激光3D打印AlSi10Mg铝合金点阵结构材料的组织和力学性能

以不同激光3D打印参数制备了AlSi10Mg铝合金点阵结构材料,探索其最优化打印参数,研究了铝合金点阵结构材料的组织和性能,以及后续热处理对其组织性能的影响。结果表明,最优化打印参数为:环境温度80 ℃,粉层厚度30 μm,激光束直径80 μm,激光能量370 W,激光扫描速度1300 mm/s。制备的铝合金点阵结构材料空洞缺陷少,致密性高,显微组织呈一层层交错堆垛的激光熔池,为细小的α-Al等轴胞状晶和球状Si颗粒相组成,性能良好。经热处理后,原激光熔池缺陷、等轴胞状晶特征消失,Si颗粒相不断析出并长大,硬度和静态压缩试验下的平台应力降低,压缩性能下降。     

Inconel 738合金选区激光熔化成形工艺优化及组织性能的研究

采用SEM、EBSD、OM等方法,研究了激光体能量密度E对SLM成形Inconel 738合金致密度、微观组织和显微硬度影响。研究表明：在SLM成形过程中,激光体能量密度E对试样致密度起决定性作用,随着激光体能量密度的增大,致密度呈现先上升后下降的趋势,并且在65.2 J/mm<sub>3</sub>可以实现最高致密度(99.4％);凝固过程中冷却速率高达2.44×10<sub>5</sub> K/s,SLM成形Inconel 738合金的组织垂直与打印方向和平行与打印方向有明显的各向异性,平行于打印方向的组织呈“棋盘状”形貌,垂直与打印方向为“鱼鳞状”形貌,层与层之间、不同道次之间的熔池搭接区为晶粒细化的胞晶;显微组织表现出明显的织构,随着激光体能量密度的增大,＜001＞方向的织构逐渐增强;试样的硬度随着激光体能量密度的增大而增大,当硬度值超过65.2 J/mm<sub>3</sub>时,SLM成形Inconel 738合金的硬度值超过精铸试样(410 HV),硬度值在各个面上的分布是定向独立的。     

热处理对选区激光熔化钴铬合金组织与性能的影响

为明确热处理对选区激光熔化(SLM)钴铬合金成形件组织、性能的影响,利用OM、SEM、XRD、EBSD、EPMA、力学性能和电化学测试研究了激光功率为290 W、扫描速度为950 mm/s下SLM成形的钴铬合金在1150℃保温6 h的热处理前后的微观组织和性能变化。结果表明,钴铬合金成形件经过热处理后,典型熔池形貌消失,可在晶界和晶内观察到明显析出的碳化物,晶粒由粗大的柱状晶转变为细小的等轴晶,耐腐蚀性能降低,硬度变化较小,而伸长率提高约30%。通过热处理可以获得均匀的微观组织,提高γ相的体积分数,提升成形件的塑性,但会降低成形件电化学腐蚀性能。     

VIGA法制备的M2052锰铜合金粉末及其SLM打印件的性能

采用真空感应熔炼气雾化法(VIGA)制备了M2052锰铜合金粉末,分析了M2052锰铜粉末的物性和显微组织;用选区激光熔化3D打印技术(SLM)制备锰铜试样,并分析热处理前后SLM成型的锰铜合金的组织与性能。结果表明,VIGA法能够有效地控制金属粉末形状,制备的15~53 μm粒度区间的锰铜粉末收得率高,松装密度高,具有较好的球形度,有效满足SLM用金属粉末的要求。由SLM制备的锰铜打印件横纵向具有不同的微观组织,随熔池内部延伸逐渐变为胞状晶,沿焊接界面形成柱状晶,离熔池越远柱状晶越细。与铸态合金相比,SLM方法制备的锰铜合金具有明显的力学性能差异,SLM打印件的抗拉强度为611 MPa,规定塑性延伸强度为504 MPa,远远高于铸态母合金的454 MPa和172 MPa。其原因是打印件细晶强化效果明显,但微裂纹的存在对塑性不利。     

热处理前后选区激光熔化Al-Mn-Mg-Sc-Zr合金微观组织的演变

采用选区激光熔化(SLM)技术制备了Al-Mn-Mg-Sc-Zr合金。使用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪和透射电子显微镜等测试方法，表征了热处理前后Al-Mn-Mg-Sc-Zr合金微观组织的结构，并测试了合金的硬度。结果表明：沉积态合金组织主要由α-Al、Al₆Mn和初生Al₃Sc组成。SLM成形的合金熔池组织呈鱼鳞状，熔池内靠近熔合线附近形成了大量细小的等轴晶，平均晶粒尺寸约为0.57μm，熔池心部则由柱状晶组成，柱状晶的平均宽度约为0.48μm。棒状Al₆Mn主要沿晶界分布，少量颗粒状的初生Al₃Sc存在于晶粒内部，这表明初生Al₃Sc可以作为异质形核质点，细化α-Al基体。热处理后，熔池内部等轴晶尺寸及柱状晶宽度均有所增大，组织中析出了大量细小弥散的二次Al₃Sc颗粒。硬度测试结果表明，随着时效时间的延长，各温度条件下合金的硬度值呈先升高后降低的趋势，相比于沉积态合金的硬度，在325℃、180 min时效热处理后合金的硬度提高了30%左右，达到...     

固溶及双时效处理对增材制造316L不锈钢组织性能的影响

采用激光选区熔化技术制备了316L不锈钢,并对其进行了固溶及双时效处理,利用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、电子万能试验机和显微硬度仪等研究了316L不锈钢热处理后的组织和性能.结果 表明:选区激光熔化成形的316L不锈钢试样的相邻熔池搭接紧密,搭接边界清晰,微观组织主要是生长方向各异的胞状晶;经固溶及双时效处理后,316L...     

热处理对Ni-P-SiO2复合镀层性能的影响

进行了Ni-P-SiO2化学复合镀试验,选取不同加热温度和保温时间对所制备的复合镀层进行热处理.利用XJP-6A型金相显微镜,HVS1000型数显显微硬度计和贴滤纸法对热处理后的复合镀层的显微组织、硬度和孔隙率进行了研究.结果表明,在400 ℃加热保温90 min后,Ni-P-SiO2复合镀层组织更均匀致密,与基体的结合良好,硬度更高,孔隙率几乎为零.     

低碳微合金钢中针状铁素体的微观力学性能及其组织稳定性

利用纳米力学探针和扫描电子显微镜对低碳微合金钢中针状铁素体的微观力学性能和组织稳定性进行了研究．微合金钢在850℃变形弛豫一定时间后水冷得到了针状铁素体、粒状贝氏体和板条状贝氏体的复合组织．板条状贝氏体、粒状贝氏体和针状铁素体的微观力学性能依次降低,回火稳定性依次升高．弹性模量依次降低约15GPa,硬度依次降低约0．6GPa．     

等离子弧增材低碳贝氏体钢组织与性能分析

采用等离子弧增材工艺制备了成形良好的贝氏体钢构件,研究了其力学性能和微观组织.结果表明,增材构件的微观组织主要由板条状贝氏体、粒状贝氏体和少量奥氏体组成.增材构件组织和力学性能存在局部差异：顶部组织晶粒比较粗大,主要由板条状贝氏体和奥氏体组成,显微硬度平均值约为365 HV;底部区域组织晶粒比较细小,多为粒状贝氏体,显微硬度平均值约为384 HV;构件整体平均冲击韧性为145 J/cm²,平均拉伸强度和断后伸长率分别可以达到955 MPa和11.7%,其中x方向的拉伸强度为945 MPa,略小于y方向的抗拉强度(963 MPa)和z方向的抗拉强度(958 MPa),说明构件抗拉强度不存在明显的各向异性,断口为韧性断裂.     

热处理工艺对离心铸造高铬铸铁轧辊组织及硬度的影响

采用了光学显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、洛氏硬度计等仪器,研究了离心铸造高铬铸铁轧辊铸态及淬火与回火后的显微组织结构、碳化物和硬度等。结果表明:高铬铸铁轧铸态组织主要是由奥氏体+少量马氏体+(Cr,Fe)₇C₃碳化物组成,碳化物呈粗大板条状或块状,不同温度热处理后,得到回火马氏体+(Cr,Fe)₇C₃+Cr₇C₃碳化物的组织,组织中粗大板条状碳化物消失,得到细小块状或椭圆状碳化物。该高铬铸铁轧辊铸态硬度为56.0HRC左右,在950℃淬火及400℃回火处理后硬度增加到了约65.5HRC。     

镍基合金TIG焊接熔池及热影响区组织模拟

基于枝晶生长动力学和晶粒长大理论,采用元胞自动机法(CA)建立了焊接熔池及热影响区的微观组织演变模型. 通过有限元模型计算了TIG焊接过程的温度场分布,并利用插值算法将热循环曲线应用于CA模型,计算了镍基合金TIG焊接熔池凝固过程枝晶生长及热影响区的晶粒长大. 结果表明,焊缝边缘的晶核主要以柱状晶的形式向焊缝中心生长,其最终形貌取决于半熔化母材晶粒上的联生结晶及不同取向枝晶间的竞争生长,焊缝中心为等轴晶组织. 焊接热影响区的晶粒长大使得熔池凝固形成的柱状晶组织粗大. 模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好.     

Ti-45Al合金焊接熔池凝固过程数值模拟

采用元胞自动机法和有限差分法建立了宏微观耦合下的焊接熔池微观组织凝固模型,对Ti-45Al合金焊后凝固过程中的枝晶生长形貌和溶质场浓度分布进行模拟,并通过试验对模拟结果进行验证. 讨论分析了焊接热输入、内部形核数和表面传热系数对枝晶生长及形貌的影响. 结果表明,熔池内的组织主要由柱状晶和等轴晶两种形态组成. 热输入的增加和传热系数的减少均有助于柱状晶的生长,而内部形核数越大则越有利于等轴晶的生长. 所建立模型的计算结果与试验结果在关于枝晶生长的定向研究中有较好吻合.     

Microstructure and properties of AlSi7Mg alloy fabricated by selective laser melting

The AlSi7Mg alloy was fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM), and its microstructure and properties at different building directions after heat treatment were analyzed. Results show that the microstructure of SLM AlSi7Mg samples containes three zones:fine grain zone, coarse grain zone, and heat affected zone. The fine-grain regions locate inside the molten pool, and the grains are equiaxed. The coarse-grain regions locate in the overlap of molten pools. After T6 treatment, the microstructure at the molten pool boundary is still the network eutectic Si, but the network structure becomes discrete, and is composed of intermittent, chain-like eutectic Si particles. The yield strength at three directions (xy, 45°, z direction) of the AlSi7Mg alloy samples fabricated by SLM is improved after T6 heat treatment. The fracture mechanism of the samples is a mixed ductile and brittle fracture before heat treatment and ductile fracture after heat treatment.     

Effect of Laser Oscillation on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Laser Melting Deposition Titanium AlloysEI北大核心CSCD

针对激光熔化沉积冶金组织与缺陷,借鉴激光摆动焊接技术,提出一种激光摆动送粉增材制造TC4钛合金工艺,借助激光原位摆动改变熔池运动轨迹进而影响温度梯度和凝固速率,改善增材制造钛合金的微观组织。利用OM、SEM、EBSD和Vickers硬度计研究了激光摆动送粉增材制造工艺对TC4钛合金微观组织演变及力学性能的影响。结果表明,无摆动激光熔化沉积实验的最佳工艺参数为:激光功率1000 W,扫描速率8 mm/s,送粉速率6.92 g/min;直线型激光摆动的最佳工艺参数为:摆动频率200 Hz,摆动幅度1.5 mm。直线型激光摆动对熔池形貌改善显著,气孔和裂纹等缺陷较少,柱状晶数量和尺寸均有所减小,并且晶粒出现了等轴化的现象。相比无摆动样品,激光摆动后Ti-6Al-4V合金单道区域平均晶粒尺寸从5.20μm减小到4.37μm;硬度从418.00 HV提升到428.75 HV。     

ULCB钢焊接熔池凝固过程数值模拟

采用元胞自动机法建立ULCB钢焊接熔池凝固过程的宏微观耦合模型,模拟非均匀温度场下焊接熔池凝固过程的组织形貌演变和溶质场分布,分析不同形核参数和合金成分对焊接熔池枝晶形貌的影响。结果表明,熔池边缘形成柱状晶,熔池中心形成等轴晶,柱状晶和等轴晶相互抑制长大;枝晶生长过程中始终存在着枝晶偏析现象;形核密度和合金成分影响枝晶的形核和生长,随着形核密度和合金成分的增加,焊缝中等轴晶区域增加,晶粒细化。     

Preparation and Performance of Spherical Ni Powder for SLM ProcessingEI北大核心CSCD

3D printing has attracted increasing interests in the field of metallic materials as it can effectively shorten the production cycle and create parts with complex shapes, which can hardly be produced by traditional methods. However, the gas atomization, as the mainstream method of preparing metal and alloy powders to meet the requirements of the processing of selective laser melting (SLM) at present, still has some limitations, such as hollow and/or satellite balls in the powder. This influences directly the density and performance of the printing parts. Moreover, the laser absorption in the smooth surface of powder particle is generally less than 10% in the laser processing, which hinders rapid heating of the powder. It has been found that the material can obtain multiple absorption of laser energy by increasing the surface roughness of powder particles, which can effectively improve the laser absorption rate and is beneficial to get the dense printing parts. Based on this, a novel method combining low temperature spray-drying with heat treatment was developed to prepare Ni powder with high purity, good sphericity, high flowability and narrow particle size distribution. The microstructure and laser absorptivity of the prepared Ni powder were compared with those of the commercial Ni powder prepared by gas atomization, and their influences on the microstructure and properties of the 3D printed bulk materials were investigated. It is found that the laser absorptivity of the Ni powder prepared by spray-drying is more than 2 times as high as that of the commercial Ni powder. This leads to a wider melting channel, smaller surface ten-sion and liquid-bridging force between particles in the printing process. As a result, the spheroidization phenomenon occurred on the surface of the printed bulk material can be avoided by the use of the spraydried powder, and the relative density is achieved as 99.2% at the as-printed state. In the microstructure of the printed bulk material, in addition to the cellular crystals, there are a number of fine columnar crystals, grown across the interlaminar boundaries, which is favorable for a high bonding strength between the interlayers.     

热处理对3D打印制备GH4169合金组织与性能的影响

通过选区激光熔化(SLM)技术三维打印(3D priting)制备了GH4169合金板状试样,并对其进行了热处理。采用三维原子探针技术(3DAP)以及附带原位拉伸功能的扫描电镜(SEM)对热处理前后试样的显微组织及力学性能进行了检测。结果表明,打印态GH4169合金中熔池和晶粒内部均为凝固枝晶组织,合金元素分布均匀。经过热处理后,基体中形成了大量细小γ″相和γ′相;拉伸试验结果显示,3D打印GH4169合金热处理后具有更优的力学性能,这归因于枝晶组织的消失、有害δ相的减少以及大量纳米级γ″相和γ′相在基体中的析出。     

Effect of molten pool boundaries on the mechanical properties of selective laser melting parts

Selective laser melting (SLM) manufactures components through the overlapping of multi-track and multi-layer molten pools of metal powders, resulting in two types of molten pool boundaries (MPBs), “layer–layer” and “track–track” MPBs, remaining in SLM parts. The microstructure of MPBs exhibits a complex and regular spatial topological structure. There is a coarse grain zone below the MPBs and nonmetallic elements (C, O, Si) near the MPBs are in an unstable state. Long and thin columnar grains with the same orientations distribute on two sides of the “layer–layer” MPBs, whereas the columnar grains on both sides of “track–track” MPBs have different orientations. The “track–track” MPBs are short and intersect with “layer–layer” MPBs at some points and form acute angles, where cracks are initiated when applied with external loads. The effect of the MPBs on microscopic slipping, macroscopic ductility and fracture mechanism of the SLM parts made along different directions, which were exerted a tensile loading in the as-built condition without heat treatment, was analyzed and evaluated using slip theory and experiments. The results reveal that the MPBs have a significant impact on the microscopic slipping at the loading, macroscopic plastic behavior and fracture mode, and are one of the main reasons for the obvious anisotropy and low ductility of SLM parts.