地板辐射供冷技术的应用研究

通过对地板辐射供冷研究和应用状况进行调研,对地板辐射供冷 置换通风复合系统的供冷量、防结露措施、新风与卫生条件、舒适性等问题作了阐述。利用置换通风系统承担一定的室内冷负荷,同时经减湿处理的置换通风系统的存在可以有效地防止结露,还免除了吹冷风的感觉,有助于提高室内的舒适度,满足大多数建筑的要求。     

贴附射流作用下辐射冷顶板加置换通风空调系统评价分析

通过对辐射冷顶板与置换通风复合空调系统以及辐射冷顶板与贴附射流复合空调系统的评价分析,提出将三者结合起来的新型空调系统。建立贴附射流作用下辐射冷顶板与置换通风复合空调系统房间的模型,利用Fluent软件对该房间进行模拟。通过模拟分析,得出房间的温度分布情况以及气流分布情况。模拟结果表明:贴附射流作用下辐射冷顶板加置换通风空调系统在保证房间良好舒适性的同时,可以有效减轻顶板结露问题,使辐射冷顶板在理想的工作温度下运行,提高了辐射冷顶板的供冷能力,保证了房间良好的热环境。     

冷却顶板对置换通风系统的影响:CFD研究

以计算流体力(CFD)的模型为基础,采用有限容积法对带有冷却顶板的置换通风系统和不带冷却顶板的普通置换通风系统的温度场、气流分布及人体的热舒适性进行了模拟分析,模拟结果表明,冷却顶板-置换通风系统可以减小室内温度梯度,提高人体热舒适性。     

香港地区应用干式风机盘管系统节能和室内空气品质分析

冷板辐射加置换通风空词系统在保证室内环境的前提下比常规全空气空调系统节能,但在天气湿热的香港地区应用会出现冷板凝露现象,且采用置换通风方式,风量有限从而影响热舒适性.本文将干式风机盘管系统与独立除湿通风系统组合应用于香港地区办公楼,干式风机盘管系统处理室内显热负荷,独立除湿通风系统承担室内湿负荷和室外全热负荷.采用EnergyPlus软件模拟分析了该空调系统在香港地区某办公楼中的使用性能,结果表明该系统能很好地控制室内温、湿度,特别是湿度,与常规全空气空调系统相比,全年节能达10.3%.     

热湿解耦处理复合空调室内空气品质研究

基于热湿解耦处理原理,以一典型办公室为研究对象,采用数值模拟的方法研究了置换通风与冷却顶板复合空调系统的热舒适性。结果表明:将被控房间的潜热负荷与显热负荷分别处理的复合空调系统,在人员活动区域内垂直温度梯度为0.96℃,气流流动速度低于0.171m/s,热舒适性完全满足ISO-7730要求。     

置换通风与辐射冷顶板复合空调系统分析

阐明了置换通风与辐射冷顶板复合空调系统工作原理,同时对置换通风与辐射冷顶板复合空调系统与通常通风方式进行对比,说明了其优点;另外,对置换通风与辐射冷顶板复合空调系统的室内热环境进行研究,具有一定的参考价值。     

南京某别墅温湿独立控制空调系统的设计

地源热泵联合毛细管网辐射末端应用于别墅中,能够结合二者的优点,充分利用低品位能源,节能效果显著。毛细管网辐射末端配合置换通风系统实现了温湿度的解耦,毛细管网承担几乎全部的显热负荷,新风系统承担潜热负荷,做到温湿度独立控制,能够创造超高的热舒适性和室内环境品质。防结露控制系统通过实时的温湿度监测和流量调节,避免房间结露,保障了系统正常运行。热回收系统为别墅提供基本生活热水,不仅平衡了负荷,而且进一步提高了能源的综合利用效率。     

上置置换通风-顶板辐射供冷室内热环境研究

利用计算流体力学(CFD)方法,对上置置换通风-顶板辐射供冷复合空调办公建筑室内采用不同气流组织方式的通风效果进行了模拟研究,分析比较了气流组织特性指标--温度不均匀系数k1、速度不均匀系数ku空气分布特性指数ADPI及温度效率ηt等,给出了送、排风口适宜的上置安装位置.并从舒适性、供冷情况、竖直温度梯度以及温度、速度场分布等方面与传统置换通风.顶板辐射供冷复合空调系统进行了比较,指明了这种新型空调模式可行性、优点及不足.     

顶板辐射供冷加置换通风系统广州地区适用性分析

顶板辐射供冷加置换通风系统以其独有的舒适性好、能耗低等特点逐步被国内用户接受,并在民用建筑项目中被采用.本文以等效辐射换热系数方法对盘管式辐射顶板单位面积的供冷量进行了数值模拟分析,并以广州地区为例,对该系统的适用性及影响因素进行了讨论:顶板辐射供冷加置换通风系统更适用于围护结构冷负荷指标低的节能建筑;当围护结构冷负荷指标低于20 W/m2时,采用较高供回水温度的冷水机组可满足室内设计要求且有明显的节能效果;顶板承担的冷负荷随人员密度的增大而减小,降低送风温度、采取大温差送风,可降低顶板承担的冷负荷.     

地板辐射供冷-置换通风的实验研究

为了研究地板辐射供冷的热工性能,测试了北京地区不同室外气温下地板辐射供冷系统的运行工况,得到了该系统的制冷量,地板表面温度,室内温度场分布等参数,并且把单独地板辐射供冷系统的运行参数与地板辐射供冷-置换通风复合式系统进行了对比,提出了将地板辐射供冷与置换通风配合用于夏季空调室内供冷除湿的新型空调方式,置换通风系统在近地面处形成干燥空气层,可有效防止夏季热湿天气在地板表面出现结露现象,并且使这种新型空调系统条件下地面与室内的换热得到强化.通过理论分析和实验研究指出这是一种舒适、节能的空调方式.     

Rate constants of reactions of ozone with organic and inorganic compounds in water—III. Inorganic compounds and radicals

Second-order rate constants for reactions of ozone with 40 inorganic aqueous solutes are reported. Included are compounds of sulfur (e.g. H₂S, H₂SO₃, HOCH₂SO₃H), chlorine (e.g. Cl⁻, HOCl, NH₂Cl, HClO₂, ClO₂), bromine (e.g. Br⁻, HOBr), nitrogen (e.g. NH₃, NH₂OH, N₂O, HNO₂) and oxygen (e.g. H₂O₂), as well as free radicals (e.g. O₂⁻, OH^•). Most of these compounds exhibit an increase in rate constant with increasing pH corresponding to their degree of dissociation. Rate constants are based on ozone consumption rates measured by conventional batch-type or continuous-flow methods (10⁻³-10⁺⁶ M⁻¹ s⁻¹ range) and determinations of stoichiometric factors. Also listed are data determined by pulse-irradiation techniques using kinetic spectroscopy (10¹⁰ M⁻¹ s⁻¹ range). Additional literature data are reviewed for completeness. Results are discussed with respect to water treatment and environmental processes.     

Behavior of alkylphenol polyethoxylate metabolites during soil aquifer treatment

The attenuation of alkylphenol polyethoxylates (APEOs) metabolites was studied at a soil aquifer treatment (SAT) site located in Arizona, USA. Two parcels of water were monitored during infiltration; one parcel was predominantly oxic while the other was predominantly anoxic. In this study, only alkylphenol ethoxycarboxylates (APECs) and carboxyalkylphenol ethoxycarboxylates (CAPECs) were detected, no short-chained APEOs were observed-even under anoxic conditions. APEO metabolites were rapidly (<7 days) removed under both aerobic and anoxic conditions. In general, the length of the ethoxycarboxylate chain decreases with depth--at depths greater than 3m, only alkylphenoxy acetic acids (AP1ECs), carboxyalkylphenoxy acetic acids (CAP1ECs), and alkylphenols (APs) remain. Under aerobic conditions, octylphenol and nonylphenol concentrations decreased by approximately 80% (w/w) within 3m of the ground surface. Under anoxic conditions however, alkylphenol concentrations increased by approximately 200% during the first 1.5m and then decreased during the next 1.5m; overall, under anoxic conditions, alkylphenol concentrations increased by approximately 38% within 3m. During infiltration, APEC and CAPEC concentrations decrease by more than 95% within 3m of SAT. Alternate flooding and drying cycles appear to enhance overall APEO metabolite removal efficiencies.     

Formation of disinfection by-products in indoor swimming pool water: the contribution from filling water natural organic matter and swimmer body fluids

The contribution and role of different precursors in the formation of three class of disinfection by-products (DBPs) [trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), and halonitromethanes (HNMs)] in swimming pool waters were examined using filling waters obtained from five drinking water treatment plant (WTP) effluents and three body fluid analogs (BFAs). BFAs exerted higher chlorine demands as compared to natural organic matter (NOM) in filling waters. BFAs exhibited higher HAA formation potentials than THM formation potentials, while the opposite was observed for the filling water NOM. There was no appreciable difference in the HNM formation potentials of BFAs and filling water NOM. Different components in the BFAs tested exhibited different degree and type of DBP formation. Citric acid had significantly higher THM and HAA yields than other BFA components. The effect of temperature was greater on THM formation, whereas the effect of contact time had more impact on HAA formation. Experiments with filling waters collected from WTP effluents at three different times showed more variability in HAA than THM formation at the WTPs studied.     

Removal of VUV pre-treated natural organic matter by biologically activated carbon columns

A potential alternative water treatment process using VUV (185 nm+254 nm) irradiation followed by a biological treatment is described. The system uses sufficient VUV radiation (16J cm(-2)) to significantly enhance the production of biologically degradable moieties prior to treatment with biologically activated carbon (BAC). Two similar activated carbons were used, one virgin and one taken from a water treatment plant with an established biofilm. The VUV-BAC process decreased the overall dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration of a natural water sample by 54% and 44% for the virgin carbon and previously used BAC, respectively. Furthermore, VUV-BAC treatment decreased the trihalomethane (THM) formation potential (THMFP) by 60-70% and the haloacetic acid (HAA) formation potential (HAAFP) by 74%. The BAC systems effectively removed the hydrogen peroxide residual produced by VUV irradiation. Although nitrite formation can result from VUV treatment of natural organic matter (NOM), none was detected before or after BAC treatment.     

750kV GIS中金属氧化物避雷器对VFTO影响的研究

随着超高压气体绝缘变电站(GIS)的广泛使用,由隔离开关(DS)和断路器(CB)操作引起的快速暂态过电压(VFTO)的危害越加明显。以西北地区750 kV官亭GIS变电站为计算原型,利用电磁暂态程序(EMTP)对不同运行方式下GIS设备上的VFTO进行数值仿真计算和分析。重点在于对不同运行方式下金属氧化物避雷器(MOA)的限制过电压效果进行分析。计算结果表明:DS无分合闸电阻时,MOA防护效果更明显;MOA主要的抑制效果体现在MOA附近的设备上,对于远离MOA的设备上的VFTO的抑制效果较小;由于VFTO持续的时间极短,通过MOA的能量很小。     

膨润土对重金属离子Pb~(2+),Zn~(2+),Cr(VI),Cd~(2+)的吸附性能

试验研究了pH值、吸附时间和吸附剂用量对膨润土吸附重金属离子Pb2 ,Zn2 ,Cr(VI)和Cd2 的影响.结果表明,在本试验的pH值、吸附时间及吸附剂用量条件下,膨润土对Pb2 ,Zn2 ,Cd2 的吸附效果均优于其对Cr(VI)的吸附效果;pH值是影响上述吸附的重要因素,离子交换和表面络合是上述吸附的主要形式.     

An energy-based partial pushdown analysis procedure for assessment of disproportionate collapse potential

A disproportionate (or progressive) collapse is triggered by localized structural damage that propagates throughout a large portion of a structural system. The current guidelines issued by the US Department of Defense use the alternative path method to assess the vulnerability of a structural system to disproportionate collapse. In this method, the capability of a structure to sustain local damage is evaluated by notionally removing primary load-bearing elements and checking whether the local damage can be absorbed. The assessment can be performed using linear or nonlinear static structural models or a nonlinear dynamic model. Although nonlinear dynamic analysis gives the most accurate results, it is computationally intensive and requires considerable skill to implement properly. In this paper, the vulnerability of three steel frames to disproportionate collapse is assessed using an energy-based nonlinear static pushdown analysis. The predictions are sufficiently close to the results of a nonlinear dynamic time history analysis that the method would be useful for disproportionate collapse-resistant design of buildings with regular steel framing systems.     

建筑西向房间夏季室内热环境改善

以国内某大学综合实验大楼为例,实测了其中一间西向房间的室内外空气温度与壁面温度,分析了其夏季室内热环境。为了在经济合理地使用能源的情况下,满足它对夏季冷量与冬季热量的需求,根据实测的数据,利用建筑热平衡原理,对其夏季室内热环境特性进行了分析,指出了其热工设计缺陷,并对其进行了热舒适性的改造。通过软件模拟出改造后房间室内空气温度值,对比改造前后室内空气温度值,结果显示改造后的温度值明显降低,热舒适性得到了改善。     

聚硅铁混凝去除腐殖酸的研究

考察了聚硅铁(PSF)对腐殖酸(HA)的去除效果及影响因素,并与聚合硫酸铁(PFS)、硫酸铁[Fe_2(SO_4)_3]进行了比较.结果表明,当5相似文献   

Understanding soluble microbial products (SMP) as a component of effluent organic matter (EfOM)

Formation of soluble microbial products (SMP) during biological degradation of organic compounds in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was investigated using high performance liquid chromatography--size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) as well as other organic matter characterization tools. Results showed that carbon compounds in a glucose feed solution were totally transformed to other organic products classified biomass-associated products (BAP). The SMP-BAP contained in the SBR effluent consisted mainly of high-molecular weight (MW) fractions of organic matter, possibly originating from cell lysis. These compounds exhibited a low specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) and a hydrophilic character. In addition, the characteristics of bulk effluent organic matters (EfOM) samples from wastewater treatment facilities were studied. It was observed that EfOM consisted of humic-like and hydrophobic (HPO) compounds, derived from the corresponding drinking water source, in addition to SMP-BAP. A superimposition of SEC chromatograms of the SMP-BAP and humic-like compounds represented a fingerprint of EfOM.