐shifted (FBPS) converter, and that the HPFC can supply a constant‐voltage (CV) or a constant‐current (CC) power to charge a secondary lithium‐ion battery pack. In addition, the ripple current can be reduced due to the DC‐DC FBPS converter combines with the current‐doubler rectifier at HPFC's output side. Also, the controlling loop is equipped with a voltage compensator and a current compensator, and this design is for the sake of HPFC, which can either operate in CV or CC output mode. Moreover, the shut‐down situation will be prevented by proposed bi‐phase charging controller, when the charging current is adjusted from the fist CC level to the second CC level. Analysis and design considerations of the proposed circuits are presented in details. Experimental results agree well with the theoretical predictions and confirm the validity of the proposed approach. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A battery charger with maximum power point tracking function for low‐power photovoltaic system applications

A battery charger with MPPT function for low‐power PV system applications is presented in this study. For effective miniaturization, the battery charger is designed with high‐frequency operation. Some current‐sensing techniques are studied, and their MPPT implementation is compared. A battery charging method is also designed to prolong battery lifetime without the use of battery current sensors. The operation principles and design considerations of the proposed PV charger are analyzed and discussed in detail. A laboratory prototype is implemented and tested to verify the feasibility of the proposed scheme. Experimental results show that high MPPT accuracy and conversion efficiency can be simultaneously achieved under high‐frequency operation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Wireless power charger for wearable medical devices with in‐band communication

A wireless power charger integrated circuit has been developed for wearable medical devices in a 0.18‐µm Bipolar, Complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor, and Lightly‐Doped Metal‐Oxide‐Semiconductor (BCDMOS) process. A passive full‐wave rectifier consisting of Schottky diodes and cross‐coupled n‐type Metal‐Oxide‐Semiconductor (nMOS) transistors performs the alternating current to direct current power conversion without any reverse leakage current. To charge a battery, a linear charger circuit follows the passive rectifier instead of a switching charger circuit for the small form factor of wearable medical devices. An in‐band communication circuit notifies the proper connection of the wireless power receiver and the battery charging status to the charging pad (wireless power transmitter) through the wireless power transmission channel. The wireless power charger integrated circuit occupies 1.44‐mm² silicon area and shows 31.7% power efficiency when the charging current is 26.6 mA. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Electrochemical characteristics of LiFePO4/LiCoO2 mixed electrode for Li secondary battery

LiFePO₄ cathode active material was synthesized using a solid state method and a mixed cathode was prepared by adding LiCoO₂. A coin cell was prepared using the mixed cathode and its electrochemical performances were evaluated. The LiFePO₄ material improved both in thermal stability and rate capability. The discharge capacity of the 5 wt.% LiCoO₂-added LiFePO₄ material was 139.4 mAh/g at 0.2 C rate, and it showed a capacity retention of 64.2% even at 5 C rate in comparison to 0.2 C rate. The cycle performance of the bare LiFePO₄ material was excellent, but the capacity fading of 20 wt.% LiCoO₂-added LiFePO₄ material became significant during charge/discharge cycle. However, 5～10 wt.% LiCoO₂-added LiFePO₄ material showed good thermal stability, high rate capability and good cycle performances.     

A switch‐mode boost DC–DC converter for IR‐drop compensation of charging cable

A switch‐mode boost DC–DC converter has been developed to compensate for the IR‐drop because of the finite resistance of a charging cable. The boost ratio of the DC–DC converter is adaptively controlled by an IR‐drop sensing circuit to provide the required voltage level to a battery charger regardless of the cable resistance. Implemented in a 0.18 µm BCDMOS process, the IR‐drop compensating switch‐mode boost DC–DC converter occupies 6.2 mm² active area and shows the 93.2% peak efficiency. The proposed IR‐drop compensating boost converter can be applied to compensate for the IR‐drop of any type of charging cables. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Hydrothermal synthesis of LiFePO4 with small particle size and its electrochemical properties

Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄) powders were prepared by hydrothermal reactions under a nitrogen atmosphere or an air atmosphere, and the microstructure and electrochemical properties of the LiFePO₄ powders were investigated. The LiFePO₄ powder prepared under the nitrogen atmosphere (LiFePO₄–N₂) had a small particle size in the range of 300–500 nm, whereas the powder prepared under the air atmosphere (LiFePO₄?air) had a large particle size in the range of 1–5 μm. Although the Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ ratio was not significantly different in both LiFePO₄ powders, the Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ ratio in the precursor suspension prepared under the nitrogen atmosphere was much higher than that prepared under the air atmosphere, thereby resulting in the small particle size of the LiFePO₄–N₂ powder. The discharge capacity of a LiFePO₄–N₂ electrode was 149 mAh g^?1 at a low current density of 10 mA g^?1, whereas that of a LiFePO₄?air electrode was 83 mAh g^?1. Impedance analyses indicated that the charge transfer resistances normalized to the surface area of LiFePO₄ particles for the LiFePO₄–N₂ and LiFePO₄?air electrodes were 4.6 and 4.8 Ω m², respectively. These values were not significantly different. This revealed that the factor dominating the electrochemical properties of LiFePO₄–N₂ and LiFePO₄?air powders was particle size and not crystalline lattice or Fe²⁺ concentration.     

基于NTGK模型的锂离子电池充电技术

采用ANSYS Fluent软件中的NTGK电化学模型,研究锂离子电池在恒温下恒流充电(CC)、恒流-恒压充电(CC-CV)、间歇脉冲充电(IPC)和再生脉冲充电(RPC)的电化学特性曲线,并与实验结果进行对比。模型验证后,讨论脉冲间隔和脉冲周期对RPC充入容量和时间的影响。该模型能对电池充电特性进行合理预测,电池组电压仿真和实验结果的标准差在0.31以内。CC只适用于低倍率时;IPC和RPC可减缓极化效应,适用于高倍率时;而CC-CV充入的容量最多,但比其他3种充电方案耗时更长。对于RPC,增大脉冲间隔可增加容量;保持正负脉冲比来增大周期,对充入容量的影响甚微。     

Optimal scheduling and operation of battery/wind generation system in response to real‐time market prices

This paper addresses the scheduling and operation problem of a combined battery and wind generation system (BWGS) in real‐time market. The proposed operation scheme consists of two control mechanisms: (i) offline scheduling according to the estimation of the market prices and the stochastic information of wind generation, and (ii) online dispatching based on the updated system state in real time. The analysis in this paper is different from the previous studies by taking into account the expense of battery energy storage under a newly defined term: cost of lifetime losses (CLLs). Thus the optimal scheduling and operation of BWGS not only gives maximum profit to the owner but also avoids the abusive operation of the battery. The case study provides a comparison of the proposed operation scheme with other approaches. It is shown that the proposed scheme considering the CLLs can significantly change the optimal charging/discharging of battery energy storage, and the increase in profit obtained in this case is about 9%. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

A modified MPPT control loop for PV/battery‐charging system using PI controller optimally tuned with GA

In this study, a stand‐alone photovoltaic (PV)/battery‐charging system is proposed to efficiently charge a lead–acid battery with the available maximum power from the PV array. The relative sizing of the battery characteristics with respect to the PV array characteristics is indicated. The maximum‐power‐point (MPP)‐tracking operation is achieved through developing a new control loop, which is based on using the incremental conductance algorithm and the PI controller. The parameters of the PI controller are optimally tuned using the genetic algorithm (GA) by minimizing the integral of squared error and settling time. The proposed system was simulated twice by using MATLAB‐SIMULINK and by writing the appropriate MATLAB code in an M‐file. The SIMULINK model was designed to investigate the performance of the proposed system, whereas the M‐file model was designed to be used with the GA tool under MATLAB software, to optimally tune the PI controller. The simulation results indicated a rapid tracking capability for the PV array MPPs and a good matching between the PV array and the battery under various charging conditions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

无线传感器网络节点能量平衡优化方法

在无线传感器网络中,传感器节点中有限的能量供给限制了每个节点无线传输的距离。多跳传输通过将数据包转发给中继节点的方式可将数据包发送至远端接收器。在用于数据汇聚的无线传感器网络中,离数据汇聚站较近的无线传感器节点通常要转发比其他节点更多的数据包,从而消耗更多的能量。文章将整个网络的生命定义为直到第一个无线传感器节点能量耗尽从而失效的时间。提出一种基于无线传感器网络的能量平衡优化方案,该方案所采用的能量模型是基于对ChipconCC2420无线传感器射频收发器的测量数据推导得出的。根据这个方案,通过优化网络中数据流转发的分布来平衡节点的能量消耗。从而延长整个网络的使用生命。     

基于频率切换的S/SP拓扑恒流恒压输出WPT系统研究

近年来,无线电能传输技术因其稳定、安全、电气隔离等优势受到研究者广泛关注。在实际应用中,确保无线电能传输系统在零相位角的条件下实现稳定的先恒流后恒压充电输出对延长电池寿命和提高系统的功率传输效率至关重要,因此,提出了一种基于频率切换的S/SP拓扑补偿的具备恒流和恒压充电功能的WPT系统。通过理论分析,该系统可以在2个固定的零相位角频率点下实现稳定的恒流和恒压充电输出特性,且无需重构电路补偿结构。此外,所提系统的整体补偿元件较少,降低了系统的设计复杂度和开发成本。为验证所提系统的正确性,搭建了一台4.2 A/56 V充电输出的实验样机。实验结果与所提系统的理论分析吻合良好。     

A novel charging/discharging balancing strategy for lithium battery pack based on mixed charging mode

Series‐connected lithium batteries can be charged in the pack‐charging mode, which is most widely used in the lithium battery application field. But the pack‐charging mode will lead to cell imbalance because of the difference in the electrochemical characteristics of the cells of series‐connected batteries. On the other hand, the cell‐charging mode can avoid the imbalance problem by charging each cell independently, but it will reduce the charging efficiency and increase the cost. In this paper, a novel balancing strategy is proposed with a mixed pack‐charging and cell‐charging mode to implement the balancing algorithm. The proposed strategy aims to solve the problem of charge/discharge imbalance with the simplest balancing algorithm with high balancing performance. There is no complex balancing behaviors during the charging process – as is the case with many other existing schemes – so the control algorithm can be greatly simplified. Because each cell can be fully charged and discharged with the proposed algorithm, it helps to make full use of the energy and capacity of each cell. The system stability and reliability of the proposed system, as well as its good performance, are verified through experiments. © 2017 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

电动汽车充换电设施典型设计方案研究

为规范充换电设施建设规模和站体布置,研究了电动汽车充换电设施标准化问题,提出了典型设计方案。阐述了典型设计方案编制原则,给出了服务对象具体参数和典型设计方案分类,举例对充电站典型设计方案进行分析研究,包括总平面布置、充电设备、供配电系统、二次系统、土建、消防等内容,并从电池架充电、分箱充电机选型及组柜、换电设备设计、换电监控、电池检测维护等五方面详细阐述换电系统设计方案。提供了所有典型设计方案的配置情况。该典型设计方案可用于统一设备类别和选型,有效控制充换电设施工程造价,也为后续充换电设施运行维护取费标准作好准备,已成功用于指导国家电网公司系统各单位编制充换电设施项目建设方案。     

A switch‐utilization‐improved switched‐inductor switched‐capacitor converter with adapting stage number

A novel closed‐loop switched‐inductor switched‐capacitor converter (SISCC) is proposed by using the pulse‐width‐modulation (PWM) compensation for the step‐up DC–DC conversion/regulation, and together by combining the adaptive‐stage‐number (ASN), control for the higher switch utilization and wider supply voltage range. The power part of SISCC is composed of two cascaded sub‐circuits, including (i) a serial‐parallel switched‐capacitor circuit with n_c pumping capacitors and (ii) a switched‐inductor booster with m_c resonant capacitors, so as to obtain the high step‐up gain of (n_c + 1) × m_c /(1 ? D) at most, where D is the duty cycle of PWM adopted to enhance output regulation as well as robustness to source/loading variation. Besides, the ASN control is presented with adapting the stage number n (n = 0, 1, 2, …, n_c) of pumping capacitors to obtain a flexible gain of (n + 1) × m_c /(1 ? D), and further in order to make the SISCC operating at a properly small duty cycle for improving switch utilization and/or supply voltage range. Some theoretical analysis and control design include formulation, steady‐state analysis, ASN‐based conversion ratio, efficiency, output ripple, stability, inductance and capacitance selection, and control design. Finally, the performance of this scheme is verified experimentally on an ASN‐based SISCC prototype, and all results are illustrated to show the efficacy of this scheme. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A new implementation of PID‐type fuzzy controller for a battery grid‐supporting inverter in an autonomous distributed variable‐speed wind turbine

This paper presents a new implementation of a proportional‐integral‐derivative (PID)‐type fuzzy controller (PIDfc) for a battery grid‐supporting inverter to regulate the frequency and voltage of an autonomous distributed variable‐speed wind turbine (VSWT). The VSWT which drives a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) is assumed for demonstration. The PIDfc is built from a set of control rules that adopts the droop control method and uses only locally measurable frequency and voltage signals. The output control signals are determined from the knowledge base and the fuzzy inference. To ensure safe battery operating limits, we also propose a protection scheme called intelligent battery protection (IBP). Several simulation experiments are performed by using MATLAB/SimPowerSystems. Next, to verify the scheme's effectiveness, the simulation results are compared with the results of a conventional controller through some performance indices. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the PIDfc scheme to control a grid‐supporting inverter of battery in the reduction of frequency and voltage fluctuations. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Charge‐sharing read port with bitline pre‐charging and sensing scheme for low‐power SRAMs

In this paper, we present our decoupled differential read (DDR) port and bitline (BL) pre‐charging scheme. The proposed scheme allows the charge sharing between bitlines during the read operation. DDR port isolates the internal nodes, thus improves the read static noise margin and allows the subthreshold operation. BLs are not pre‐charged to full V_DD. Read port is designed such that for the read ‘1’ operation, BL shares its charge with BLB, and for read ‘0’ operation, BL is charged toward V_DD and BLB is discharged to the ground. The proposed non‐V_DD BL pre‐charging and the charge‐sharing mechanism provide substantial read power savings. Virtual power rail is used to suppress the BL leakages. A dynamic voltage level shifting pre‐amplifier is used that shifts both BLs to the middle voltage and amplifies the voltage difference. Single‐ended write driver is also presented that only conditionally charges the write BL. The proposed 10‐transistor static random access memory cell using DDR provides more than 2 times read static noise margin, ~72% read power savings, and ~40% write power savings compared with the conventional six‐transistor static random access memory. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

电动汽车动力锂电池LCL型无线充电技术

为了满足电动汽车动力锂电池的充电需求,文中提出基于MERS(Magnetic Energy Recovery Switch,磁能再生开关)的LCL谐振型无线电能传输系统。该系统仅通过改变副边MERS的导通角,即可实现三种工作模式:恒流输出模式、恒压输出模式和最大功率输出模式。文中提出了系统模型,分析了LCL谐振型ICPT系统满足恒压、恒流、最大功率输出三种工作状态的条件;研究并建立了MERS的数学模型;搭建了Simulink仿真模型,仿真结果表明,本系统仅通过控制副边MERS的导通角α一个参数,可以实现电动汽车动力锂电池“先恒流后恒压”的充电需求,也可以实现当系统互感系数变化时系统维持在最佳工作点,而无需改变其他系统网络参数。该方案对改进电动汽车无线充电系统有一定的参考价值。     

便携式仪表锂电池组的均衡充电方案设计

结合目前的电池组均衡充电方案的研究．提出一种全新的充电均衡方案,采用耗能均衡方式和非耗能均衡方式相结合的方式,该均衡方案能很好地保障便携式仪表锂电池组的使用寿命。