1-MCP处理对桃果实成熟软化及其α-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶活性和基因表达的影响

本研究以软溶质型桃果实‘雨花三号’和硬溶质型桃果实‘加纳岩’为材料,研究了1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)处理对两种不同溶质型桃果实成熟软化过程中的基本生理变化及细胞壁多糖降解相关的重要酶α-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶的影响,为进一步研究核果类果实成熟软化机理提供理论依据。主要研究结果如下:1-MCP有效延缓了‘雨花三号’和‘加纳岩’桃果实硬度的下降,抑制了‘雨花三号’贮藏前8 d的乙烯释放,对‘加纳岩’乙烯释放的抑制主要表现在贮藏4 d后。1-MCP处理后对不同溶质型桃果实呼吸速率具有一定的抑制作用,但对‘雨花三号’的抑制表现在贮藏前10 d,而对‘加纳岩’的抑制表现在贮藏6 d后。1-MCP处理后α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶基因和酶活性受到抑制,对‘雨花三号’和‘加纳岩’桃果实贮藏6 d和12 d时酶活性的抑制率均达50%左右,果实软化延迟,进一步证明α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶作用于细胞壁的降解受乙烯调控。     

外源乙烯对桃果实采后贮藏过程中线粒体内细胞色素氧化酶的影响

以硬溶质型桃果实‘加纳岩’为试材,研究外源乙烯处理对桃果实采后贮藏过程中呼吸速率、乙烯释放量、细胞色素氧化酶（cytochrome C oxidase,COX）活性以及线粒体编码的COX 3 种亚基（COXⅠ 、COXⅡ 、COXⅢ ）基因表达量的影响。结果表明：外源乙烯处理加速了硬溶质型桃果实‘加纳岩’在采后贮藏过程中硬度的下降,促进了呼吸作用和内源乙烯释放,使呼吸高峰和乙烯释放高峰提前出现。同时外源乙烯抑制了COX酶活性,抑制了贮藏后期COXⅠ 和COXⅡ 亚基基因的表达,抑制了整个贮藏过程中COXⅢ 亚基基因的表达。外源乙烯处理抑制了COX途径的呼吸,加速了果实的软化衰老。     

不同溶质型桃果实成熟衰老过程中线粒体内细胞色素氧化酶的变化

以软溶质型桃‘雨花3号’和硬溶质型桃‘加纳岩’果实为试材,研究不同溶质型桃成熟衰老过程中细胞色素氧化酶（cytochrome c oxidase,COX）活性以及线粒体编码的COX 3 种亚基（COXⅠ、COXⅡ、COXⅢ）基因表达量的变化。结果表明：桃果实成熟前期,COX活性不断增加,成熟后期,COX活性开始下降。‘加纳岩’COX 3 种亚基基因的表达量高于‘雨花3号’,且COX 3 种亚基在桃果实成熟前期表达量较高。说明线粒体DNA编码的COX 3 种亚基主要作用于桃果实成熟前期,为果实生长代谢提供所需能量,到了后期表达量降低,活性受影响,导致果实线粒体内的活性氧积累,机体代谢失衡,呼吸速率增加,线粒体编码的COX 3 种亚基与桃果实成熟衰老之间存在一定的内在联系。     

不同溶质型桃果实成熟过程中酚类代谢与抗氧化能力的研究

以不同溶质型桃果实"加纳岩"和"雨花三号"为试材,测定两个品种桃果实在树体成熟过程中的多酚含量、类黄酮含量以及苯丙氨酸解氨酶(phenylalanin ammonialyase,PAL)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)、多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)活性变化,并采用1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)法及2,2-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS)法对其抗氧化能力进行评价。结果表明:"加纳岩"桃果实的多酚含量和类黄酮含量在成熟过程中均显著高于"雨花三号"桃果实;软溶质型"雨花三号"桃PPO活力高于硬溶质型"加纳岩"桃,但前者POD及PAL活力低于后者,其中"加纳岩"桃PAL活力初期高,成熟过程中与多酚含量呈正相关,"雨花三号"桃PAL活力呈上升趋势,与多酚含量无显著相关性;DPPH法和ABTS法均表明"加纳岩"桃抗氧化能力高于"雨花三号"桃。     

不同肉质桃品种的2 个成熟度果实常温贮藏特性比较

目的：比较不同肉质和成熟度的桃品种常温条件下的贮藏特性。方法：以软溶质型桃‘霞晖1号’、硬溶质型桃‘霞晖6号’、不溶质型桃‘金晖’为试材,研究7、8 成熟度条件下果实常温贮藏过程中果实硬度、乙烯释放量、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖和有机酸含量的变化。结果：货架期间,所有处理桃果实均有正常乙烯释放峰值出现,不溶质桃果实具有最长的果实货架生理周期,但可溶性固形物和可溶性糖含量较软溶质和硬溶质品种低,风味不足,‘霞晖6号’8 成熟果实在贮藏过程中,能保持较高的可溶性固形物和可溶性糖含量,风味渐佳。结论：硬溶质肉质类型桃在货架期间贮藏效果较好,8 成熟是其适宜的采收成熟度。     

不同溶质型桃果实成熟软化过程中细胞壁多糖分子质量的分布变化

以软溶质型桃"雨花三号"和硬溶质型桃"加纳岩"果实为试材,采用高效液相色谱法测定细胞壁多糖组分分子质量分布变化。结果表明:CDTA、Na2CO3和KOH组分多糖的分子质量在两种桃果实成熟软化过程中都发生下降,说明细胞壁多糖在桃果实成熟过程中发生了解聚,高分子质量物质向低分子质量物质转变。但两种溶质型桃在多糖组分分子质量的大小、各分子质量组分含量及出现解聚的时间都明显不同,说明多糖组分的解聚方式对桃果实软化过程有一定影响。     

BTH诱导采后桃果实抗病性反应对其贮藏品质的影响

以"大久保"水蜜桃果实(Prunus persica(L.)Batsch cv.‘OkuBa’)为试材,研究了0.2 g/L BTH处理诱导的桃果实抗病性反应对其贮藏品质影响。实验结果表明:0.2 g/L BTH处理可有效诱导桃果实在20℃贮藏期间的SAR反应,促进抗病相关酶几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性以及总酚含量的上升,从而有效控制了果实贮藏期间P.expansum导致的青霉病的发展;但BTH处理诱导的SAR反应同时显著降低了桃果实在贮藏期间的乙烯峰值以及葡萄糖和蔗糖含量,并可抑制总黄酮、总花色苷和类胡萝卜素的积累,从而导致果实出现后熟及次生代谢产物合成速度减慢等不良症状。由此推测,BTH诱导的SAR抗病性反应对采后桃果实来说是一个不可逆的物质和能量消耗过程,可能会影响果实后熟品质的形成。     

桃果实成熟软化过程中α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶活性和乙烯合成相关因子的变化

以‘雨花二号’水蜜桃果实为试材，采用气相色谱法测定了桃果实成熟过程中乙烯释放量、氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸（ACC）氧化酶活性和ACC含量的变化，同时分析了α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶（α-Afa）活性的变化。探讨了乙烯合成的相关因子和α-Afa对桃果实成熟软化的影响。结果表明：在桃果实成熟软化过程中，乙烯释放量、ACC氧化酶活性和ACC含量同时于成熟度Ⅳ出现高峰，α-Afa活性在成熟前期变化平缓，而在成熟中后期明显上升。本实验初步探明了α-Afa与乙烯的相互作用关系及其对桃果实成熟后期快速软化的作用机理。     

低温贮藏下不同1-MCP浓度对桃生理特性的影响

以"秋蜜红"桃为试材,在(0±1)℃贮藏温度条件下,研究了不同1-MCP浓度处理(0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0μL/L)对桃果实贮藏过程中果实硬度、细胞膜透性、可溶性固形物、呼吸强度、乙烯释放速度、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶活性(SOD)、过氧化物酶活性(POD)和多酚氧化酶活性(PPO)的变化。研究发现:1.0、1.5、2.0μL/L浓度1-MCP处理能显著抑制桃果实软化,降低细胞膜透性、果实呼吸速率、乙烯释放速率、丙二醛含量和PPO活性,并推迟呼吸速率和乙烯释放率高峰;提高SOD和POD活性,对可溶性固形物含量变化并无显著差异;在贮藏过程中,0.5μL/L浓度1-MCP处理与对照组之间桃果实生理特性变化并无显著差异。综合考虑,1.0μL/L的1-MCP处理是一种经济、安全、有效的保鲜方法,在今后桃贮藏保鲜中具有极大的应用和推广价值。     

1-甲基环丙烯对桃果实成熟软化调控的影响

以“雨花三号”桃果实为试材，研究了1-甲基环丙烯（1-MCP）处理后对桃果实乙烯生物合成途径和细胞壁降解相美酶的影响。结果表明：1-MCP处理能够延缓果实后熟软化进程，降低了桃果实乙烯释放量，并抑制了果实快速软化阶段的ACC氧化酶（ACO）的活性；对多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG）和α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶（α-AF）活性均表现一定的抑制作用。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the     

Chinese CTP Market

According to Printing and Printing Equipment Industries Association of China（PEIAC）＇s statistics to the plate manufucturer in China, in 2013, the actual offset plate production has reached 346 million square meters in China. Among them, the CTP production volume was 245 million square meters, up by 11% than that of last year; the total sales of the CTP plate was 239 million square meters, up by 13%.     

Preparatory Work of Print China 2015 is Going Smoothly

正Held at Guangdong Modern International Exhibition Center,Print China 2015 will cover 7exhibition halls,besides the original Hall No.3,4,5,6,7,the newly built F zone of Hall 3 will be used too.The total area will be140,000 square meters.Hall 3:Offset and large printing equipment,package printing equipment,post press