Creep rupture life assessment of superheater tube with oxide formation in power plant

This paper proposes a method for predicting the creep rupture life of superheater tubes, considering the continuous increasing metal temperature and stress as a result of oxide formation. The steam-side oxide growth was assessed by the parabolic oxidation rate law, and the temperature profiles of superheater tubes was calculated combining the 3D computational fluid dynamics simulation and the 1D analytical models. Based on the estimated temperature and maximum elastic hoop stress, the parametric extrapolation technique was utilized to assess the creep rupture life. The validity of this method was confirmed by measuring the oxide thickness and the steam temperature in the field. The results found that T91 alloy in the steam outlet region and T23 alloy at the connection point was susceptible to creep rupture failure, which had the greatest cumulative damage and thickest oxide scale. The cumulative damage of superheater tubes varied significantly with tube count. Results suggested that replacement of the particular T91 alloy tubing section having the minimum creep rupture life with a better heat-resistant steel would avoid mechanical failure by creep for the subject boiler system.     

Effects of constant load on corrosion cracking of 304 ASS at 600°C in molten salts

The effects of constant load (CL) on corrosion cracking of 304 austenitic stainless steel (ASS) in molten salts (binary nitrate salts, 60 wt% NaNO₃, and 40 wt% KNO₃) were investigated. A pair of novel clamping fixture was designed to fix the tensile sample, making the gauge section immersed in molten salts. The CL tensile tests were applied with the initial stress of 212 MPa and the temperature of 600°C. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy were employed to characterize the deformation behavior and corrosion features. The results show that corrosion of 304 ASS in molten salts was aggravated by the continuous deformation due to the cracking of protective oxide scale. Grain boundaries were oxidized and weakened by the molten salt, leading to a crack propagating. Compared with the creep test result, a reduced rupture life of 304 ASS under constant loading in molten salts was observed.     

中国低活化马氏体钢TIG焊焊接接头的高温蠕变性能分析

文中在钨极氩弧焊条件下,在温度823 K和180~260 MPa应力水平下对CLAM钢焊接接头的蠕变性能进行了研究,作出蠕变曲线,建立数学模型分析预测蠕变变形机制.结果表明,CLAM钢TIG焊焊接接头表现出典型的三阶段蠕变过程;在温度一定的情况下随着应力水平的提高,稳态蠕变速率增加,断裂时间变短.通过蠕变方程得到的稳态阶段焊接接头的应力因子n大于合金典型值3~7,其激活能Q约为436 kJ/(mol·K),并且大于铁的自扩散激活能(300 kJ/(mol·K)),显示为位错主要控制蠕变变形.     

Characterization of creep behavior of TiAl alloy with high Nb content at elevated temperatures

Creep experiments of the TiAl alloy with high Nb content were conducted to consider both the temperature dependence and stress dependence of its creep behavior.The creep curves were characterized by Theta constitutive model,and Newton-Gauss method was applied to obtain the material parameters.Based on the rupture strain,the rupture life of the TiAl alloy was able to be predicted by Theta constitutive model.The results show that the creep curves of the TiAl alloy contain primary creep,secondary creep and tertiary creep stages,especially for the lower stress.The rupture life of the TiAl alloy decreases with the increase in either applied stress or temperature.Theta constitutive model is able to describe the creep deformation of the TiAl alloy accurately,and the predicted life agrees well with the experimental result.     

The effect of W and N addition on the mechanical properties of 10Cr steels

The effect of W and N on the creep properties and microstructural degradation in 10Cr steels was studied. Creep testing was performed to determine the creep rupture strength and minimum creep rate. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the microstructural degradation during the creep deformation. W and N which were added to the 10Cr steel increased the creep rupture strength and decreased the minimum creep rate. As W and N were added, the thermal stability of the subgrain and carbide was improved, thus the growth of the subgrain and carbide during creep deformation was restricted. In W added steel, the Laves phase played an important role in increasing creep rupture strength. But the impact toughness was rapidly degraded by the addition of W after aging at 600°C for 5000 hours. So one must evaluate more accurately the effect of the Laves phase on long term creep and impact properties. In N added steel, V(C, N) was precipitated in the lath boundary and within the lath. The size of the precipitates was 20–50 nm. The increase of creep rupture strength in N added steel may be due to the precipitate of the V(C, N). Future tests are required to clarify the effect of N on creep and impact properties.     

ON THE METHOD OF ACCELERATING HIGH-TEMPERATURE CREEP TEST BY AN ELEVATION OF TEMPERATURE

用四种耐热钢分别在同一应力不同温度下进行了一系列的蠕变试验.又分析了文献上四种耐热钢和五种镍基合金的蠕变及蠕变断裂数据.所有自己的试验温度以及文献上原始数据的试验温度都在每一种耐热钢或高温合金的0.45T_m(T_m是熔点的绝对温度)以上.根据自己的试验以及分析文献数据的结果,指出在所研究的温度范围内,对于所研究的不同类型的耐热钢和高温合金说来,高温蠕变过程中存在激活能是一个普遍的现象.文中指出了通过激活能用提高温度法缩短蠕变试验时间的可能性,并讨论了这种外推方法所适用的温度范围和它的误差.     

高温服役50 000 h脆化HR3C钢的持久寿命分析

通过室温拉伸试验、高温短时拉伸试验、高温冲击试验、高温持久性能试验、显微组织观察和能谱分析研究了服役50 000 h的HR3C钢的组织和性能。结果表明:服役50 000 h的HR3C钢在室温下明显脆化,塑性大幅下降,但强度和硬度仍符合标准要求;665 ℃高温下的韧性和塑性较室温时有显著提升,高温强度也满足标准要求;晶界和晶内析出大量第二相,晶界处聚集分布的块状M₂₃C₆相是导致HR3C钢脆化的主要因素,晶内析出的NbCrN相则可以产生弥散强化效应;665 ℃高温下持久强度仅比标准推荐值降低10%,以末级过热器管为例,估算脆化HR3C钢的剩余寿命仍超过100 000 h。     

Study on gas metal arc welding procedure of stainless steel

Summary

This paper describes an investigation of the creep rupture properties of welded joints produced from W-containing 9Cr-Mo-W steel. The creep rupture properties of the HAZ are also studied using simulated HAZ specimens subjected to PWHT (post-weld heat treatment). The effect of W on the creep rupture strength of the welded joints is examined.

Creep rupture tests of GTA (TIG) welded joints are conducted. The longest creep rupture time is around 20 000 hours. In the creep rupture tests, the welded joints rupture in the base metal at higher applied stresses, rupturing in the low-ductility fine-grained HAZ adjacent to the base metal at lower applied stresses.

When the welded joints rupture in the base metal, their creep rupture strength is as high as that of the base metal. When the welded joints rupture in the HAZ, however, their creep rupture strength is lower than that of the base metal. The cracking which occurs in the HAZ is TYPE IV cracking which tends to affect the welded joints of ferritic heat-resistant steel. TYPE IV cracking is the type which occurs in the fine-grained HAZ at a lower stress than the creep rupture strength of the base metal without being associated with any heavy deformation.

In the creep rupture tests, the simulated HAZ specimens heated to a temperature around Ac1 and Ac3 give a lower creep rupture strength than that of the base metal. The simulated HAZ specimens heated to the Ac3 temperature give the lowest creep rupture strength.

A comparison of the creep rupture strengths of welded joints produced from 9Cr-Mo-W steel and 9Cr-1 Mo-Nb-V (mod. 9Cr-Mo) steel suggests that W improves the creep rupture strength of both welded joints and base metal.     

熔模铸造条件下K424合金枝晶间缩松及微观偏析研究

结合熔模铸造条件下K424高温合金出现的高温持久性能下降的问题,对所存在的一些缺陷进行了研究,对缺陷的形态、成因以及对高温持久性能的影响进行了阐述。借助扫描电子显微镜、显微硬度计等仪器对K424合金试棒进行了观察和测试。结果表明,试棒的枝晶间存在显微缩松。显微缩松附近有呈规则正八面体的MC碳化物聚集。Cr元素发生了较严重的偏析。显微缩松是相邻枝晶臂搭接,剩余液相被封闭在晶间区域收缩而成。显微缩松在高温持久测试时引起应力集中,作用于薄弱的晶间组织,导致高温持久性能不足。     

DD6单晶合金气膜孔薄壁平板高温持久性能

在980℃/300 MPa条件下,对带气膜孔与无气膜孔的DD6单晶合金薄壁平板试样进行高温持久试验研究与有限元对比计算。结果表明:在相同名义应力条件下,带孔试样的高温持久寿命比无孔试样的高温持久寿命低,分别为69、90 h,气膜孔的存在破坏了试样的几何连续性,导致气膜孔周围应力集中为主要因素。通过断口宏、微观观察发现,无试样的断裂方式为微孔聚集型断裂,断口上分布着大量方形小平面特征;而带孔试样由于气膜孔改变了试样中的应力分布,在气膜孔附近产生了应力集中,当裂纹扩展至试样边缘,试样被瞬间剪断。基于晶体塑性理论建立了蠕变模型,将其编入ABAQUS的UMAT子程序中对带气膜孔和无气膜孔薄壁平板试样分别进行模拟分析,模拟结果显示与试样的断裂位置及形貌吻合,在工程应用条件下该模型是能用于薄壁平板的高温持久断裂寿命的预测。     

P91主蒸汽管道焊接接头的蠕变特性和寿命估算

对P91钢母材和焊接接头进行持久试验，研究P91钢的蠕变特性，采用等温线法和L-M参数法对持久强度进行外推，进而对P91钢制主蒸汽管道的蠕变寿命进行估算。     

Creep Behavior and Life Assessment of a Novel Heat-Resistant Austenite Steel and Its Weldment

In the present study, creep activation energy for rupture was obtained as 221-348 kJ/mol for 22Cr15Ni3.5 CuNbN due to the precipitation-hardening mechanism. The extrapolation strength of creep rupture time of 10~5 h at 923 K for22 Cr15 Ni3.5 CuNbN is more valid(83.71 MPa) predicted by the Manson-Haferd method, which is superior to other commercial heat-resistant steels. The tensile creep tests ranging from 180 to 240 MPa at 923 K were conducted to investigate creep deformation behavior of welded joint between a novel heat-resistant austenite steel 22Cr15Ni3.5 CuNbN and ERNiCrCoMo-1 weld metal. Apparent stress exponent value of 6.54 was obtained, which indicated that the ratecontrolled creep occurred in weldment during creep. A damage tolerance factor of 6.4 in the weldment illustrates that the microstructural degradation is the dominant creep damaging mechanism in the alloy. Meanwhile, the welded joints perform two types of deformation behavior with the variation in applied stress, which resulted from the different parts that govern the creep processing. Also, the morphology evolution of the fracture surfaces confirms the effects of stress level and stress state.     

铸态Mg-2Zn-1.5Cu合金组织及力学性能

利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜、XRD物相分析以及力学性能测试等手段,研究了Mg-2Zn-1.5Cu(at%)合金的显微组织及力学性能。结果表明:铸态合金存在较为明显的元素偏析,主要的第二相为MgCuZn相;合金的力学性能随着温度的提高而不断降低,塑性变化幅度要明显高于强度,合金的断裂方式也由低温时的沿晶断裂转变为高温时的穿晶断裂;在相同温度下,随着应力的提升,合金的稳态蠕变速率提高,蠕变机制由晶界控制转变为晶界及位错共同控制;在相同的应力下,随着温度的提升,合金的稳态蠕变速率存在数量级的提升,蠕变激活能由130kJ/mol降低到36.4 kJ/mol;在200℃,45 MPa时,出现加速蠕变阶段,发生蠕变断裂,断口存在明显的穿晶断裂特征,基体中有大量的沿基面运动的位错,部分位错发生攀移,MgZnCu相具有减缓蠕变变形的作用。     

新型马氏体耐热钢蠕变-疲劳性能与寿命预测

针对P92和G115新型马氏体耐热钢进行了应力控制下蠕变-疲劳性能研究,分析了保载时间和峰值应力对应力控制下蠕变-疲劳性能的影响规律.?结果表明,应力控制下蠕变-疲劳过程中蠕变变形和损伤主导了蠕变-疲劳寿命.?蠕变-疲劳寿命随峰值应力和保载时间的增加而下降,同时相同峰值应力下,G115钢的蠕变-疲劳寿命约是P92钢的8...     

铁素体-奥氏体异种钢接头高温失效原因的分析

通过用镍基合金、奥氏体和铁素体填充材料焊接的铁素体-奥氏体异种钢接头的蠕变断裂试验结果表明,材料之间的蠕变强度不匹配是异种钢接头高温运行中过早失效的主要原因。为了改善铁素体钢和奥氏体钢之间蠕变强度差别太大的问题,接入一段蠕变强度介于两者之间的过渡段,结果可使异种钢接头的蠕变断裂强度(寿命)达到铁素体同种钢接头的水平。     

Predicting creep strengths and lifetimes of creep resistant engineering alloys

The physical basis for predicting the long-term creep strengths and lifetimes at application temperatures using creep parameters determined from short-term creep tests is investigated for complex creep resistant engineering alloys. It is shown that the seemingly unpredictable stress and temperature dependence of minimum creep rate of such alloys can be rationalised using an approach based on the new power law creep equation that incorporate the tensile strength. This is demonstrated using the tensile and creep data measured for two completely different types of alloys: steel 11Cr-2W-0.4Mo-1Cu-Nb-V and Ni base superalloy 15Cr-28Co-4Mo-2.5Ti-3Al. For both alloys, the stress exponent n determined does not depend on temperature and activation energy of creep does not depend on stress. Consequently, it becomes possible to use the new power law creep equation in combination with the Monkman-Grant relationship to predict the long term creep rupture strengths and lifetimes and microstructure stability of the two alloys from short term creep test data. The implications of the results for creep mechanism identification and future microstructure analysis are discussed.     

3W-3Co系新型铁素体叶片钢620℃持久性能研究

采用扫描电镜、能谱仪、透射电镜研究了3W-3Co系新型铁素体叶片钢蠕变断裂行为及组织演变对持久性能的影响。结果表明,试样在620℃不同应力下应力-寿命曲线符合lgσ=2.64941-0.05472lgτ方程;在高应力短时蠕变条件下,试样以穿晶断裂为主,在冶炼过程中形成的ZrO2和一次NbC是主要的裂纹源;在620℃高温蠕变初期,试验钢总体上保持着较高的持久强度。     

Enhancement Mechanism of Cerium in 316LN Austenitic Stainless Steel During Creep at 700 °C

Effect of cerium (Ce) on creep strength and microstructure of 316LN austenitic stainless steel (316LN steel) at 700 °C/150 MPa was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and thermodynamic calculations. Addition of 0.032 wt% Ce to 316LN steel results in a prominent increase in creep life from 313 to 556 h. Ce enriches in titanium nitride nanoparticles, increases slightly the activity and diffusion coefficient of Mo, and facilitates the formation of fine and dense intragranular Laves phase precipitates. Thus the creep strength is remarkably enhanced by Ce addition in 316LN steel through the intragranular Laves phase precipitation strengthening. It reveals a new insight into the improvement effect of rare earth (RE) elements such as Ce on creep strength of austenitic stainless steels, which inspired the design of RE-microalloying heat-resistant steels.     

Creep behavior and deformation mechanisms in a nanocluster strengthened ferritic steel

Mechanically alloyed, nanostructured ferritic steels represent a class of alloys that can display high resistance to radiation and creep deformation, which are derived from the presence of nanoclusters, precipitates and solute segregation to the grain boundaries. The creep responses for a 14YWT nanostructured ferritic steel were measured over a range of temperatures and stress levels. The stress exponent was observed to vary non-linearly with applied stress; stress exponents were found to decrease with decreasing stress approaching unity at low stress. Transmission electron microscopy studies clearly demonstrated that creep deformation proceeds by a dislocation glide within nanoscale grains and that glide dislocations are attracted to and pinned by nanoclusters. In light of these observations, a new model of the creep response, inspired by the Kocks-Argon-Ashby model, is developed to explain the low creep rates and small stress exponents that are exhibited by these alloys.     

基于神经网络的镍基高温合金蠕变断裂寿命研究

利用人工神经网络，使用BP算法对镍基高温合金蠕变断裂寿命进行研究。建立不同成分镍基变形合金在不同温度下，外应力与蠕变断裂寿命之间关系模型，并进行网络训练，对合金的蠕变断裂寿命进行模拟。结果表明，模拟结果与实测结果符合良好，采用人工神经网络方法可以为镍基变形合金蠕变断裂寿命的预测提供一种有效的手段。