低温下ZL101合金的裂纹扩展行为

对ZL101合金在20~-60℃拉伸过程中裂纹扩展行为进行研究,利用扫描电子显微镜观察断口形貌,并采用光学显微镜对断口附近组织和裂纹萌生和扩展形貌进行分析,研究裂纹扩展过程中铝基体内部应力的变化。结果表明:当温度由20℃下降至-60℃时ZL101合金的抗拉强度和屈服强度均有提高,而伸长率略有降低。ZL101合金在塑性变形过程中产生大量位错在Si相处塞积产生应力,使Si相发生解理断裂形成微裂纹,并且Si相断裂形成的解理面与附近的位错滑移带成135°角。在裂纹扩展过程中Si相的破裂使铝基体产生应力集中,在低温情况下Si相断裂所需的外加应力升高使断裂Si相之间铝基体的应力集中升高引发准解理断裂,导致合金伸长率下降。     

高强度铝青铜合金锻造失效分析

采用扫描电镜对高强度铝青铜合金在锻造过程中出现的断裂现象进行了显微组织观察和失效分析。通过宏观断口分析和显微组织观察,发现合金中出现了角度为45°的裂纹和一些断裂区域。分析表明,高强度铝青铜合金在锻造过程中出现的断裂现象,主要是由于变形应力超过了合金的抗拉强度和合金中的K相形成了断裂的裂纹源,致使其发生了脆性断裂。     

酸性气体分离器螺栓断裂原因分析

V-1504酸性气体分离器上的螺栓使用30 d后,发生螺栓断裂事故。本文采用宏观观察、化学成分分析、硬度测试和力学性能对螺栓断裂原因进行分析。结果表明：引起螺栓断裂的主要原因是螺栓在使用过程中受到腐蚀介质和拉应力的共同作用,在其弯曲内侧产生应力腐蚀裂纹,导致在紧固螺栓时沿着已有的微裂纹迅速断裂。     

可拆卸卡箍断裂原因分析

飞机发动机引气预冷系统导管固定卡箍服役后发生断裂,通过外观观察、断口宏微观观察、金相组织检查、硬度试验、化学成分分析等方法对卡箍断裂原因进行了综合分析,结果表明:断裂卡箍为高周疲劳断裂;导管设计布局在发动机舱,断裂卡箍处位于导管安装有波纹管端附近,在发动机运转中产生振动,如果卡带与支架装配过程中装配应力过大,会导致外表面边角处应力较大,同时在振动应力作用下,在外表面边角应力集中处形成裂纹并扩展,降低支架的边缘和卡带表面处的应力集中,消除卡带边缘的残余应力,可有效防止卡箍的疲劳断裂。     

35CrMo高强螺栓脆性断裂原因分析

35CrMo钢高强螺栓在使用中发生脆性断裂。为了揭示螺栓断裂的原因,对断裂的螺栓进行了化学成分分析、硬度、显微组织、断口分析、氢含量等方面检测。结果表明,螺栓的化学成分、硬度指标、抗拉强度、夹杂物含量以及氢含量均符合要求。由断裂螺栓的断口分析发现,保留马氏体位相的回火索氏体易在心部形成应力集中,导致在该位置形成细微的应力裂纹,装配过程中受到外部的拉应力下,逐步向周围扩展,最终在多因素叠加下而产生脆性断裂。     

曳引机轴承断裂分析及改进措施

某自动扶梯曳引机上使用的轴承在空载试车时发生内圈早期断裂失效,通过对轴承宏观检查、内圈断口分析及理化检测等手段,对轴承内圈断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明,轴承内圈由于锻造温度偏高、成形速度过快等因素产生锻造晶间微裂纹,在锻造过程中沿晶界扩展形成裂纹源,后序热处理淬火冷却时热应力和组织应力叠加而使裂纹扩展,最终在轴承装机试车时,虽受外力较小也使轴承内圈发生断裂。通过调整轴承内圈锻造温度,改变成形速度等措施,有效预防了轴承内圈锻造裂纹。     

城轨机车HXD3B 一系弹簧断裂失效分析

采用化学成分分析、金相分析、硬度测试、X射线衍射法残余应力测试和扫描电镜断口观察等手段,对发生断裂的铁路机车HXD3B一系弹簧断裂失效原因进行分析。结果表明,弹簧的组织出现了明显的混晶现象,弹簧表面出现较为严重的脱碳现象,在工作过程中若承受过大应力时,在夹杂物处产生疲劳裂纹源,最终导致该弹簧早期疲劳断裂失效。     

鼓风机轴断裂失效分析

针对某火力发电机组进口鼓风机主轴断裂问题,采用宏观断口分析、化学成分分析、金相分析、能谱分析、力学性能和显微硬度检测等手段对其断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明：轴断裂的主要原因是由于异常的二次淬火导致轴颈基体表面形成硬而脆的粗大淬火马氏体和软化的块状铁素体等不良组织,降低了轴颈处的抗疲劳性能,运行过程中在高周交变应力作用下发生疲劳断裂。     

桥梁用Q345qE钢板断裂失效分析

Q345qE桥面承重钢板在使用中发生断裂,运用宏观观察、扫描电镜分析、金相分析等方法对其断裂原因进行分析,结果表明:由于表面保护材料沥青的开裂,Q345qE钢板暴露在大气中受腐蚀作用并受车辆运行作用力形成应力腐蚀,在U形肋部位钢板形成微裂纹,微裂纹在腐蚀及应力同时作用下发生应力集中并扩展,最终导致其断裂。     

飞机起落架固定螺栓氢脆断裂研究

飞机起落架一固定螺栓发现裂纹,经断口宏观观察、微观观察、金相检查、硬度检测及H含量测定,综合分析确定该型螺栓的断裂性质,并分析断裂失效的原因。研究结果表明,螺栓的断裂性质为氢脆断裂,其修理过程中发生塑性变形产生局部应力集中,电镀前未除应力是氢脆断裂诱因,并导致最终断裂。建议该型螺栓修理时应严控表面处理过程,严格执行除应力措施,从而降低该型螺栓发生氢脆断裂的可能性。     

加工不同材料时高速钢麻花钻的刃磨

高速钢麻花钻在加工不同材料时，客观上具有不同的加工条件，并且对钻头产生不同的影响，本文对此提出了在加工不同材料时，对钻尖部分要进行不同的刃磨，以提高钻头使用性能及孔加工质量；同时，从实用的角度提出其它一些方法和措施以保证钻头真正发挥其应有的效能。     

基于高强度钢切削加工的切削力和扭矩对比试验

本文对高强度钢的切削加工性能进行了分析，通过试验总结了普通麻花钻切削高强度钢时的磨损、破损特点，并对普通麻花钻和基本型群钻进行了切削对比试验，证明群钻可使切削力和扭矩减小，使刀具耐用度提高。从而为高强度钢的切削加工提供了理论依据。     

麻花钻几何参数对不锈钢钻削性能影响的研究

采用ProE和Deform-3D软件分析了影响麻花钻钻411性能关健的几何参数,主要研究麻花钻横刃和顶角对不锈钢钻削过程中切削力、扭矩、刀具磨损的影响.介绍了缩短横刃长度和采用S形横刃螺旋面钻尖对不锈钢钻削力和扭矩的影响.重点分析了顶角影响主切削刃的长度、单位刃长的切削负荷、切削层中切削宽度与切削厚度的比例、切削中轴向力与扭矩、切屑形成与排屑情况.对于在钻削中,如何提高钻头的寿命,提高钻削加工的生产率和孔的加工质量具有重要的指导意义.     

Environmentally Assisted Cracking of Drill Pipes in Deep Drilling Oil and Natural Gas Wells

Corrosion fatigue (CF), hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) and sulfide stress cracking (SSC), or environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) have been identified as the most challenging causes of catastrophic brittle fracture of drill pipes during drilling operations of deep oil and natural gas wells. Although corrosion rates can be low and tensile stresses during service can be below the material yield stress, a simultaneous action between the stress and corrosive environment can cause a sudden brittle failure of a drill component. Overall, EAC failure consists of two stages: incubation and propagation. Defects, such as pits, second-phase inclusions, etc., serve as preferential sites for the EAC failure during the incubation stage. Deep oil and gas well environments are rich in chlorides and dissolved hydrogen sulfide, which are extremely detrimental to steels used in drilling operations. This article discusses catastrophic brittle fracture mechanisms due to EAC of drill pipe materials, and the corrosion challenges that need to be overcome for drilling ultra-deep oil and natural gas wells.     

The torque and thrust force in twist drilling—II. Comparison of experimental observations with deductions from theory

Published data are shown to conform with previously derived expressions relating the torque and the thrust to feed and drill diameter in drilling operations conducted with a set of geometrically similar twist drills. The model from which the theoretical expressions are derived is shown to be capable of explaining the apparently deviant behaviour observed when drilling workpieces which exhibit high adhesion. The model is based on the assumption that the removal process at the drill lips is quasi-orthogonal which is valid provided the drill diameter is sufficiently large compared to the chisel edge length. The behaviour observed with small diameter drills is shown to be consistent with the removal process becoming noticeably oblique. The consequences of geometric dissimilarity of drill shape are discussed.     

Simulation-based twist drill design and geometry optimization

Designing a high-performance twist drill is difficult due to the complex relationship between drill geometry and numerous and conflicting design goals. Earlier approaches of computer-aided twist drill design are limited to only few design aspects. This article presents a new holistic method of using computing power for twist drill design and optimization. A complete drill geometry model is used to obtain drill performance characteristics and to ensure functional capability. Numerical simulation models calculate structural stiffness and strength, torque and thrust force, coolant flow resistance, chip evacuation capability and chip flute grindability. A multi-objective geometry optimization is realized by implementing metaheuristic optimization algorithms. As a result, a numerical overall optimization of twist drill performance is possible.     

Comprehensive analysis of delamination in drilling of composite materials with various drill bits

Beside the twist drill, the effects of various drill geometries were rarely discussed in analytical fashion. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of delamination in use of various drill types, such as saw drill, candle stick drill, core drill and step drill. In this analysis, the critical thrust force at the onset of delamination is predicted and compared with the twist drill.     

采用冷加工方法生产管端加厚钻杆的工艺探讨

本文提出的冷拔加厚钻杆两端的生产工艺优于目前的钻杆加工方法,采用此技术加工增厚钻杆具有等强度,性能均一,不易折断,可重复多次加工的优点。     

Effect of eccentricity of twist drill and candle stick drill on delamination in drilling composite materials

Drilling is the most frequently employed operation of secondary machining for fiber-reinforced materials owing to the need for structure joining. Delamination is one of the serious concerns during drilling. Practical experience shows that an eccentric twist drill or an eccentric candle stick drill can degrade the quality of the fiber reinforced material. Comprehensive delamination models for the delamination induced by an eccentric twist drill and an eccentric candle stick drill in the drilling of composite materials have been constructed in the present study. For an eccentric twist drill and an eccentric candle stick drill, the critical thrust force that will produce delamination decreases with increasing point eccentricity ξ. The results agree with industrial experience. The need for control of drill eccentricity during drill regrinding has been proved analytically by the proposed models.     

A standard conical point drill grinding machine

This paper describes a drill grinding machine that can produce conical twist drill points with very accurately specified point shapes. The machine is adjusted by precise orthogonal movements using shims and gages to make sure that the drill parameters are set precisely. The confidence in the point shape produced is high enough that inspection of the points produced is not necessary.