Inconel 690镍基合金焊接研究进展

Inconel 690镍基合金是一种面心立方结构的高温合金,具有优异的耐高温及耐腐蚀性能,被广泛应用于核电、石油化工和航空航天等领域。文中主要从焊接方法、凝固裂纹敏感性和高温失塑裂纹敏感性三个方面对Inconel 690镍基合金的焊接研究现状进行了总结和分析。传统熔化焊方法焊接Inconel 690镍基合金时易引起晶粒粗大、元素偏析并增加裂纹敏感性,而能量密度高的激光焊有望解决此类问题,然而相关研究较少;对铌的最佳含量范围存在很大分歧,析出相诱导机制的机理尚未明确,从工艺角度改善凝固裂纹和高温失塑裂纹的研究仍需进一步研究。     

焊接工艺对690镍基合金焊丝熔敷金属高温失塑裂纹敏感性影响研究

针对690镍基合金熔敷金属高温失塑裂纹敏感性问题,采用基于Gleeble-3500热力耦合试验机的STF试验,开展焊接工艺对国产化690镍基合金焊丝WHS690M熔敷金属高温失塑裂纹敏感性的影响研究,并与进口Inconel 52M焊丝试验结果进行对比分析。试验表明,熔敷金属高温失塑裂纹最小临界应变出现在1 050℃附近,焊接热输入对最小临界应变影响较小,相比于大面积堆焊熔敷层,对接焊缝熔敷金属临界应变降低,高温失塑裂纹敏感性提高。     

高温合金熔化焊焊接性的研究进展

综述镍基高温合金和钴基高温合金熔化焊的研究现状,并阐述了焊接裂纹形成机理以及焊接工艺和合金成分对其焊接性的影响.镍基高温合金可以通过调整合金成分、析出相和晶界形貌、焊接工艺等来提高其焊接性.与沉淀强化型镍基高温合金相比,固溶强化钴基合金焊接性能良好,展现出良好的界面熔合性和较高的抗裂纹敏感性.新型沉淀强化钴基合金中γ/...     

沉淀强化镍基高温合金熔化焊液化裂纹研究进展

沉淀强化镍基高温合金由于具有优异的高温强度和耐热腐蚀性而被广泛应用于航空发动机和工业燃气轮机的热端部件。但是这类合金在焊接过程中具有较高的液化裂纹敏感性,影响部件的使用寿命和性能。系统地阐述了沉淀强化镍基高温合金熔化焊液化裂纹的形成机理,介绍了几种控制液化裂纹的方法,包括增大焊接热输入、焊前预热、焊前热处理和添加中间层,最后指出了今后的主要研究方向。     

铸造镍基合金焊接液化裂纹

本文用金相、相分析、电镜,特别是扫描电镜、电子探针等手段对铸造镍基合金焊接液化裂纹、焊接热影响区晶界经受焊接高温过程的变化进行了综合研究。提出了某些铸造镍基合金液化裂纹产生的机理:①在焊接高温下,沿晶界及晶界附近的γ γ′共晶及其反应前缘富Zr 等低熔物熔化;④沿晶界及晶界附近的TiC 全部或部分溶解、产生“组分液化”;③这些液相沿晶界漫流形成液化晶界的部分在焊接收缩应力下开裂。根据上述裂纹产生机理调整了某铸造镍基合金成分,合金的液化裂纹倾向性得到了改善。根据液化裂纹成因,采取了防止措施,在产品焊接上取得了良好效果。     

基于微观组织的镍基合金焊接热裂纹判据

概述了镍基合金焊接热裂纹(结晶裂纹、高温失塑裂纹)的评价方法、产生原因和防止措施，结合核用690合金焊接材料的特点，采用大厚度裂纹试验方法研究了Laves相、MC和M₂(C,N)碳化物、MN氮化物对焊缝结晶裂纹、高温失塑裂纹的影响，提出了基于微观组织的镍基合金热裂纹判据，防止结晶裂纹判据为Laves相含量不大于0.9%(体积分数)，防止高温失塑裂纹判据为MC+MN+M₂(C,N)含量不小于0.18%，在此基础上，研制出新型690合金焊接材料—WHS693M焊丝。结果表明，焊丝抗裂性优良，熔敷金属力学性能满足三代核电主设备制造技术要求。     

复合钢管中镍基合金喷焊层对焊缝裂纹敏感性的影响

通过模拟实际焊接试验,研究了镍基合金喷焊层对焊接裂纹敏感性的影响。结果表明,镍基合金喷焊层成分对奥氏体不锈钢焊缝的裂纹敏感性有明显的影响。喷焊层越厚,即焊缝中所熔的喷焊层成分越多,焊缝金属热裂纹敏感性越大。原因是喷焊层中所含Ni,Cr,B,Si元素熔入焊缝增加了焊缝裂纹敏感性。     

GH302和K9高温合金避免应变-时效裂纹的研究

本文是探索通过焊前、焊后高温热处理来避免GH 302铁镍基合金和K9铸造镍基合金应变-时效裂纹的可能性。将这两种合金分别在刚性补片和涡轮叶片叶冠堆焊条件下进行试验。通过试验,求得了表征GH 302应变-时效裂纹的敏感性和K9合金焊后热处理所需的加热温度和加热速度。GH302合金的C 曲线鼻部为45min,表明其应变-时效裂纹敏感性不强。而K9合金所需的加热速度表明,它具有高的应变-时效裂纹敏感性。试验还表明,焊前超时效热处理均可改善这两种合金的应变-时效裂纹敏感性。对K9合金,焊前超时效热处理是必须的,但对GH302合金,只要焊后采用1050℃消除应力热处理而不需采用焊前超时效热处理,就能避免应变-时效裂纹。     

690镍基合金焊接结晶裂纹形成机理分析

采用横向可调拘束试验方法研究了690镍基合金焊带堆焊金属的结晶裂纹形成机理.结果表明,690镍基合金焊接结晶裂纹的形成与晶界(及亚晶界)偏析密切相关,Nb元素在其中有着重要影响:富Ni,Nb低熔点共晶相在晶界(及亚晶界)的偏析,导致堆焊金属的实际结晶温度降低,晶界(及亚晶界)处塑性储备减小、形貌被改善,促使结晶过程中裂纹萌生并沿平直晶界(及亚晶界)扩展.另外,Mn元素可通过抑制Nb元素在晶界的偏析,削弱Nb的上述不利作用,增强690镍基合金抵抗结晶裂纹的能力.     

核电设备用690镍基合金气体保护焊丝国产化研究

针对核电设备用690镍基合金焊接材料依赖进口的现状,开展690镍基合金焊接材料的国产化研制。研制的690镍基合金气体保护焊焊丝WHS690M满足CAP1000及CAP1400核电站的要求,焊接工艺性良好,在不同焊接规范参数下,焊缝金属室温及高温力学性能波动较小,350℃抗拉强度≥485 MPa。对WHS690M及进口Inconel 52M焊丝熔敷金属进行高温失塑裂纹敏感性评估,并结合光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及电子背散射衍射技术(EBSD),对晶粒取向和晶界特征进行观察。试验表明,焊缝金属DDC最小临界应变出现在1 050℃附近,进口Inconel 52M最小临界应变约为2.1%,WHS690M最小临界应变约为3.2%。     

Effect of intermetallics on susceptibility of Mg alloy welds to liquation cracking

ABSTRACT

The circular-patch welding test was used to study the liquation and liquation cracking of AZ-series Mg alloys. A heat treatment was carried out on the as-received AZ91 alloy to dissolve the γ(Mg₁₇Al₁₂) particles before welding. The circular-patch welding test was then conducted on the heat-treated, as-received AZ91 alloy using AZ61 and AZ91 filler wires. The results showed that the susceptibility of AZ91 alloy to liquation and liquation cracking was significantly reduced by the dissolution of massive γ(Mg₁₇Al₁₂) particles via a heat treatment before welding as the liquation mechanism was changed. Both constitutional liquation and incipient melting occurred in the partially melted zone of the as-received AZ91 welds, while only incipient melting occurred in the heat-treated AZ91 welds.     

Effects of processing parameters on liquation cracking of 6005A alloy weldments

The effects of the characteristic microstructure developed in extruded 6005A alloys on tensile properties, fatigue strength, and liquation cracking in the heat affected zone of weldments were investigated. An in-situ observation of the grain growth occurring in the sample was made with an optical microscope with a hot stage to determine the temperature of the excessive grain growth during extrusion. The extruded samples were heat treated under various conditions and welded using a gas metal are welding process. The results indicated that liquation occurred mainly at coarse grain boundaries and significantly influencing the mechanical properties of the joint.     

Research on Prediction Method of Liquation Cracking Susceptibility to Magnesium Alloy WeldsEI北大核心CSCD

Magnesium alloys has a wide application prospect due to their good properties, such as high specific strength and specific stiffness, but the susceptibility of liquation cracking is also pretty high. The liquation in partially melted zone of AZ-series magnesium alloys were investigated with circular-patch welding test. The AZ91, AZ31 base alloys were welded with AZ61 and AZ92 filler wires by using the cold metal transter metal inert-gas (CMT-MIG) welding. The results show that, the liquation occurred along the weld edge of AZ91 with the eutectic reaction occurring between gamma(Mg17Al12) phase and Mg-rich phase. The liquation susceptibility of AZ31 was pretty low as gamma(Mg17Al12) was not present in base metal of AZ31. Meanwhile, a new method for predicting liquation cracking based on binary phase diagram was proposed. When the initial solidification temperature of weld is higher and the solidification temperature range of weld is shorter than those of base metal, the liquation crack susceptibility of weld is mostly higher. When the initial solidification temperature of weld is close to or below that of base metal, and the solidification temperature range of weld is close to or longer than that of base metal, the liquation cracking susceptibility of weld is lower. This method worked well on predicting the effect of composition of base metal and filler wires on liquation cracking, and the predicting results are consistent with the experimental results. That is, the liquation cracking susceptibility is higher with AZ91 base metal used than that with AZ31 base metal. And, the liquation cracking susceptibility is lower with AZ92 filler wire than that with AZ61 filler wire.     

Effect of Boron Content on Hot Ductility and Hot Cracking Susceptibility in 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel for Welding Components

Liquation cracking may occur in the heat-affected zone during welding. Two factors influence this phenomenon: the tensile stresses generated during welding and the potential loss of ductility due to the presence of a liquid film at grain boundaries depending on their chemical composition. Gleeble hot ductility tests have been used to study the combined effect of boron content and holding time on ductility drop in the liquation temperature range of a 316L type austenitic stainless steel. It is shown that high boron contents and short holding times promote the loss of ductility in this temperature range. Secondary ion mass spectrometry has been used to correlate mechanical results to boron distribution either at grain boundaries or in the bulk. Other welding tests have been performed to confirm the influence of boron content on hot cracking sensitivity of AISI 316L stainless steels. Results indicate that cracks appear on all specimens but at different strain levels. The higher the boron content is, the more the specimen exhibits tendency to hot cracking.     

Effects of grain size and precipitation on liquation cracking of AZ61 magnesium alloy laser welding joints

Abstract

Four kinds of wrought AZ61 alloy sheets with different microstructural features were successfully welded by CO₂ laser beam butt welding. Welding joints without visible pores were obtained under optimum process parameters. Effects of grain size and precipitation on liquation cracking behaviours of the laser welding joints were investigated. As far as the as rolled alloy sheets were concerned, liquation in the partially melted zone (PMZ) was visible along grain boundaries, and the extent of liquation was more serious in the alloy sheets with larger grains. As far as the as aged alloy sheets were concerned, plenty of precipitates (β-Mg₁₇Al₁₂) were involved and liquation in the PMZ was found both at grain boundaries and within grains. Moreover, the extent of liquation was more serious in the alloy sheets with more precipitates. It is promising to reduce liquation cracks in the PMZ of magnesium alloys by grain refinement, reducing the size and the quantity of the low melting point phase, and modifying its distribution.     

THE EFFECT OF BORON AND CARBON ADDITION ON WELDABILITY OF DS TMS-75 SUPERALLOY

Four alloys TMS-75 (Base), Base B, Base C and TMD-103 (Base B C) with varying levels of B, C were directionally solidified (DS), and their weldability was investigated by bead-onplate electron beam welding. It was found that cracking occurred in the weld-metal, as well as in the heat affected zone (HAZ). Both γ/γ‘ and/or γ/carbide eutectic contributed to the weld-metal cracking, and theγ/γ‘ eutectic was found to be mainly responsible for cracking in HAZ. However, constitutional liquation of carbides seems to have made some contribution also.The B addition had a detrimental effect on HAZ cracking susceptibility, while C addition improved it appreciably even in the presence of B. In addition, no obvious differences were observed in cracking susceptibility of weld-metal in the four alloys. The cracking modes and mechanisms underlying the effect of B and C addition on weidability could be explained on the basis of microstructures of the four alloys.     

Study and prevention of cracking during weld-repair of heat-resistant cast steels

Heat-resistant cast steels are highly sensitive to cracking as they are weld-repaired because of their very low ductility. To prevent weld-repair cracking of three different heat-resistant cast steels used for the manufacturing of superplastic forming (SPF) dies, the effect of various welding parameters, such as the choice of the filler material, the number of weld passes and the pre-heating temperature has been investigated. The choice of an appropriate filler metal and the pre-heating to 400 °C of the material prior to welding drastically lower the propensity to cracking, but remain unable to eliminate cracks entirely. To further reduce weld-repair cracking and hopefully prevent it completely, a buttering technique has been developed. Buttering of the base metal surface with nickel alloys before weld-repair has been shown to prevent cracking of the base metal, but results in some hot-cracking of the buttering layer itself. On the other hand, buttering with Ni–Fe alloys, less sensitive to hot-cracking, results in crack-free weld-repairs.     

Numerical modeling of inconel 738LC deposition welding: Prediction of residual stress induced cracking

A predictive tool has been implemented to determine the suitable conditions for deposition welding of inconel 738LC which is particularly susceptible to hot cracking. Cracking criteria related to liquation phenomenon and reheating rely on comparisons between residual stresses derived from numerical modeling and cracking resistance identified from the confrontation between numerical and experimental results of deposition welding performed on fir tree turbine blades test specimens. A contribution to the validation of the proposed simultaneous thermal, metallurgical and mechanical numerical modeling was based on their application to the repair of upstream guide vanes. In addition, the study has shown the importance of the heating temperature prior to welding.     

Liquation cracking in partial penetration aluminium welds: assessing tendencies to liquate,crack and backfill

Abstract

Aluminium alloys are susceptible to liquation cracking in the partially melted zone (PMZ), where grain boundary liquation occurs during welding. Alloys 2024, 6061 and 7075 were gas-metal arc welded with fillers 1100 and 4043, and liquation cracking near the weld root was examined. Curves of temperature (T) versus solid fraction (f_S), based on the Scheil equation for Al-Cu-Mg-Mn-Si-Zn alloys, were calculated for the solidifying PMZ and weld metal at the fusion boundary. Judging from the freezing temperature range and the liquid fraction, these curves suggested that liquation decreases in the order of 7075, 2024 and 6061, consistent with experiments. They also suggested that 1100 increases the weld metal f_S, thus promoting liquation cracking (by strengthening the solidifying and contracting weld metal that pulls the PMZ) and discouraging backfilling (by reducing the interdendritic liquid), while 4043 does the opposite except during PMZ terminal solidification in 7075 and 2024. These are consistent with experiments.