热处理对DZ125定向凝固合金组织结构与蠕变行为的影响

通过不同条件蠕变性能测试及组织形貌观察,研究了热处理对DZ125合金的组织结构演变和蠕变行为的影响规律。结果表明,铸态合金的枝晶间区域存在较多放射状的共晶组织,在枝晶间和枝晶干处部分γ′相呈蝶形形态且γ′相尺寸具有较大差异。铸态合金的共晶组织及γ′相在固溶过程中被溶解,并在随后的冷却过程中类菱形的细小γ′相自γ基体中析出;一次时效期间,类菱形的细小γ′相发生钝化并长大直至转变成立方体形态;二次时效期间,γ′相的尺寸基本不变,但立方度增加,合金的组织结构为γ′相以共格方式自γ基体中析出。在热处理过程中基本消除了合金中的共晶组织,并提高了γ′相的立方度,但并未消除合金中的组织不均匀性,枝晶干区域的立方γ′相尺寸细小,而枝晶间区域的立方γ′相尺寸粗大,并且合金在980 ℃具有良好的抗蠕变性能。     

镍基单晶合金热处理过程中的组织演变

利用螺旋选晶法制备了镍基单晶合金,研究了热处理过程中合金的组织演变。结果表明:合金的铸态组织由枝晶组成,W偏析于枝晶干,Ti、Cr、Mo和Ta偏析于枝晶间,固溶处理可以消除铸态组织中的枝晶,减小成分偏析,固溶温度越高,粗大的γ’和γ/γ’共晶溶解的越完全。时效处理过程中,大尺寸的γ’发生粗化,小尺寸的γ’逐渐消失,时效温度越高,γ’粗化得越严重。热处理促进合金元素在γ和γ’中的均匀分布,减小了合金的错配度。     

Ti含量对一种镍基单晶合金组织和持久性能的影响

研究了3种不同含Ti量单晶高温合金的铸态、热处理态组织及持久性能。结果表明：Ti含量对合金的微观组织和持久性能都有明显的影响。随着钛含量的增加，铸态合金枝晶间区域的共晶尺寸和含量明显增大、增多，枝晶间区域的面积也逐渐增大。热处理后，3种合金的枝晶干处的γ′相形态基本一致，都为规则的立方体γ′相，尺寸大约为400nm-500nm。随着钛含量的增加，合金的持久寿命略有降低，延伸率略有增加。     

K447A合金的热处理组织和拉伸性能研究

通过对K447A合金在不同热处理状态下的显微组织观察和拉伸性能测试,研究了合金显微组织的演变规律及其对拉伸性能的影响。结果表明,合金铸态组织主要包括γ基体、γ′相、碳化物及γ/γ′共晶,碳化物多分布于晶内枝晶干和晶界。固溶处理后,γ′相由大、小两种尺寸的组成,碳化物发生"碎化",且由γ′相包覆,同时枝晶间处析出了细小的MC型碳化物。高温(1100℃)时效热处理使γ′相长大,同时再次析出细小γ′相;低温(870℃)时效热处理则使γ′相形貌接近长方形。拉伸性能结果表明,合金经固溶热处理和时效热处理后的抗拉强度相近,但时效热处理后的伸长率有所增加。     

固溶处理对1种镍基单晶高温合金组织的影响

采用光镜、扫描电镜对1种镍基单晶高温合金的铸态组织和不同温度固溶处理后的组织进行了观察，研究了不同温度固溶处理对γ′相尺寸、γ／γ′共晶、成分偏析的影响。结果表明：合金枝晶间γ′相的固溶温度高于枝晶干γ′相的固溶温度，随固溶处理温度的升高，γ′相尺寸略有增加，γ／γ′共晶量及成分偏析降低；1290℃，4h，AC固溶处理后合金枝晶干、间γ′相全部固溶，1310℃，4h，AC固溶处理后合金中γ/γ′共晶全部消除，1320℃固溶处理时，合金中出现初溶现象；确定1310℃，4h，AC为合金的固溶处理工艺。     

热等静压处理对K439B高温合金显微组织的影响

对K439B合金进行了1165 ℃/150 MPa,4 h热等静压处理,采用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对比研究了铸态和热等静压态K439B合金的显微组织。结果表明:铸态K439B合金存在0.25%的显微疏松,热等静压后显微疏松基本消除(0.013%)。与铸态相比,经过热等静压处理后合金中的γ/γ′共晶组织体积分数和尺寸减小,各元素分布更加均匀,凝固偏析系数均更接近1。铸态K439B合金枝晶干处γ′相尺寸和体积分数分别是116.9 nm和17.8%,枝晶间部位γ′相尺寸和体积分数分别为244.4 nm和24.9%。热等静压后合金枝晶干部位的γ′相尺寸及体积分数分别为148.0 nm和17.5%,枝晶间部位γ′相尺寸和体积分数分别为159.1 nm和22.8%。热等静压处理使合金枝晶干、枝晶间部位的γ′相尺寸、体积分数和形貌接近,同时γ′相分布变得均匀。     

热等静压温度对FGH95合金组织和持久性能的影响

通过对FGH95合金进行不同温度的热等静压处理、组织形貌观察及持久性能测试,研究热等静压温度对合金组织结构与持久性能的影响。结果表明:在低于γ′相溶解温度进行热等静压时,粗大γ′相沿颗粒边界区域不连续分布;随热等静压温度的升高,合金中一次粗大γ′相的数量、尺寸逐渐减小,经1 140℃固溶处理后,晶粒尺寸无明显变化;合金经1 180℃热等静压及完全热处理后,粗大γ′相完全溶解及γ′相贫化区消失,晶粒尺寸明显长大,γ′相和细小碳化物沿晶界及晶内弥散析出,因而合金具有较好的持久性能;合金在持久性能测试期间的变形机制是位错在基体中滑移及剪切γ′相。     

热处理对镍基单晶高温合金微观组织和高温持久性能的影响

采用螺旋选晶法,制备了一种镍基单晶高温合金。在非真空箱式电阻炉中进行分级均匀化热处理,研究了热处理制度对合金显微组织及持久性能的影响。结果表明:合金的铸态组织由γ-Ni固溶体相、初生和次生的γ-′Ni3Al相、以及γ/γ′共晶相组成;1 305~1 310℃、16 h固溶处理后,次生γ′全部固溶,少量γ/γ′共晶没有完全固溶;1 315℃、16 h固溶处理后,γ/γ′共晶全部固溶;1 320℃、2 h固溶处理后,出现少量初熔;两次时效处理明显改变了γ′的尺寸、形貌及分布;合金经1 180℃、2 h 1 290℃、2 h 1 315℃、16 h AC 1 140℃、4 h AC 870℃、24 h AC完全热处理后,在1 100℃,137 MPa条件下持久寿命达到100 h。持久裂纹主要沿与拉应力垂直的枝晶间横向段萌生扩展,与γ/γ′共晶完全固溶状态相比,未固溶的γ/γ′共晶更容易成为主要裂纹源。     

铝含量对定向凝固Ni3Al基合金显微组织和持久性能的影响

研究了铝含量对定向凝固Ni3Al基合金铸态和热处理态显微组织的影响，用定向凝固技术制取合金。测试了合金的高温持久性能，利用SEM，EDS，XRD等考察了持久断裂试样的微观形貌。结果表明，铝含量在6．5％～9．5％(质量分数，下同)范围内，合金的铸态组织由γ′，γ和MC碳化物组成，9．5％Al的合金形成大量的γ′初晶和少量β—NiAl相；1300℃，4h固溶热处理使次生γ′全部固溶，共晶γ′固溶很少，直到合金初熔γ′初晶和β—NiAl相仍不能固溶，严重损伤合金的高温强度；在1100℃，70MPa条件下持久时间高于10h时，合金即出现明显的筏排组织，持久裂纹主要沿柱晶横向段和枝晶间萌生扩展。7．5％～8．5％的铝含量是添加了W，Mo，Ta，Ti等合金元素的定向凝固Ni3Al基合金的适宜范围。     

定向凝固铸造高温合金DZ125热处理工艺的研究

研究了一步和三步两种热处理工艺对DZ125合金组织及性能的影响。结果表明：采用三步热处理工艺可明显改善显著组织。1180℃预处理消除了合金中的低熔点相，有效地抑制了合金的初熔，提高了合金的固溶温度，随着固溶温度的提高，元素枝晶偏析减轻，共晶中的γ′相和初生的粗大γ′相固溶量增加，在随后的冷却和时效过程中析出较多细小γ′相，1100℃高温时效调整了细小γ′相的尺寸和形状，使合金中温，高温持久寿命比一步热处理有不同程度提高。     

热处理对3D打印制备GH4169合金组织与性能的影响

通过选区激光熔化(SLM)技术三维打印(3D priting)制备了GH4169合金板状试样,并对其进行了热处理。采用三维原子探针技术(3DAP)以及附带原位拉伸功能的扫描电镜(SEM)对热处理前后试样的显微组织及力学性能进行了检测。结果表明,打印态GH4169合金中熔池和晶粒内部均为凝固枝晶组织,合金元素分布均匀。经过热处理后,基体中形成了大量细小γ″相和γ′相;拉伸试验结果显示,3D打印GH4169合金热处理后具有更优的力学性能,这归因于枝晶组织的消失、有害δ相的减少以及大量纳米级γ″相和γ′相在基体中的析出。     

Influence of solution heat treatment on microstructure and stress rupture properties of a Ni3Al base single crystal superalloy IC6SX

The effect of solution heat treatment at different temperatures on the microstructure and stress rupture properties of a Ni₃Al base single crystal superalloy IC6SX has been investigated in this paper. The experimental results show that the as-cast alloy exhibited a typical dendritic structure with three phases of γ′, γ and NiMo. After solution heat treated at 1240 °C, the NiMo phase dissolved entirely. With the temperature increasing, the γ′ phase in interdendritic region dissolved earlier than that in dendritic region. When solution heat treatment temperature reached to 1280 °C, all of the γ′ solutioned and a uniform microstructure was observed. Furthermore, increasing the temperature up to 1340 °C, a small amount of incipient melting occurred in the alloy. The stress rupture life of IC6SX at 1100 °C/130 MPa increased with the rising of temperature and reached to the top value under the solution heat treatment temperature of 1280 °C. The optimum solution heat treatment considered to be 1280 °C/10 h followed by flowing air cooling.     

Phase constitution,microstructure and mechanical properties of a Ni-based superalloy specially designed for additive manufacturing

In this study, a kind of Ni-based superalloy specially designed for additive manufacturing (AM) was investigated. Thermo-Calc simulation and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis were used to determine phases and their transformation temperature. Experimental specimens were prepared by laser metal deposition (LMD) and traditional casting method. Microstructure, phase constitution and mechanical properties of the alloy were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission scanning electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and tensile tests. The results show that this alloy contains two basic phases, γ/γ', in addition to these phases, at least two secondary phases may be present, such as MC carbides and Laves phases. Furthermore, the as-deposited alloy has finer dendrite, its mean primary dendrite arm space (PDAS) is about 30-45 μm, and the average size of γ' particles is 100-150 nm. However, the dendrite size of the as-cast alloy is much larger and its PDAS is 300-500 μm with secondary and even third dendrite arms. Correspondingly, the alloy displays different tensile behavior with different processing methods, and the as-deposited specimen shows better ultimate tensile stress (1,085.7±51.7 MPa), yield stress (697±19.5 MPa) and elongation (25.8%±2.2%) than that of the as-cast specimen. The differences in mechanical properties of the alloy are due to the different morphology and size of dendrites, γ', and Laves phase, and the segregation of elements, etc. Such important information would be helpful for alloy application as well as new alloy development.     

Microstructural Instability of an Experimental Nickel-Based Single-Crystal Superalloy

Microstructural instability with the precipitation of topologically close-packed (TCP) phases of an experimental nickel-based single-crystal superalloy has been investigated. A significant amount of σ phases are distinguished in the interdendritic region of the as-cast samples after thermal exposure at 900 °C for 1000 h. The σ phases are preferentially precipitated at the periphery of coarse γ/γ′ eutectic, and their morphological evolution from needles to granules is observed. Microstructural analysis suggests that the local segregation of Cr and Ti at the periphery of coarse γ/γ′ eutectic accounts for the formation of σ phases in the as-cast samples. After heat treatment with low solution temperature and short holding time, the dendritic segregation of alloying elements (i.e., W, Re, Ti and Ta) and the volume fraction of γ′ phase in the interdendritic region are similar to that of the as-cast samples. However, no TCP phases are present in the interdendritic region of the heat-treated samples after thermal exposure, which is primarily ascribed to the elimination of local segregation of Cr and Ti near the coarse γ/γ′ eutectic. Moreover, small quantities of μ phases are precipitated in the secondary dendrite arm near the interdendritic region after thermal exposure, due to the increased volume fraction of γ′ phase and the concomitant enrichment of W and Re in the γ matrix.     

Response of the solidification microstructure of a high Nb containing TiAl alloy to an isothermal high-temperature heat treatment

Vacuum induction melting device combined with temperature control system was employed to investigate the effect of isothermal heat treatment (IHT) during solidification process on the microstructure evolution of a high Nb containing TiAl alloy. The microstructures of the alloy in as-cast condition and after IHT were studied. The results show that the as-cast microstructures exhibit a significant microstructural inhomogeneity with fine grains in dendrite core and coarse grains in interdendritic region. A new treatment approach by means of a short-term IHT within the β phase field during solidification process is proposed to obtain a uniform and refined microstructure. Compared with the as-cast alloy, IHT can reduce the tendency for crack. This phenomenon is attributed to the improvement of microstructural homogeneity by the elimination of peritectic α phase and the microstructure refinement by β → α transformation.     

Microstructure selection in the interdendritic region during directional solidification of a Ni-23at.%Al alloy

Directional solidification experiments of a binary Ni-23at.%Al alloy were carried out to examine the effects of growth velocity on the microstructure selection in the interdendritic region. Only the growth velocity was changed from 5 μm/s to 60 μm/s under a given thermal gradient. As a result, the noticeable change in the microstructure during solidification occurred between the γ dendrites. The γ interdendritic microstructure was varied as a function of growth velocity from rod γ-γ′ coupled peritectic structure to planar γ′ structure and then to eutectic structures consisting of stable γ′-β eutectic and metastable γ-β, eutectic structures. The microstructure selected preferentially among the γ dendrites was considered by calculating the interface temperature of a phase growing into its parent melt. It is shown that the microstructure selection in the γ interdendritic region is determined by a phase or a structure kinetically leading at the highest interface temperature under a given growth condition.     

固溶处理对铸态Mg-4.8Al-2.7Ca-0.4Mn合金组织及力学性能的影响

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线能谱仪、X射线衍射仪、硬度测试及拉伸性能测试等手段分别研究了铸态Mg-4.8Al-2.7Ca-0.4Mn合金固溶处理前后的组织演变及力学性能。结果表明,铸态Mg-4.8Al-2.7Ca-0.4Mn合金的微观组织中,α-Mg相呈现典型的枝晶形态,枝晶间分布着大量在凝固过程中形成的Al₂Ca相;固溶处理对第二相的形貌有显著影响,随着固溶时间的增加,枝晶偏析减弱,Al₂Ca相从网状分布演变为多边形或细块状;经500 ℃固溶4 h,合金具有较好的综合拉伸性能,抗拉强度、屈服强度及伸长率分别达到222.0 MPa、182.5 MPa和4.5%。     

热处理过程中DD6单晶高温合金的组织演化规律与力学性能

研究了DD6单晶高温合金在热处理过程中的显微组织演化规律以及初熔组织的生成机理。通过研究不同固溶时效处理对γ′相形貌、尺寸分布和体积分数的影响且分析了完全热处理后合金的显微硬度和拉伸性能,从而确定了合金最佳的热处理工艺。结果表明,通过差热分析法和金相观察法确定合金的初熔温度在1300~1310 ℃。在1315 ℃固溶处理4 h,枝晶间/枝晶干γ′相尺寸趋于一致,呈立方状均匀排列。在固溶处理过程中,γ/γ′共晶组织熔化生成了不规则初熔组织。在不同的一次时效工艺下,1120 ℃时效4 h空冷后,γ′相立方度更好,尺寸分布更均匀。合金最佳的热处理工艺为1290 ℃×1 h+1300 ℃×2 h+1315 ℃×4 h, AC+1120 ℃×4 h, AC+870 ℃×32 h, AC。合金在完全热处理后,随拉伸温度从室温升高至850 ℃时,强度达到峰值,温度继续升高,强度下降;在760 ℃拉伸时塑性最差,随着拉伸温度从760 ℃升高到950 ℃,塑性提高。