Effects of deformation parameters on microstructure and texture of Mg–Zn–Ce alloy

Compression tests were performed on the Mg–6Zn–0.5Ce (wt.%) alloy using a Gleeble–1500 thermo- mechanical simulator testing system at temperatures of 250, 300, 350 °C and strain rates of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 s⁻¹. The microstructure and texture evolution of the Mg–6Zn–0.5Ce alloy during hot compression were investigated by optical microscopy (OM) and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). The results showed that Zener–Hollomon parameters obtained from the deformation processes had a significant effect on the dynamic recrystallization and texture of the Mg–6Zn–0.5Ce alloy. The fraction of undynamically recrystallized (unDRXed) regions increased, and the dynamically recrystallized (DRXed) grain size decreased with increasing the Zener–Hollomon parameters. The texture intensity of the DRXed regions was weaker compared with that in the unDRXed regions, which resulted in a sharper texture intensity in the samples deformed with higher Zener–Hollomon parameters. The increase in recrystallized texture intensity was related to preferred grain growth.     

GCr15钢动态组织演化的实验研究与数值模拟

通过在Gleeble-3800热力模拟实验机上进行单道次压缩试验,分析了GCr15钢的动态组织演化特点。实验结果表明,变形试样组织分布不均匀;在一定应变速率下,温度升高,动态再结晶晶粒增大,且应变速率越高,增长趋势越慢;在一定温度下,升高应变率会使动态再结晶晶粒变小,但这种趋势在较高的温度下才比较敏感。通过回归分析,得到了GCr15的动态组织演化模型,将其耦合到MSC.Marc软件子程序中计算,模拟了应变、动态再结晶份数及平均晶粒尺寸分布。模拟的晶粒尺寸和测量晶粒尺寸吻合较好。     

Post Deformation at Room and Cryogenic Temperature Cooling Media on Severely Deformed 1050-Aluminum

The annealed 1050-aluminum sheets were initially subjected to the severe plastic deformation through two passes of constrained groove pressing (CGP) process. The obtained specimens were post-deformed by friction stir processing at room and cryogenic temperature cooling media. The microstructure evolutions during mentioned processes in terms of grain structure, misorientation distribution, and grain orientation spread (GOS) were characterized using electron backscattered diffraction. The annealed sample contained a large number of “recrystallized” grains and relatively large fraction (78%) of high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs). When CGP process was applied on the annealed specimen, the elongated grains with interior substructure were developed, which was responsible for the formation of 80% low-angle grain boundaries. The GOS map of the severely deformed specimen manifested the formation of 43% “distorted” and 51% “substructured” grains. The post deformation of severely deformed aluminum at room temperature led to the increase in the fraction of HAGBs from 20 to 60%. Also, it gave rise to the formation of “recrystallized” grains with the average size of 13 μm, which were coarser than the grains predicted by Zener–Hollomon parameter. This was attributed to the occurrence of appreciable grain growth during post deformation. In the case of post deformation at cryogenic temperature cooling medium, the grain size was decreased, which was in well agreement with the predicted grain size. The cumulative distribution of misorientation was the same for both processing routes. Mechanical properties characterizations in terms of nano-indentation and tensile tests revealed that the post deformation process led to the reduction in hardness, yield stress, and ultimate tensile strength of the severely deformed aluminum.     

低温慢速挤压和电脉冲处理制备具有优异力学性能的AZ91双峰合金

通过低温慢速挤压(LTSRE)和电脉冲处理(EPT)获得具有双峰结构的AZ91 镁合金,这种结构由粗大的尺寸为20～60 μm 的未再结晶晶粒和细小的尺寸约为200 nm 的再结晶晶粒组成.双峰晶粒结构的形成原因主要是LTSRE过程中的不均匀变形以及EPT对于变形AZ91 镁合金静态再结晶的加速效应.与常规热处理时的静...     

Simulation of Microstructure for Hot Pack-Forging of a High Nb Containing TiAl Alloy

利用Deform-3D软件对高铌TiAl合金包套锻造过程中的微观组织演变进行模拟。为得到模拟所需参数,在1100～1250℃和0.001～0.5 s-1的条件下对合金进行了热压缩试验。在所得试验数据的基础上,利用一种间接方法建立了合金的动态再结晶模型,并利用Avrami形式的方程对再结晶分数进行描述。采用Cingara硬化模型及所建立的再结晶分数模型构建了合金的流变应力本构模型。模拟结果显示,由于锻造过程中摩擦的存在、热量的损失以及简单单向镦粗变形的锻造方式,使得坯料中的微观组织分布不均匀。通过模拟结果与实验结果的比较,证明所建立的有限元模型能够有效地预测高铌TiAl合金在包套锻造过程中的组织演变。     

工业纯钛室温下的应变速率敏感性及Hollomon经验公式的改进

通过实验研究了工业纯钛TA2在室温下应变速率范围为1×10-4～1×10-2s-1的拉伸力学性能。发现TA2的拉伸力学性能存在显著的应变速率敏感性,随着应变速率的增加,材料的强度提高、塑性下降,应变速率敏感性指数较高。通过对Hollomon经验公式σ=Kεnεm的推导和TA2实验数据的分析发现应变速率敏感性指数m和应变硬化指数n分别会受到应变和应变速率的影响,并且它们之间均呈指数关系。因此对Hollomon经验公式提出了改进,得到了TA2在室温下改进的Hollomon模型。与传统的Hollomon经验公式及Johnson-Cook模型相比,改进的Hollomon模型的预测结果与实验结果更加吻合,能更准确地表现材料的拉伸力学性能。     

固溶处理对06Cr19Ni9NbN钢微观组织与力学性能的影响

在变形温度1100 ℃,变形量30%的条件下进行平面应变压缩,并对压缩后的06Cr19Ni9NbN钢进行微观组织观察及力学性能测试。将压缩后试样进行1050 ℃保温2 h 的固溶处理,观察固溶处理后试样微观组织及力学性能的变化。结果表明:热压缩过程中,变形量越大的区域发生动态再结晶的程度越高,晶粒尺寸越小,组织越均匀。固溶处理后,细小的再结晶晶粒逐渐长大,组织变得较为均匀,晶粒尺寸增加到100 μm后逐渐趋于稳定。固溶处理对该钢的伸长率影响不大,但固溶处理后其屈服强度降低约20 MPa。     

A statistical model for predicting the mechanical properties of nanostructured metals with bimodal grain size distribution

A statistical analysis is employed to investigate the mechanical performance of nanostructured metals with bimodal grain size distribution. The contributions of microcracks in the plastic deformation are accounted for in the mechanism-based plastic model used to describe the strength and ductility of the bimodal metals. The strain-based Weibull probability distribution function and percolation analysis of microcracked solids are applied to predict the failure behavior of the bimodal metals. The numerical results show that the proposed model can describe the mechanical properties of the bimodal metals, including yield strength, strain hardening and uniform elongation. These predictions agree well with the experimental results. The stochastic approaches adopted in the proposed model successfully capture the failure behavior of bimodal coppers that are sensitive to grain size and the volume fraction of coarse grains in addition to the corresponding threshold for percolation. These results will benefit the optimization of both strength and ductility by controlling constituent fractions and the size of the microstructures in materials.     

Recrystallization and microstructural evolution during hot extrusion of Mg97Y2Zn1 alloy

This study revealed that the extrusion temperature has a great influence on microstructure and mechanical properties of the Mg₉₇Y₂Zn₁ alloy. The average grain sizes increased from 3 μm to 8 μm with increasing extrusion temperatures from 623K to 773 K. Both dynamic recrystallization (DRX) and static recrystallization (SRX), which occur during and after deformation, respectively, were observed. The alloy, which extruded at a relatively high temperature, exhibited lower strength because the strain strengthening was balanced by the softening that originated from DRX. Three types of morphologies, namely, big recrystallized grains, fine recrystallized grains, and non-recrystallized grains, were observed in the extruded microstructures obtained at 623 K. The dislocation density was quite high in the fully recrystallized grain. The extruded microstructures obtained at 773 K were composed of large grains with more uniform size. Their degree of recrystallization was higher and the dislocation density also declined. All dislocation in the grain were distinguished as 〈c+a〉 dislocations. Submicron scale precipitates were distributed along the newly formed recrystallized grain boundaries and had a remarkable pinning effect on the recrystallized grain growth after extrusion at 773 K. The precipitates can be divided into two main types: mixed type and single type.     

Producing the nano/ultrafine grained low carbon steel by martensite process using plane strain compression

In this study, a simple experimental method was developed to produce the nano/ultrafine grained structure in a low carbon steel. This method involved cold plane strain compression of martensite starting structure and subsequent annealing. The martensitic specimens were first plane strained to 75% reduction in thickness (equivalent strain of 1.5), followed by subsequent annealing at the temperature range of 400-550 °C for 0-180 min. The microstructures and mechanical properties of specimens were characterized. The microstructure of the specimen annealed at 500 °C for 65 min showed cementite precipitates in the ferritic microstructure with the grain size of about 145 nm. The results showed superior mechanical properties with the estimated values of ultimate strength of 1135 MPa and uniform elongation of 11.6% for the fully recrystallized specimen.     

形变组织对水电用高强度贝氏体钢再加热奥氏体晶粒长大的影响

对某水电用800 MPa调质贝氏体高强钢进行了热变形-热处理晶粒长大的实验室联合试验。采用Gleeble-3500热力模拟试验机对钢试样进行不同工艺热压缩变形后冷却至室温,随后对试样进行模拟淬火再加热,在900～1200℃不同温度和保温时间条件下奥氏体化,研究热变形组织的差异对重新奥氏体化晶粒长大的影响规律。结果表明,不同应变速率(0.01～10 s^-1)、变形温度(900～1150℃)和60%工程应变下,试验钢获得的变形组织大致可分为3类：带有明显变形特征的组织、均匀细小的完全再结晶组织和已长大粗化的再结晶组织。3类组织再加热过程中其晶粒长大趋势基本相同,起始晶粒尺寸越大则最终奥氏体晶粒尺寸越大;但在950℃等温时,带有明显变形特征组织的变形试样奥氏体晶粒先缓慢长大后又迅速长大粗化。经评估验证,所建立的Sellars模型、Beck模型和Hillert模型晶粒长大动力学方程对于试验钢的奥氏体晶粒长大行为均有比较满意的预测效果。3类变形组织对应的Hillert模型及Sellars模型中奥氏体长大激活能基本相同,说明同一成分钢种的初始组织的差异并未显著影响晶粒长大机制...     

GH4169合金的冷变形行为

通过室温压缩试验、数学模型拟合、光学显微镜(OM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)和显微硬度等手段,建立GH4169合金冷变形本构方程,研究了冷变形量及应变速率对GH4169合金组织和性能的影响。结果表明,GH4169合金冷变形加工硬化规律基本符合Hollomon方程,其中应变速率对加工硬化影响较小,变形量是影响加工硬化的主要因素;随着变形量的增大,晶粒的变形程度增大,晶粒内部的小角度晶界随着变形量的增大逐渐增多,并有部分向大角度晶界转化;合金的显微硬度也随着变形量的增大而逐渐增大。     

Continuous recrystallization in austenitic stainless steel after large strain deformation

Static restoration mechanisms operating during annealing were studied in a 304 steel with strain-induced submicron grain structures. The initial microstructure with an average grain size of about 0.3 μm was developed by large strain deformation at 873 K. Early annealing leads to a full relaxation of high internal stresses associated with non-equilibrium strain-induced grain boundaries, while their boundary misorientations and the average grain size barely change. Further annealing results in a transient recrystallization followed by a normal grain growth. The average grain boundary misorientation increases up to around 45° in the former and becomes constant in the latter. This is associated with the change in the grain boundary misorientation distribution from a characteristic strain-induced one to a near random distribution corresponding to a fully recrystallized state. The annealing processes operating in the strain-induced fine grains take place homogeneously in the whole matrix and can be called continuous recrystallization.     

Modeling Deformation Flow Curves and Dynamic Recrystallization of BA-160 Steel During Hot Compression

The hot deformation behavior of a high strength low carbon steel was investigated using hot compression test at the temperature range of 850–1100 °C and under strain rates varying from 0.001 to 1 s^?1. It was found that the flow curves of the steel were typical of dynamic recrystallization at the temperature of 950 °C and above; at tested strain rates lower than 1 s^?1. A very good correlation between the flow stress and Zener–Hollomon parameter was obtained using a hyperbolic sine function. The activation energy of deformation was found to be around 390 kJ mol^?1. The kinetics of dynamic recrystallization of the steel was studied by comparing it with a hypothetical dynamic recovery curve, and the dynamically fraction recrystallized was modeled by the Kolmogorov–Johnson–Mehl–Avrami relation. The Avrami exponent was approximately constant around 1.8, which suggested that the type of nucleation was one of site saturation on grain boundaries and edges.     

双辊薄带连铸对无取向硅钢织构和磁性能的影响

研究了1.3%Si无取向硅钢双辊连铸薄带和热轧板坯在冷轧退火过程中组织、织构和磁性能演化的特点。结果表明:铸带组织和热轧板坯初始组织的明显差异影响了冷轧退火再结晶组织和织构的演化。在相同冷轧和退火条件下,铸带试样再结晶晶粒比例较后者热轧板坯低试样,但是晶粒尺寸较大,而且Cube和Goss等有利织构组分比例高于热轧板坯试样,有害的γ组分较弱,这使得铸带试样具有较高的磁感和较低的铁损。     

Optimization of deformation parameters of dynamic recrystallization for 7055 aluminum alloy by cellular automaton

In order to simulate the microstructure evolution during hot compressive deformation, models of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) by cellular automaton (CA) method for 7055 aluminum alloy were established. The hot compression tests were conducted to obtain material constants, and models of dislocation density, nucleation rate and recrystallized grain growth were fitted by least square method. The effects of strain, strain rate, deformation temperature and initial grain size on microstructure variation were studied. The results show that the DRX plays a vital role in grain refinement in hot deformation. Large strain, high temperature and small strain rate are beneficial to grain refinement. The stable size of recrystallized grain is not concerned with initial grain size, but depends on strain rate and temperature. Kinetic characteristic of DRX process was analyzed. By comparison of simulated and experimental flow stress–strain curves and metallographs, it is found that the established CA models can accurately predict the microstructure evolution of 7055 aluminum alloy during hot compressive deformation.     

EFFECT OF TENSION CONDITIONS ON SUPERPLASTIC BEHAVIOUR OF AN Al-Li-Cu-Mg-Zr ALLOY

A much higher elongation of a warm rolled superplastic Al-Li-Cu-Mg-Zr alloy was madeunder two-stage strain rate tests comparing with the single ones.During initial stage ofdeformation a deformation-induced continuous recrystallization which converted a subgrainstructure into a recrystallized grain structure by a continuous increase in boundarymisorientations had occurred.The higher the strain rate,the faster the continuousrecrystallization and the finer the recrystallized grains.The fine recrystallized grain structureformed during the first stage deformation is the essential condition for the material to havehigh strain rate hardening and strain hardening during the low second stage superplasticdeformation.The combination of strain rate hardening and strain hardening is the reason whythe higher elongation may be obtained during two-stage superplastic deformation of the alloy.     

Relationship between mechanical properties and grain size of AZ80 at 350℃ under different strain rates

The dynamic recrystallization refinement of magnesium alloy AZ80 by compression tests was studied,and its effect on the mechanical properties was investigated.It is observed that the microstructure of the as-cast billet with grain size of 240μm becomes refined to about 120,110,94 and 50μm after upsetting at 350℃ under strain rates of 0.01,0.1,1 and 10 s -1 respectively.The changes in the mechanical properties according to grain size show that yield strength significantly decreases with grain size increasing,while strain hardening exponent and micro hardness increase very sharply.Further,the grain size vs strain rate and change in Vickers micro hardness according to the various strain rates show that grain size and micro hardness decrease with strain rate increasing.     

18CrNiMo7-6齿轮钢的热变形行为及组织演变规律

利用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对18CrNiMo7-6齿轮钢进行了等温单道次压缩试验,研究了变形温度为900～1150℃,应变速率为0.01～5 s^-1,应变为0.76的条件下材料的热变形行为;并且通过光学显微镜对热变形后的微观组织进行了分析。建立了唯象型Arrhenius本构方程,预测的峰值应力与试验数据具有很好的一致性。高温热变形过程是加工硬化与动态回复以及动态再结晶的竞争过程,在热变形的过程中会形成变形晶粒、再结晶晶粒、等轴晶和晶粒长大等4种类型的微观组织。当应变速率为0.01 s^-1时,动态再结晶程度与变形温度成正比,当变形温度超过1050℃时,变形能转变成晶粒长大的驱动能,使得晶粒粗大;当应变温度一定(1050℃)时,随着应变速率的增大,动态再结晶发生不完全,导致晶粒组织出现细化、畸变、不完全再结晶共存的现象。变形程度越大,晶粒越细小。