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1.
The HLD-NAC model has been used as an “equation of state” to predict the properties of microemulsion (μE) systems formulated
with either anionic or nonionic surfactants. The model uses the concept of the hydrophilic-lipophilic difference (HLD) to
calculate the chemical potential difference of transferring a surfactant from the oil to the aqueous phase; as a function
of formulation variables such as type of surfactant, oil, temperature, electrolyte concentration. The value of HLD is used
as a scaling parameter to calculate the net and average curvatures (NAC) of the surfactant at the water/oil interface. These
curvatures determine the phase volumes, phase transitions, and solubilization capacity of μEs. In this work, the HLD-NAC model
is extended to nonideal surfactant mixtures of anionic and nonionic surfactants. The phase behavior of limonene μEs formulated
with binary mixtures of sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate with nonionic nonylphenol ethoxylates and alcohol ethoxylates was used
to determine the deviations of the HLD from the ideal mixing behavior. The deviations were fitted using a 2-parameters Margules
equation. The results suggests that the deviations in anionic-rich systems are due to the charge shielding effect of nonionic
surfactants, and in nonionic-rich systems, the deviations seem to be explained by the increase in hydration of the surfactant
headgroups due to the presence of anionic surfactants. When these corrections were used to predict the curvature of dioctyl
sulfosuccinate-dodecyl pentaethylene glycol-heptane μEs, the HLD-NAC model corrected for the nonidealities reproduced not
only the trends but also the actual range of values reported in the literature.
相似文献
Edgar J. AcostaEmail: |
2.
New stable silayl cationic surfactants have been studied for the destruction of toxic organophosphorus pesticides. Hexadecyl,
dodecyl trimethyl silane ammonium chloride or iodide surfactants were synthesized and evaluated in the degradation of pesticides
such as Diazinon, Malathion or Chlorpyrifos. The hydrolytic efficiency of each surfactant was tested by measuring the kinetics
of model substrates cleavage under a pseudo-first order reaction. The iodo silayl based surfactants showed more destructive
power than the chloro derivatives. Meanwhile, the hexadecyl moiety showed more effective pesticide degradation than the corresponding
dodecyl moiety.
相似文献
Abdelfattah M. Badawi (Corresponding author)Email: |
Sahar M. AhmedEmail: |
3.
In this study, two nonionic surfactants, one alcohol ethoxylate (AE) and one alkylphenol ethoxylate (APE) were investigated
with regard to their influence on the morphology of activated sludge flocs, microbial activity and wastewater treatment efficiency
in a laboratory batch system. The experiments were carried out for a range of nonionic surfactants concentrations in wastewater
from 5 to 500 mg L−1. Additionally, these results were compared to the data obtained in previous experiments on anionics and performed under the
same conditions. Both nonionics tested caused a decrease in the size of activated sludge flocs but they did not affect the
shape of the flocs. The circularity index and convexity of flocs remained similar to the control run, containing no surfactant.
The presence of nonionic surfactants within the tested concentrations range caused a decrease in biomass activity. In spite
of morphological changes of activated sludge flocs and a decrease in microbial activity, only higher concentrations of nonionics
in wastewater starting with the level of 50 mg L−1 can induce pinpoint flocs and decrease wastewater treatment efficiency. APE showed a stronger impact on the decrease in floc
size and microbial activity than alcohol ethoxylate did. APE was also more difficult to biodegrade than AE. Comparing the
efficiency of wastewater treatment (in terms of COD removal) in the presence of nonionic and anionic surfactants at the same
concentration of 50 mg L−1, the degree of organic pollutant removal was found to be higher by about 10% for anionics than for nonionics.
相似文献
M. KraumeEmail: |
4.
Yurong Jiang Zhigang Xu Jimei Luan Pingqin Liu Weihong Qiao Zongshi Li 《Journal of surfactants and detergents》2007,10(3):131-136
Three unsymmetrical bolaform surfactants with different aromatic rings and a ω-carboxyalkyl chain were synthesized and their
molecular structures were characterized by ESI–MS and 1H NMR. The percentages of conversion of alkylation were judged by the iodine value measurements and the effect of reaction
temperature on sulfonate content of synthesized products has also been discussed.
相似文献
Yurong JiangEmail: |
5.
Surface-active properties of cleavable surfactants with a betaine ester group—(n-alkyloxycarbonylmethyl)trimethylammonium chlorides, used as separation reagents—were investigated. Critical micelle concentrations,
dispersing powers, and foaming powers were comparable to those of alkyltrimethylammonium chlorides with the same total number
of carbon atoms. On the other hand, the solubilities of the four hydrophobic dyes N,N-dimethyl-3-nitroaniline, naphthalene, pyrene, and oil orange SS in the former surfactant solutions were equal to or slightly
smaller than those in the solutions of the latter surfactants with the same alkyl chain length. The alkali hydrolysis yields
of the formers approached 100% in aqueous buffer solution at pH 10 and 25 °C within 10 min, and the yield at pH 9 was dependent
on the alkyl chain length. This type of surfactant was also found to be as an efficient separation reagent which disperses
carbon black and solubilizes the above dyes into aqueous neutral solution and then separates them instantaneously and almost
perfectly as precipitates when a small excess of NaOH is added.
相似文献
Yoshihiro ItohEmail: |
6.
Vishal Y. Joshi Mahesh M. Kadam Manohar R. Sawant 《Journal of surfactants and detergents》2007,10(1):25-34
In the present study, quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) equations were derived using the logarithm of the
octanol/water partition co-efficient for the prediction of acute aquatic toxicity of mixed surfactant systems. Further mixed
surfactant systems of an anionic surfactant (sodium lauryl sulfate) and several nonionic surfactants (alkyl polyglucoside)
of different hydrophobic chain lengths were taken together to calculate the parameter pEC50. Quantitative structure-properties
relationship (QSPR) equations based on pC20,
and A
min were developed from the surface tension data to predict pEC50 values and compared with QSAR derived pEC50 values to understand
the probable mechanisms of action of the mixed surfactants blends for aquatic toxicity. The established QSAR and QSPR equations
for mixed surfactants indicate that given blends of surfactants act as a polar narcotic.
相似文献
Manohar R. SawantEmail: |
7.
M. Z. Mohamed 《Journal of surfactants and detergents》2008,11(2):175-179
Four fluorinated cationic surfactants were prepared by condensing 2,2,3,3, tetrafluoro-1-propyl chloroacetate with stoichiometric
amounts of pyridine, 2-hydroxypyridine, 8-hydroxyquinoline and 8-hydroxyquinaldine to produce four quaternary ammonium salts.
The surface and biocidal properties of these surfactants were investigated. Surface properties of their solutions including
surface tension, critical micelle concentration (CMC), effectiveness (Πcmc), maximum surface excess (Γmax) and minimum surface area (A
min) were investigated with respect to different concentrations at 25 °C. Standard free energies of micellization and adsorption
of the prepared surfactants in the aqueous solution were studied. The biocidal activity was determined via the inhibition
zone diameter of prepared compounds which tested against six strains as a representative group of microorganisms.
相似文献
M. Z. MohamedEmail: |
8.
Synthesis,Surface Properties and Antimicrobial Activity of Bolaamphiphile/Oppositely Charged Conventional Surfactant Mixed Systems 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Hanan El-Sharkawy Ali 《Journal of surfactants and detergents》2007,10(2):117-124
Four ionic bolaamphiphiles were synthesized from four bolasingle systems and the surface properties of bolasingle systems
and bola\oppositely charged conventional mixed surfactant systems were studied. Variations in the structure of the hydrophobic
chain of bolaamphiphiles has a great influence on their antimicrobial activities. The bolaform surfactants prepared have
significant antimicrobial and antifungal activities relative to their conventional analogues. The Г∞ (saturated adsorption amount) and A
min (minimum average area per surfactant molecule) of these bolaamphiphiles in both water and 0.1 M NaCl solutions were calculated
and CMC of the mixed systems with oppositely charged conventional surfactants in both water and 0.1 M NaCl solutions were
determined.
相似文献
Hanan El-Sharkawy AliEmail: |
9.
E. M. S. Azzam S. M. I. Morsy N. E. A. Saleh 《Journal of surfactants and detergents》2007,10(4):201-205
The synergistic behavior of poly(ethylene oxide)–poly(propylene oxide)–poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO–PPO–PEO) triblock copolymer
in aqueous solution with the synthesized anionic surfactants [decyl sulfonate (A10), myristyl sulfonate (A14) and cetyl sulfonate
(A16)] and cationic surfactants [decyl pyridinium bromide (C10), myristyl peridinium bromide (C14) and cetyl pyridinium bromide
(C16)] was investigated using a surface tension technique at 25 °C. The results show that the CMC values of binary mixtures
for anionic and cationic surfactants with the triblock copolymer are lower than that of single surfactants. The synergistic
interaction between surfactant molecules and copolymer molecules in binary mixed solution enhance the adsorption of surfactant
molecules at the interface. The micellar mole fractions (X
m) and the interaction parameter (β) of these surfactants in mixed micelles were determined.
相似文献
E. M. S. AzzamEmail: |
10.
I. Bozetine T. Ahmed Zaïd C. E. Chitour J. P. Canselier 《Journal of surfactants and detergents》2008,11(4):299-305
The aim of this work was to formulate and optimize the washing performance of an alkylpolyglucoside-based dishwashing detergent.
The liquid detergent was formulated with five ingredients of commercial origin: anionic (linear sodium alkylbenzenesulfonate
and sodium laurylethersulfate), nonionic (C12–C14 alkylpolyglucoside) and zwitterionic (a fatty acid amide derivative with a betaine structure) surfactants, and NaCl for viscosity
control. In addition to the plate test, other properties were investigated including “cloud point”, viscosity, and emulsion
stability. Statistical analysis software was used to generate a central composite experimental design. Then, a second order
design and analysis of experiments approach, known as the Response Surface Methodology, was set up to investigate the effects
of the five components of the formulation on the studied properties in the region covering plausible component ranges. The
method proved to be efficient for locating the domains of concentrations where the desired properties were met.
相似文献
J. P. CanselierEmail: |
11.
A. M. Al-Sabagh E. M. S. Azzam S. A. Mahmoud N. E. A. Saleh 《Journal of surfactants and detergents》2007,10(1):3-8
A series of ethoxylated sodium monoalkyl sulfosuccinate (ESMASS) ester surfactants were prepared by reacting polyethylene
glycol (molecular weight 600) with sodium monoalkyl sulfosuccinate (SMASS). The esters were prepared by reacting octyl, lauryl,
or cetyl alcohol with sodium sulfosuccinate (SSS) to prepare E(14)SMOSS, E(14)SMLSS, and E(14)SMCSS. The chemical structures
of the prepared surfactants were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The surface tension of the synthesized surfactants was measured at 25 °C individually or mixing at different
molar fractions with sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate. The surface active properties were calculated and the micellization process
of the mixture was investigated. The molar ratio of anionic (SDOSS) and anionic–nonionic surfactant moieties [E(14)SMOSS,
E(14)SMLSS, and E(14)SMCSS] in the mixed aggregates were deduced using the regular solution approximation equations. Depending
on the critical micelle concentration values measured for each surfactant individually, and as well as the mixed systems,
the minimum surface tension was exhibited at a ratio of 0.6 SDOSS:0.4 E(14)SMCSS. The micellar composition of the mixed aggregates
were explained and discussed based on the effect of their chemical structures. The activity coefficient (f
1, f
2), interaction parameter (β), and ideality of anionic–nonionic mixed aggregates were evaluated.
相似文献
E. M. S. AzzamEmail: |
12.
Two series of quaternary cationic surfactant were synthesized by reaction of 8-hydroxyquinoline and 2-hydroxypyridine with
long chain alkyl halides (dodecyl, tetradecyl- and hexadecyl-bromide). Surface tension was measured in aqueous solution for
different concentrations at 25 °C. Various surface properties of the synthesized surfactants were evaluated, particularly
critical micelle concentration (CMC), efficiency (ΠCMC) as well as maximum surface excess (Γmax) and minimum surface area (A
min). Micellization and adsorption in liquid/air interfaces thermodynamics were investigated. The synthesized cationic surfactants
were evaluated for their biocidal activity. All compounds prepared showed good antibacterial and antifungal activities.
相似文献
Dina A. IsmailEmail: |
13.
The Characteristic Curvature of Ionic Surfactants 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Edgar J. Acosta Jessica Sh. Yuan Arti Sh. Bhakta 《Journal of surfactants and detergents》2008,11(2):145-158
Characterizing the hydrophilic-lipophilic nature of a surfactant molecule has been a challenge for colloid scientists and
technologists. The hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB), the packing factor, the phase inversion temperature (PIT) and the
natural curvature of the surfactant are all terms that seek to address this issue. In this article we build on the hydrophilic–lipophilic
difference concept (HLD) (Salager et al. Langmuir, 16, 5534–5539, 2000) to develop a methodology to determine a characteristic
curvature (Cc) for ionic surfactants based on the phase behavior of mixed ionic surfactant microemulsions. In essence, the
method consists of evaluating the shift in optimal electrolyte concentration as a function of the mole fraction of the test
surfactant in a mixture with a reference surfactant, sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (SDHS) and applying the appropriate HLD
equation for ionic surfactant mixtures to determine Cc. The values of Cc were determined for a range of surfactants, including
sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), sodium naphthenate, and others. The method was also
extrapolated to nonionic additives and hydrophilic linkers. It was observed that the calculated values of Cc were similar
to those predicted by group contribution models, however the proposed method can be used even for complex surfactant mixtures.
Finally, when Cc values were compared to apparent packing factor and HLB values, it was found that Cc is correlated with the
apparent packing factor of ionic surfactants, and that Cc correlates with the HLB value for nonionic amphiphiles. The physical
interpretation of Cc, and its potential application in the Net-Average Curvature equation of state for oil-surfactant-water
systems is discussed.
相似文献
Edgar J. AcostaEmail: |
14.
Characterization and Surfactant-Enhanced Washing Treatability of Drilling Fluids Stored for More than 20 Years 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Luis C. Fernandez Hector Zegarra Gustavo Baca Luis G. Torres 《Journal of surfactants and detergents》2008,11(4):307-314
Drilling fluids represent a significant environmental hazard owing to the fact that they are frequently stored in open vessels
without any treatment. The drilling fluids studied in this work have been stored for 20–30 years in open cesspits in the state
of Tabasco (Mexico). The aim of this work was to characterize the drilling fluids produced in this region and to determine
their treatability by means of surfactant-enhanced washing. Two anionic and two non-ionic surfactants (sodium lauryl ethersulfate
SLES and sodium dodecylsulfate SDS, ethoxylated nonylphenol ENP and an unknown composition ethoxylated nonionic Surfynol 440
respectively) were employed for surfactant-enhanced washing assessments in the presence of a commercial dispersant. Drilling
fluids were contaminated with 135,400 mg of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH)/kg soil, including seven polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs) from 1.18 to 57.28 mg/kg. TPH removal efficiencies as high as 55.7% were reached when washing drilling
fluids with SDS (4%), followed by ENP 906 (1%), which showed a TPH removal of 52.2%, and ENP itself at a lower dose (0.1%).
SLES and S440 gave removal of around 10–15% with the assessed doses.
相似文献
Luis G. TorresEmail: |
15.
Brahim Bettayeb Caroline Descôteaux François Benoit Camille Chapados Gervais Bérubé 《Journal of surfactants and detergents》2009,12(3):237-247
Fourteen pure β-aminopropionic acid amphoteric surfactants were synthesized from methyl acrylate using primary amines. The
synthesis was done in two steps. First, Michael addition of a primary amine to methyl acrylate gave two separable addition
products. Second, because the resulting esters gave, by the classical saponification procedure, undesired retro-Michael products,
they were treated with sodium trimethylsilanolate to give the corresponding pure anhydrous acid salt under mild non-aqueous
reaction conditions. Two types of amphoteric surfactants were obtained: the monocarboxylate and the dicarboxylate series.
The pure surfactants were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The surfactant critical micelle concentrations were evaluated. From these the Gibbs free energy of micellizations
[∆G(–CH2–)mic] were calculated. These are related to the methylene units that contribute an average of −1.0 (±0.3) kJ mol−1 for both the monocarboxylate and the dicarboxylate series.
相似文献
Gervais BérubéEmail: |
16.
Preparation,Surface-Active Properties and Antimicrobial Activities of Bis(Ester Quaternary Ammonium) Salts 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Joanna Węgrzyńska Jan Chlebicki Irena Maliszewska 《Journal of surfactants and detergents》2007,10(2):109-116
New cationic surfactants, bis-quaternary ammonium salts, were prepared from N,N-dimethylaminoalkyl esters of saturated fatty acids and products of the reactions of epichlorohydrin with primary amines:
pentyl-, hexyl- and octylamine. The bis (ester–ammonium) salts obtained were examined in respect to their surface-active properties:
critical micelle concentration (CMC), effectiveness of surface tension reduction (γCMC), and adsorption efficiency (pC20). All these surfactants showed good water solubility and low critical micelle concentrations of more than two orders of magnitude
lower than these of corresponding mono-alkylammonium salts. They also showed good wetting capability, but worse foaming properties.
All the surfactants tested were nontoxic to gram-negative bacteria, but some of them inhibited the growth of gram-positive
bacteria and yeast.
相似文献
Jan ChlebickiEmail: |
17.
A series of cleavable aryl sulfonate anionic surfactants were synthesized from cyanuric chloride, aliphatic amine and H-acid
mono sodium salt. Their structures were identified by 1H NMR, Infrared Spectrum (IR) and Elementary Analysis (EA). Their critical micelle concentrations (CMC) in aqueous solutions
at 25 °C were determined by a steady-state fluorescence probe method and a surface-tension method. With the increasing length
of the carbon chain, the value of their CMCs and surface tensions under CMC (γ
CMC) initially decreased and then reached a minimum (respectively 2.63 × 10−5 mol L−1 and 28.29 mN m−1) when the carbon number was 10. The CMC and γ
CMC then increased when the carbon number was increased to 12. The results showed that, compared with sodium dodecyl benzene
sulfonate (SDBS), such kinds of surfactants have much lower surface adsorption amounts and greater molecular areas on the
aqueous surface.
相似文献
Zhiyong HuEmail: |
18.
H. A. Shehata A. A. Abd El-wahab A. A. Hafiz I. Aiad M. A. Hegazy 《Journal of surfactants and detergents》2008,11(2):139-144
A series of novel cationic surfactants were synthesized from the quaternization of triethyl amine and various long chain alkyl
halide. The chemical structure of the prepared compounds was confirmed using elemental analysis, FTIR and 1H-NMR spectra. The physical properties of the synthesized surfactants including, electrical conductivity, critical micelle
concentration, (CMC) and the degree of ionization of the micelle, (β) were studied. The thermodynamic parameters of micelle
formation, standard free energy ΔG
m°, enthalpy ΔH
m°, and entropy ΔS
m° were calculated. The results of the surface parameter determination were correlated with their chemical structures. It was
found that the hydrocarbon chain length is the main factor which has an effect on the value of the thermodynamic parameters.
相似文献
I. AiadEmail: |
19.
A. Upadhyaya E. J. Acosta J. F. Scamehorn D. A. Sabatini 《Journal of surfactants and detergents》2007,10(4):269-277
This research evaluates the adsorption of anionic and cationic surfactant mixtures on charged metal oxide surfaces (i.e.,
alumina and silica). For an anionic-rich surfactant mixture below the CMC, the adsorption of anionic surfactant was found
to substantially increase with the addition of low mole fractions of cationic surfactant. Two anionic surfactants (sodium
dodecyl sulfate and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate) and two cationic surfactants (dodecyl pyridinium chloride and benzethonium
chloride) were studied to evaluate the effect of surfactant tail branching. While cationic surfactants were observed to co-adsorb
with anionic surfactants onto positively charged surfaces, the plateau level of anionic surfactant adsorption (i.e., at or
above the CMC) did not change significantly for anionic–cationic surfactant mixtures. At the same time, the adsorption of
anionic surfactants onto alumina was dramatically reduced when present in cationic-rich micelles and the adsorption of cationic
surfactants on silica was substantially reduced in the presence of anionic-rich micelles. This demonstrates that mixed micelle
formation can effectively reduce the activity of the highly adsorbing surfactant and thus inhibit the adsorption of the surfactant,
especially when the highly adsorbing surfactant is present at a low mole fraction in the mixed surfactant system. Thus surfactant
adsorption can be either enhanced or inhibited using mixed anionic–cationic surfactant systems by varying the concentration
and composition.
相似文献
D. A. SabatiniEmail: |
20.
Linh D. Do Anuradee Withayyapayanon Jeffrey H. Harwell David A. Sabatini 《Journal of surfactants and detergents》2009,12(2):91-99
Microemulsion formation of triglyceride oils at ambient conditions (temperature and pressure) and without the addition of
co-oil and/or alcohols is challenging at best. Undesirable phases, such as macroemulsions, liquid crystals and sponge phases,
are often encountered when formulating triglyceride microemulsions. The purpose of this study is to investigate the use of
extended surfactants, lipophilic linkers, and hydrophilic linkers in enhancing triglyceride solubilization and interfacial
tension reduction. We have studied two classes of extended surfactants, linear alkyl polypropoxylated sulfate (LAPS) surfactants
and linear alkyl polypropoxylated ethoxylated sulfate (LAPES) surfactants. Linkers evaluated were oleyl alcohol (lipophilic
linker), sodium mono and dimethyl naphthalene sulfonate (SMDNS), and polyglucoside (hydrophilic linkers). Oils studied include
olive, peanut, soybean, canola and sunflower oils. The effect of electrolyte concentration on microemulsion phase behavior
was studied. The microemulsion “fish” diagram was obtained by plotting the total surfactant and linker concentrations versus
the electrolyte concentration. We were able to form Winsor Type I, II, III and IV microemulsions at ambient conditions and
without co-oil or short and medium chain length alcohol addition. Winsor Type III and IV triglyceride microemulsions are particularly
useful in numerous applications such as cosmetics, vegetable oil extraction and soil remediation.
相似文献
David A. Sabatini (Corresponding author)Email: |