Delay constrained uplink scheduling policy for rtPS/ertPS service in IEEE 802.16e BWA systems

WiMAX is a promising broadband wireless networking technology and is expected to take the place of broadband access solutions such as DSL and cable. Owing to its superior support in mobility, it is expected to provide integrated voice and data service to realize broadband mobile computing. In order to reach better quality‐of‐service (QoS) requirements for real‐time applications, the IEEE 802.16e standard defines five different services among traffic categories with different multimedia requirements. However, the problem of choosing the right set of medium access control parameters and packet scheduling policy to provide strict QoS guaranteed in IEEE 802.16e Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) systems remains unsolved and left as an open issue. In this paper, we propose a novel polling‐based uplink packet scheduling policy for real‐time Polling Service and extended real‐time Polling Service (rtPS/ertPS) traffic to support real‐time applications, with strict delay requirements, such as variable bit rate (VBR) traffic in IEEE 802.16e BWA systems. The proposed transmit‐permission policy can derive sufficient conditions such that all the rtPS/ertPS sources satisfy their time constraints to provide deterministic QoS guarantees. In addition to theoretical analysis, simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme. As it turns out, our design provides a good quality performance in the IEEE 802.16e BWA systems. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种分级WFQ的宽带无线接入系统QoS架构

文章介绍了加权公平排队(WFQ)分组调度算法和IEEE 802 16的QoS架构.在此基础上,文章结合分级WFQ分组调度算法和IEEE 802 16协议中所提供的控制机制提出了一种适合于BWA系统的QoS架构.该架构充分利用IEEE 802.16提供的控制机制,结合分级WFQ公平队列调度算法,在主动授予业务(UGS)、实时轮询业务(rtS)、非实时轮询业务(nrtPS)和尽力传输业务(BE)之间公平分配带宽,并保证各种业务的QoS特性,完成了在IEEE 802 16协议中留给用户自己定义的调度策略.     

Performance Evaluation of the IEEE 802.16 MAC for QoS Support

The IEEE 802.16 is a standard for broadband wireless communication in metropolitan area networks (MAN). To meet the QoS requirements of multimedia applications, the IEEE 802.16 standard provides four different scheduling services: unsolicited grant service (UGS), real-time polling service (rtPS), non-real-time polling service (nrtPS), and Best Effort (BE). The paper is aimed at verifying, via simulation, the effectiveness of rtPS, nrtPS, and BE (but UGS) in managing traffic generated by data and multimedia sources. Performance is assessed for an IEEE 802.16 wireless system working in point-to-multipoint (PMP) mode, with frequency division duplex (FDD), and with full-duplex subscriber stations (SSs). Our results show that the performance of the system, in terms of throughput and delay, depends on several factors. These include the frame duration, the mechanisms for requesting uplink bandwidth, and the offered load partitioning, i.e., the way traffic is distributed among SSs, connections within each SS, and traffic sources within each connection. The results also highlight that the rtPS scheduling service is a very robust scheduling service for meeting the delay requirements of multimedia applications     

基于802．16的跨层调度器设计

首先对基于IEEE802．16标准定义的QoS架构进行了扩充,然后对BS分组调度器进行了具体的设计,将其分为服务信息模块、信道状态反馈模块和服务调度模块3个部分。为不同类型的服务流提供QoS支持,设计了MAC—PHY跨层调度器,综合考虑无线信道的状态和MAC层业务QoS要求,对业务进行3级调度：     

Improving IPTV Forwarding Mechanism in IEEE 802.16j MMR Networks Based on Aggregation

Internet protocol television (IPTV) service depends on the network quality of service (QoS) and bandwidth of the broadband service provider. IEEE 802.16j mobile multihop relay Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access networks have the opportunity to offer high bandwidth capacity by introducing relay stations. However, to actually satisfy QoS requirements for offering IPTV services (HDTV, SDTV, Web TV, and mobile TV) for heterogeneous users' requests, providers must use a video server for each IPTV service type, which increases the network load, especially bandwidth consumption and forwarding time. In this paper, we present a solution for forwarding IPTV video streaming to diverse subscribers via an 802.16j broadband wireless access network. In particular, we propose a new multicast tree construction and aggregation mechanism based on the unique property of prime numbers. Performance evaluation results show that the proposed scheme reduces both bandwidth consumption and forwarding time.     

IEEE 802.16d上行链路调度服务优化算法

调度算法是宽带无线接入系统为分类业务提供QoS保证的重要手段和工具。本文提出一种用于IEEE802.16d宽带无线接入系统TDD模式下的跨层调度服务的改进算法I_DFPQ。仿真结果表明该算法在各个类型业务流的吞吐量、时延、丢包率和公平性方面相比于同类的其他算法具有更优的性能。     

QoS in WiMAX hybrid schedulers for heterogeneous traffic and their performance comparison

ABSTRACT

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), based on IEEE 802.16, provides first-mile wireless access for broadband users and is capable of satisfying the Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of voice, video and data traffic (triple-play services). This paper proposes two WiMAX hybrid schedulers, developed by integration of homogeneous schedulers, for providing QoS to triple-play services. The Markovian model is solved analytically to derive various performance metrics, which are then compared with an existing scheduler. The splitting of FTP traffic, before scheduling, provides improved throughput as compared to the proposed first hybrid scheduler, making this an exclusive component of the proposed second hybrid scheduler. The results show that the second proposed model provides an improvement of mandatory QoS parameters; reduction in voice traffic mean queuing delay by 68.18%, and improvement in FTP traffic throughput by 67.27% as compared to the first designed model. The first considered scheduler gives high inter-class fairness; however, it does not provide satisfactory QoS performance. The proposed hybrid schedulers are better in overall performance than other schedulers proposed recently, as they not only satisfy the QoS demands of different types of services but also improve the fairness among services.     

IEEE802.16中多媒体QoS保证机制的研究

首先分析了IEEE802.16四种业务类型的特点及QoS服务模型,对IEEE802.16的QoS机制和调度策略进行了深入的研究,并对相应的调度算法进行了分析。结果表明,IEEE802.16能够对实时业务提供较好的支持,同时维持其它业务的带宽在可接受的范围之内。     

Uplink and downlink scheduling for point to multipoint WiMAX Networks

IEEE 802.16 standard lacks a Media Access Control (MAC) scheduling architecture to enforce Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of different services classes. In this paper, we propose an opportunistic and optimized scheduler that meets connections' QoS requirements while it pledges fairness among admitted connections. Our approach involves separating the scheduling problem into two sub‐problems. In the first sub‐problem, which addresses interclass time‐slots allocation, the proposed scheduler calculates the optimum number of time‐slots in each time frame corresponding to the service classes with the objective of minimizing the blocking probability of each class. In the second sub‐problem, the intraclass slot allocation problem, time‐slots for each class are allocated using an integrated cross‐layer priority functions (PFs) that provide proportional fairness among a class connections. The simulation results reveal that the proposed scheduler realizes our objectives, and provides efficient QoS scheduling without starving the connections of the BE class. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Performance of packet voice transmission using IEEE 802.16 protocol

The IEEE 802.16 standard defines three types of scheduling services for supporting real-time traffic, unsolicited grant service (UGS), real-time polling service (rtPS), and extended real-time polling service (ertPS). In the UGS service, the base station (BS) offers a fixed amount of bandwidth to a subscriber station (SS) periodically, and the SS does not have to make any explicit bandwidth requests. The bandwidth allocation in the rtPS service is updated periodically in the way that the BS periodically polls the SS, which makes a bandwidth request at the specified uplink time slots and receives a bandwidth grant in the following downlink subframe. In the ertPS service, the BS keeps offering the same amount of bandwidth to the SS unless explicitly requested by the SS. The SS makes a bandwidth request only if its required transmission rate changes. In this article we study the performance of voice packet transmissions and BS resource utilization using the three types of scheduling services in IEEE 802.16-based backhaul networks, where each SS forwards packets for a number of voice connections. Our results demonstrate that while the UGS service achieves the best latency performance, the rtPS service can more efficiently utilize the BS resource and flexibly trade-off between packet transmission performance and BS resource allocation efficiency; and appropriately choosing the MAC frame size is important in both the rtPS and ertPS services to reduce packet transmission delay and loss rate     

一种用于IEEE 802.16无线城域网TDD模式中的带宽调度方案

该文提出了一种用于IEEE 802.16宽带无线接入系统TDD模式下的公平而有效的带宽分配调度体系。与该领域中传统的固定带宽分配方式相比,该文提出的调度体系结构综合考虑了上下行链路不同业务带宽需求并进行动态带宽分配。该文提出一种新的亏空公平优先级队列(DFPQ)算法来调度不同优先级的业务流,可以为系统提供更好的公平性。仿真结果显示该文提出的调度体系结构能够很好地满足所有类型业务的服务质量(QoS)需求,并提供较好的公平性。     

IEEE802.16中一种改进的跨层QoS调度架构设计

IEEE802委员会制定了一个解决“最后一公里”宽带无线城域网（WMAN）接入问题的全球统一标准,即IEEE802．16标准。它定义了支持多种业务类型的独立于具体物理层的MAC层和多个物理层。对于802．16系统的QoS保障,标准中详细规定了服务类别的划分以及系统的Qos框架和具体的信令交互机制,但没有规定具体的QoS调度算法,而是留给厂家设计。因此本文在IEEE802．16已有QoS调度架构的基础上,设计出一种改进的跨层QoS调度架构,并详细介绍了该构架下各功能模块的功能和具体实现方法。     

Performance evaluation of the MAC protocol in IEEE 802.16 systems with data and VoiP traffic scheduling

In the last few years, the metropolitan area networks (MAN) have increased their popularity and attracted the interest of the most important research groups all over the world. Among several standards, IEEE 802.16 has taken a relevant role providing high data rate in a big covering range with low implementation costs and multi‐traffic communications. The IEEE 802.16 networks can have a pre‐defined structure, with a central base station (BS) covering a cell in which a variable number of subscriber stations (SSs) can work. This paper deals with the proposal of a quality of service (QoS) driven scheduling algorithm to be used in an IEEE 802.16 network where different traffic types coexist. In particular, the paper mainly focuses on best effort data and VoIP communications, by proposing a scheduling technique that allows an efficient resource management of both traffic types by considering their specific QoS flavor. The performance evaluation has been carried out by considering both the phases of contention and packet scheduling, by means of a theoretical approach and computer simulations. Numerical results show the performance of the proposed algorithm by focusing on a scenario where the BS schedules the best effort and VoIP traffics of several SSs. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于双层分级的无线城域网资源分配方案

未来移动通信系统,诸如IEEE802.16旨在能够传送多种具有不同QoS要求的多媒体业务。为了保证业务的QoS,需合理设计调度器的结构和相应的调度算法。针对IEEE802.16宽带无线接入系统中的双层分级带宽分配体系结构,结合总调度器分配算法优点,采用了更适用于分类调度器且不同于参考文献的分配算法,旨在能够针对不同QoS等级的业务提供不同的调度方案,更好地满足用户的QoS要求。     

Scheduling in IEEE 802.16e mobile WiMAX networks: key issues and a survey

Interest in broadband wireless access (BWA) has been growing due to increased user mobility and the need for data access at all times. IEEE 802.16e based WiMAX networks promise the best available quality of experience for mobile data service users. Unlike wireless LANs, WiMAX networks incorporate several quality of service (QoS) mechanisms at the Media Access Control (MAC) level for guaranteed services for data, voice and video. The problem of assuring QoS is basically that of how to allocate available resources among users in order to meet the QoS criteria such as delay, delay jitter and throughput requirements. IEEE standard does not include a standard scheduling mechanism and leaves it for implementer differentiation. Scheduling is, therefore, of special interest to all WiMAX equipment makers and service providers. This paper discusses the key issues and design factors to be considered for scheduler designers. In addition, we present an extensive survey of recent scheduling research. We classify the proposed mechanisms based on the use of channel conditions. The goals of scheduling are to achieve the optimal usage of resources, to assure the QoS guarantees, to maximize goodput and to minimize power consumption while ensuring feasible algorithm complexity and system scalability.     

Dynamic Resource Allocation Architecture for IEEE802.16e: Design and Performance Analysis

Mobile communications has witnessed an exponential increase in the amount of users, services and applications. WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) targets to provide broadband connectivity to wide area coverage, both in fixed and in mobile environments, as well as in the provision of QoS constraints of those applications and services envisioned for Next Generation Networks (NGNs), which results in significant design challenges in the MAC (Medium Access Control) to provide the seamless transport of heterogeneous traffic in a cost-effective manner. This paper proposes a Dynamic Resource Allocation (DRA) architecture for the IEEE802.16e broadband wireless system (also known as Mobile WiMAX) that can provide operators the flexibility to deliver broadband traffic with high spectral efficiency. The proposed DRA architecture framework encompasses scheduler, Link Adaptation (LA), Resource Allocation (RA) and Hybrid Automated Repeat Request (HARQ) functional blocks which interwork seamlessly. The performance of the DRA was evaluated using commonly deployed scheduling policies: Max C/I, Proportional Fair and Round Robin schemes. Simulation results show that the proposed DRA scheme has the capacity to provide enhanced coverage and QoS provisioning for the area networks (WANs), such as the ones envisioned for B3G mobile wireless networks.     

IEEE 802.16 Mesh Schedulers: Issues and Design Challenges

IEEE 802.16 mesh mode defines three types of resource scheduling: coordinated centralized, coordinated distributed, and uncoordinated distributed. While the standard defines the required procedures and messages for each scheduler, it does not offer encouraging means to provide performance, reliability, or QoS. In this article we outline the issues of IEEE 802.16 mesh schedulers. We also survey representative proposals and qualitatively evaluate them against these issues. More critically, we identify key challenges that have not been addressed so far in the literature to motivate work in this area of research.     

Scheduler for IEEE 802.16 networks

The IEEE 802.16 standard was designed to support real-time and bandwidth demanding applications with quality of service (QoS). Although the standard defines a QoS signaling framework and five service levels, scheduling disciplines for these service levels are unspecified. In this paper, we propose a scheduling scheme for the uplink traffic which is fully standard-compliant and can be easily implemented in the base station. Simulation results show that this scheme is able to meet the QoS requirements of the service flows.     

Design of the QoS framework for the IEEE 802.16 mesh networks

IEEE 802.16 (WiMax) technology is designed to support broadband speeds over wireless networks for the coming era of broadband wireless access (BWA). IEEE 802.16 is expected to provide transmission of high‐rate and high‐volume multimedia data streams for fixed and mobile applications. As an extension of point‐to‐multipoint (PMP) configuration, the IEEE 802.16 mesh mode provides a quicker and more flexible approach for network deployment. Multimedia networking requires quality‐of‐service (QoS) support, which demands elaborate mechanisms in addition to the four service types defined in the specification. By examining standard centralized and distributed scheduling/routing schemes in the mesh mode from QoS aspect, a BS‐controlled and delay‐sensitive scheduling/routing scheme is proposed in the paper. Associate mechanisms including admission control, flow setup and link state monitoring are also proposed. Integration of the proposed mechanisms is presented as a complete QoS framework. Simulation study has demonstrated that the average delay as well as the delay jitters per hop in the proposed scheme is smaller than that of the distributed scheme and much smaller than that of the centralized scheme. Furthermore, proposed mechanisms can also achieve higher throughput than the contrasts and generate much smaller signaling overhead, making the proposed framework a promising scheme for multimedia support in the IEEE 802.16 mesh network. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A QoS Aware Dynamic Scheduling Scheme Using Fuzzy Inference System for IEEE 802.16 Networks

Providing quality of service (QoS) for diverse multimedia services is an important issue in IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) networks. A scheduling mechanism that satisfies the QoS requirements has become more important for multimedia networks. In addition, scheduling algorithms for wireless networks are much more complex than that of wired networks because of channel quality variations and radio resource limits. This paper introduces a QoS Aware Scheduling System, based on fuzzy logic, for traffic management in WiMAX point-to-multi-point (PMP) networks. The proposed method attempts to guarantee delay and throughput QoS criteria. It considers QoS criteria and radio quality of each user in decision making processes. A series of simulation experiments have been carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheduling system. The results show that the proposed method performs effectively to achieve QoS criteria and attains significant system performance for different types of traffic.