超音速等离子喷涂粒子飞行特性对纳米YSZ涂层性能的影响

采用超音速等离子喷涂(SAPS)制备不同工艺条件下的纳米结构涂层,用Spray Watch-2i在线测试等离子射流中熔融粒子飞行速度及表面温度,用扫描电镜及透射电镜表征微观结构,测量显微硬度、断裂韧性,用自制隔热试验平台测量隔热温度,研究飞行粒子熔化状态对纳米结构涂层组织及性能的影响。结果表明YSZ纳米涂层粒子温度速度分为三个区域:高温高速区(SAPS High T-V),中温中速区(SAPS Medium T-V),低温低速区(SAPS Low T-V)。纳米涂层未熔颗粒随熔融指数增加而减少,隔热温度随熔融指数增加而降低。涂层未熔颗粒和孔隙含量增加时,显微硬度降低;中温中速区域涂层断裂韧性最高,有良好的综合性能。三个区域的纳米涂层服役后未熔颗粒和孔隙率都有所降低,隔热温度也降低。     

喷涂工艺参数对硅灰石涂层结构的影响

采用等离子喷涂方法,在不同喷涂距离、主气流量和喷涂功率下制备硅灰石涂层.使用扫描电镜观察了涂层的微观形貌,研究了喷涂工艺参数对涂层结构的影响.结果表明,在较大主气流量下,随着喷涂距离增加,涂层粒子扁平化程度降低,涂层内孔隙逐渐增多;在较小主气流量下,涂层粒子扁平化程度随喷涂距离增加呈现先增加后减小的趋势.主气流量增加,涂层致密,粒子扁平充分.喷涂功率增加,粒子熔化好,涂层致密;但随喷涂功率进一步增加,涂层中出现较多的圆形孔隙.喷涂工艺参数对涂层结构的影响主要通过影响熔融粒子的温度和速度所致.     

等离子喷涂钼涂层的工艺性能研究

在45钢基材上用等离子喷涂方法制备纯钼涂层,对不同工艺参数下制得的涂层进行了性能、SEM分析.结果表明,涂层的工艺性能与喷涂工艺参数有密切关系.不同喷涂电流下,涂层的显微硬度与涂层孔隙率成反比例关系,而孔隙率又是随电流的增大先增加后减小的.工作气体的流量在25～45L/min时,喷涂粉末沉积效率最高.送粉量过大则气孔率增大,降低了涂层之间的粘结强度和涂层的显微硬度;过小则粉末沉积效率降低.     

激光等离子复合热源喷涂工艺沉积机理研究

目的提高涂层的结合强度和改善微观组织结构。方法选取WC-10Co4Cr喷涂材料,分别通过激光等离子复合热源喷涂工艺以及等离子喷涂工艺制备涂层,对涂层组织与基本性能进行检测,对两种不同喷涂工艺的沉积机理作对比分析研究。研究复合热源喷涂涂层微观组织结构以及涂层与基体间结合方式较等离子喷涂涂层的变化。利用高速摄像仪对激光等离子复合热源喷涂以及等离子喷涂的工艺过程进行跟踪监测和分析,研究复合热源沉积过程中,基体表面微熔池的形成及粉末粒子在不同沉积工艺过程中熔融状态的对比,分析等离子喷涂涂层和复合热源喷涂涂层的沉积机理。结果等离子喷涂WC-10Co4Cr涂层以机械结合方式为主,涂层结合强度为39.5 MPa,孔隙率为1.7%,而激光等离子复合热源喷涂WC-10Co4Cr涂层实现了冶金结合,其结合强度提升到91 MPa,孔隙率降低到0.86%。结论激光等离子复合热源喷涂工艺可以有效提升涂层的结合力,改善涂层组织致密性,更有利于涂层的耐磨耐腐蚀性能。     

前驱体溶液等离子喷涂参数对涂层形貌的影响及沉积行为机理研究

目的对不同喷涂工艺参数下涂层的相结构、显微形貌进行研究,确定优化的喷涂工艺参数,讨论分析涂层的沉积行为机理。方法采用前驱体溶液等离子喷涂(SPPS)的方法制备纳米Yb_2O_3稳定的ZrO_2(YbSZ)涂层。在传统等离子喷涂的基础上,增加液料雾化装置,雾化喷嘴将溶液雾化后直接注入到等离子弧中,通过控制喷涂距离及喷涂功率,研究了涂层相结构、结晶度、晶粒尺寸以及显微形貌的变化趋势,并且结合显微形貌讨论了沉积机理。结果涂层呈现团聚大颗粒、纳米级粒子、大小均匀的孔隙三种显微形貌,大颗粒之间呈堆积形态。当喷涂功率为30 kW时,涂层呈现m-ZrO_2,平均晶粒尺寸达669 nm。随着喷涂距离、喷涂功率的增加,样品中检测到单一的t-ZrO_2相,而且纳米尺寸颗粒的数量大大增加,孔径变小。随着喷涂距离由60 mm增加到100 mm,平均晶粒尺寸先由429 nm减小到177 nm,随后又增加到319 nm。结论喷涂参数影响晶粒的结晶度、晶粒尺寸以及涂层的显微形貌,低功率下得到的涂层存在糊状未结晶组织。增大喷涂功率,可以有效增大结晶度和晶粒尺寸;随着喷涂距离的增大,晶粒尺寸先减小后增大。雾化液滴在等离子火焰中一般要经历浓缩、饱和、固化、析晶形核长大、粒子重熔扁平化的历程,喷涂功率越高,经历温区越高,液滴演变就越充分,通过优化工艺参数可以得到不同结构性能的功能涂层。     

熔化程度对半熔粒子沉积多孔材料的影响

采用火焰喷涂通过控制粒子的熔化状态能沉积制备性能优异的多孔材料。为了揭示颗粒熔化程度对半熔粒子沉积行为及沉积多孔金属材料组织结构的影响,采用不同材质的金属Mo和316L粉末,在不同工艺参数条件下沉积多孔金属材料。结果表明:半熔粒子的熔化程度对粒子的沉积形貌及沉积行为影响显著。粒子的熔化程度是决定火焰喷涂半熔粒子沉积多孔材料孔隙结构的主要因素。随着粒子熔化程度的增大,孔隙率降低。不同的粉末,粒子的熔化程度与孔隙率呈现一一对应的关系。     

自反应火焰喷涂过程中碰撞沉积物的形成及分析

以Ti-B4C-C为反应喷涂体系,基于SHS反应火焰喷涂制备TiC-TiB2复相陶瓷涂层技术,进行粒子与基体碰撞试验,获得了自蔓延反应火焰喷涂粒子与基体碰撞变形后的各种形貌图,通过对飞行粒子结构与粒子变形特点的研究得出:飞行粒子的形态与结构决定了粒子的变形特点,五种形态的碰撞沉积物来自各自对应的飞行粒子;基体预热温度、喷涂距离和喷涂团聚粉粒制备质量对碰撞沉积物的沉积率及扁平化有重要影响;不同变形粒子间的相互作用对涂层组织与性能会造成不同的影响,扁平粒子的薄膜飞溅主要由陶瓷熔滴内的气泡引起。     

自反应火焰喷涂过程中碰撞沉积物的形成及分析

以Ti-B4C-C为反应喷涂体系，基于SHS反应火焰喷涂制备TiC-TiB2复相陶瓷涂层技术，进行粒子与基体碰撞试验，获得了自蔓延反应火焰喷涂粒子与基体碰撞变形后的各种形貌图，通过对飞行粒子结构与粒子变形特点的研究得出：飞行粒子的形态与结构决定了粒子的变形特点，五种形态的碰撞沉积物来自各自对应的飞行粒子；基体预热温度、喷涂距离和喷涂团聚粉粒制备质量对碰撞沉积物的沉积率及扁平化有重要影响：不同变形粒子问的相互作用对涂层组织与性能会造成不同的影响，扁平粒子的薄膜飞溅主要由陶瓷熔滴内的气泡引起。     

团聚粉末粒度对PS-PVD制备GYbZ热障涂层的性能影响

目的 探究不同粒度的微米级团聚粉末对等离子喷涂–物理气相沉(PS-PVD)制备GYbZ热障涂层性能的影响。方法 以微米团聚的(Gd_0.9Yb_0.1)₂Zr₂O₇(GYbZ)粉末为原料,通过PS-PVD工艺在镍基高温合金表面用3种不同粒径团聚粉末制备GYbZ热障涂层。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)分析GYbZ热障涂层的微观结构及相组成,采用电子万能试验机测试涂层的结合强度,采用自动水淬机对涂层的抗热震性能进行测试。结果 随着团聚粉末粒度的减小,团聚粉末的球形度会变低,且粉末的孔隙率逐渐变大,团聚粉末粒度越小,喷涂的气化率越高,涂层中未熔粒子越少,涂层羽–柱状结构越明显。D₅₀=13μm的团聚粉末在喷涂时,因粉末粒度过小,以及流动性较差,送粉过程中部分粉末未能顺利地通过喷嘴到达等离子焰流的中心,涂层的沉积率会略微降低。GYbZ团聚粉末衍射图呈现出Gd₂Zr₂O₇与Yb     

粉末结构对冷喷涂纳米结构WC-Co沉积行为的影响

纳米结构WC-Co具有比常规WC-Co更高的硬度,因此受到了广泛关注.冷喷涂制备纳米结构WC-Co涂层过程中,因粒子温度低于熔点,沉积过程需要依靠WC-Co粒子的塑性变形,然而WC-Co粒子变形能力有限,使得WC-Co涂层难以实现有效沉积.文中从粉末结构角度出发,选用3种不同孔隙结构的WC-12Co粉末,运用扫描电镜研究不同结构WC-12Co单个粒子在基体上的沉积行为,分析了3种粉末在相同喷涂工艺参数下沉积的涂层的组织结构.研究发现,定点喷涂容易实现,沉积的WC-12Co沉积层组织结构致密,硬度接近块材,为粉末的连续沉积制备涂层提供了可能.涂层的连续沉积需要粉末和基体材料均产生一定的变形,具有一定孔隙结构的纳米结构WC-Co粉末,因其多孔结构促进了粉末拟变形的发生,适合于冷喷涂制备纳米结构WC-Co涂层.     

Analysis and optimization of the HVOF process by combined experimental and numerical approaches

Thermal spraying with the HVOF technology is a well known approach to dense metallic, ceramic and cermets coatings with good mechanical properties. Any attempt for improving HVOF coating properties requires a fundamental understanding of the mechanisms that occur during HVOF spraying. Thermal spray processes are not only optimized by empirical testing and by correlation analysis between process parameters and coating properties but also with numerical approaches. Recent attempts to understand the momentum and heat transfer mechanisms between flame and particles, and thus improve the control of the thermokinetic deposition process by analysis of fundamental thermophysical and fluid mechanical processes, have led to computational modeling of the spraying process and verification of simulation results by in-flight particle analysis.This paper focuses on modeling (tracking) of the particle properties during HVOF spraying using alumina powder. The particle properties are sensitive to a large number of process parameters (e.g., gas temperature, gas expansion velocity, pressure, spraying distance, spray powder particle diameter, nozzle geometry, etc.). Variation of the operating parameters of the HVOF process (gas flow rates, stoichiometric oxy/fuel ratio, nozzle design, etc.) is performed during modeling and simulation. The SprayWatch® system for particle in-flight measurement is used for verification of the numerical analysis result.     

Optimization of Atmospheric Plasma Spray Process Parameters using a Design of Experiment for Alloy 625 coatings

Alloy 625 is a Ni-based superalloy which is often a good solution to surface engineering problems involving high temperature corrosion, wear, and thermal degradation. Coatings of alloy 625 can be efficiently deposited by thermal spray methods such as Air Plasma Spraying. As in all thermal spray processes, the final properties of the coatings are determined by the spraying parameters. In the present study, a D-optimal experimental design was used to characterize the effects of the APS process parameters on in-flight particle temperature and velocity, and on the oxide content and porosity in the coatings. These results were used to create an empirical model to predict the optimum deposition conditions. A second set of coatings was then deposited to test the model predictions. The optimum spraying conditions produced a coating with less than 4% oxide and less than 2.5% porosity. The process parameters which exhibited the most important effects directly on the oxide content in the coating were particle size, spray distance, and Ar flow rate. The parameters with the largest effects directly on porosity were spray distance, particle size, and current. The particle size, current, and Ar flow rate have an influence on particle velocity and temperature but spray distance did not have a significant effect on either of those characteristics. Thus, knowledge of the in-flight particle characteristics alone was not sufficient to control the final microstructure. The oxidation index and the melting index incorporate all the parameters that were found to be significant in the statistical analyses and correlate well with the measured oxide content and porosity in the coatings.

等离子喷涂ZrO2热障涂层工艺参数优化设计

为了深入研究等离子喷涂ZrO2粒子的飞行特征与涂层性能之间的关系，采用三水平四因素正交试验法对主气、辅气、电流及喷涂距离等4个主要参数进行了优化设计，并采用DPV2000热喷涂在线监测仪测定了ZrO2粒子的飞行特征参数，通过IA32定量金相分析软件对涂层的孔隙率进行了测试。结果表明，影响ZrO2粒子温度的主要因素为主气和辅气，影响ZrO2粒子飞行速度的主要因素为喷涂距离和辅气。     

Temperature Measurement Challenges and Limitations for In-Flight Particles in Suspension Plasma Spraying

Suspension plasma spraying (SPS) acquires a significant interest from the industry. The deposited coatings using this technique were proved to have unique microstructural features compared to those built by conventional plasma spraying techniques. In order to optimize this process, in-flight particle diagnostics is considered a very useful tool that helps to control various spraying parameters and permits better coating reproducibility. In that context, the temperature of in-flight particles is one of the most important key elements that helps to optimize and control the SPS process. However, the limitations and challenges associated with this process have a significant effect on the accuracy of two-color pyrometric techniques used to measure the in-flight particle temperature. In this work, the influence of several nonthermal radiation sources on the particle temperature measurement is studied. The plasma radiation scattered by in-flight particles was found to have no significant influence on temperature measurement. Moreover, the detection of the two-color signals at two different locations was found to induce a significant error on temperature measurement. Finally, the plasma radiation surrounding the in-flight particles was identified as the main source of error on the temperature measurement of in-flight particles.     

Deposition effects of WC particle size on cold sprayed WC-Co coatings

The WC particle size and its influence on the deposition of Co-based cermets are examined. Micron and nanostructured powders with similar Co content were employed. Varying the WC particle size influenced significantly the deposition efficiency of the coating process. Micrometer-structured WC-Co feedstocks did not permit coating build up when processed under comparable or elevated thermal spray parameters used for the nanostructured WC-Co feedstocks. In addition, micrometer-structured WC-Co coatings exhibited a conjoint erosion and deposition effect on the surface. Fine WC particles (< 1 μm) were observed near the substrate interface and larger WC particles (1-2 μm) in the vicinity of the coating surface. These observations indicate the existence of a critical WC particle size for deposition by the cold spray method and that the size criteria arises due to the formation and cohesion mechanisms within the coating layer.Nanostructured test specimens displayed (i) a dense microstructure with little presence of porosity, (ii) a crack free interface between the coating and substrate that indicated good adhesion, and (iii) no observable phase changes. The XRD patterns of each powder and their respective coatings did not have observable peak differences but the diffraction peak broadening of coatings indicated that there was grain refinement during the coating process. Furthermore, all nanostructured as-sprayed WC-Co coatings exhibited Vickers hardness values above HV1000. The nanostructured WC-Co coatings demonstrated adhesive strengths that exceeded the limits of the glue (60 MPa).     

微纳米陶瓷粉末对粒子行为及复合涂层性能的影响

将微纳米材料应用于热喷涂制备高耐磨、耐蚀的涂层是近年来的研究热点.作者测量了微纳米陶瓷粉末对电弧喷涂中飞行粒子熔化程度、飞行速度及雾化粒子尺寸的影响,观察了喷涂铁基TiB2/Cr3C2/Al2O3粒子的变形过程,分析微纳米陶瓷粉末对粒子行为的影响规律,并对涂层性能进行了测试,发现微纳米粒子增加了金属陶瓷复合涂层的结合强度,改善涂层的韧性,对涂层的耐磨粒磨损性能影响不大,但明显提高涂层的耐冲蚀性能.最后对微纳米陶瓷粉末在喷涂过程中的作用、对粒子行为及涂层性能的影响机理进行了探讨.     

Spraying of Metallic Powders by Hybrid Gas/Water Torch and the Effects of Inert Gas Shrouding

A hybrid DC arc plasma torch, combining water and gas stabilization, offers a high flexibility in plasma characteristics. These can be controlled in a wide range by the torch operational parameters, such as arc current and secondary gas flow rate. In this study, their influence on plasma spraying of tungsten and copper was investigated. To suppress the in-flight oxidation of the metals, inert gas shrouding was applied. In-flight particle diagnostics and analysis of free-flight particles and coatings was performed for spraying experiments in the open atmosphere and with argon shrouding. Both in-flight particle behavior and coating properties were found to be sensitive to the torch parameters. The application of shrouding was found to affect particle in-flight parameters, reduce the oxide content in the coatings and generally improve their properties, such as thermal conductivity. However, a different degree of these effects was observed for copper and tungsten.     

Formation Routes of Nanocomposite Coatings in Detonation Spraying of Ti3SiC2-Cu Powders

In thermally sprayed coatings, nano-sized features of the microstructure may be either inherited from the nanostructured agglomerates of the feedstock powder or form as a result of rapid cooling of molten particles upon deposition. Applying a process of the computer-controlled detonation spraying (CCDS) to Ti₃SiC₂-Cu composite powders produced by high-energy mechanical milling, we show that both routes are possible depending on the spraying conditions. When the nanostructure of the Ti₃SiC₂-Cu coating is inherited from the feedstock powder—under very mild conditions of detonation spraying, which exclude melting, so is the phase composition of the coating. In higher-temperature conditions of spraying, a significant fraction of the copper matrix melts and the interaction between Ti₃SiC₂ and Cu occurs. The TiC _x -Cu(Si) coatings that form show crystallites of both phases in the nano-range. In this case, rapid solidification of the molten fraction of the particles is responsible for the formation of the coatings with a nanostructured matrix. Due to the flexibility of the CCDS process, conditions of spraying were found such that a composite coating with very fine crystallites of the Cu(Si) matrix (30 nm) and a hardness of 273 HV could be obtained.     

Effective Parameters in Axial Injection Suspension Plasma Spray Process of Alumina-Zirconia Ceramics

Suspension plasma spray (SPS) is a novel process for producing nano-structured coatings with metastable phases using significantly smaller particles as compared to conventional thermal spraying. Considering the complexity of the system there is an extensive need to better understand the relationship between plasma spray conditions and resulting coating microstructure and defects. In this study, an alumina/8 wt.% yttria-stabilized zirconia was deposited by axial injection SPS process. The effects of principal deposition parameters on the microstructural features are evaluated using the Taguchi design of experiment. The microstructural features include microcracks, porosities, and deposition rate. To better understand the role of the spray parameters, in-flight particle characteristics, i.e., temperature and velocity were also measured. The role of the porosity in this multicomponent structure is studied as well. The results indicate that thermal diffusivity of the coatings, an important property for potential thermal barrier applications, is barely affected by the changes in porosity content.