Bleaching of Knitted Cotton Fabric Applying Ozone

Several samples of knitted cotton fabric in raw state were impregnated with a solution of industrial wetting detergent and treated directly with ozone gas in a closed chamber. Working conditions for the variables: time, pH of the impregnation solution, residual pickup and feed flow rate of oxygen (for ozone generation) were investigated to identify the effects on whiteness degree and fabric strength. The application of ozone proved to be an efficient and promising technology with low water usage.     

An Investigation in the Use of Ozone Gas in the Bleaching of Cotton Fabrics

Ozone, composed of three atoms of oxygen, can be used to oxidize many inorganic and organic impurities. Because of its high oxidizing capacity, the opportunities and parameters of ozone gas use in bleaching of cotton fabrics were researched in this study. It was found that in a very short time cotton fabrics can be bleached if the water content of cotton-woven fabric was 60% and the pH of the water impregnated was 7. Moreover, ozonation at room temperature was shown to be more efficient than ozonation at high to medium temperatures.     

Dyeing of Casein Fibers with Onion Skin-Based Natural Dye Sources after Ozonation

The textile industry tries to provide different opportunities to its customers. Because of this, novel technologies in textile finishing and the use of different fibers have great importance for the textile industry. In this respect, the use of casein fiber is of interest to both manufacturers and consumers. In this study, casein-based fabrics were pretreated by means of ozone gas. The fibers themselves are clean but have low whiteness degrees. Therefore, the fabrics were bleached by means of ozone gas but limited increases in whiteness degrees were obtained. After the bleaching process, a natural dye source, namely “onion skins,” was used for the coloration of the fabrics. The dried and milled onion skin was directly added to the dyeing bath as a kind of natural dyestuff without undergoing any extraction process beforehand. In this way, it was aimed to show the usability of a vegetable waste and, at the same time, to combine ecologic processing-dyeing with casein finishing. It was observed that with the use of onion skin, the coloration of the casein fiber can be managed easily.     

Dyes Color Removal by Ozone and Hydrogen Peroxide: Some Aspects and Problems

Application of oxidation processes with the use of strong oxidizing agents, ozone and hydrogen peroxide, is limited because of high costs and some problems with parameters of discoloration reactions. This paper presents findings concerning the use of ozone itself and hydrogen peroxide in combination with Fe²⁺ catalyst for discoloration of dye solutions of concentration 100 mg/L and wastewaters from production of dyestuffs Reactive Orange 20, Reactive Blue 13, Direct Blue 74, and Acid Violet 1. Both agents discolored both the dye solutions and wastewaters successfully. The paper presents a discussion about some aspects and problems occurring in the use of those oxidative agents for discoloration processes in laboratories. There is also a presentation of the effects that such parameters as consumption of oxidants and the doses applied, pH and temperature, had on the time required for discoloration reactions.     

浅谈分散染料与活性染料复配技术（一）

分散染料与活性染料已成为纺织染料的主要品种。近十余年，通过商品化技术进行染料复配，能获得比单一染料性能优异、颜色更深的品种，这项技术成为西欧著名染料企业获得高额利润的核心。分散染料与涤纶同为非离子有机化合物，通过溶解度参数预测染料之间以及染料与纤维的相互作用，作为筛选和设计复配染料的组分。活性染料通过测试染料特征值SERF以及无机性值（I）／有机性值（O）的比值，决定单一染料的组成。上述两种方法作为预测复配染料中每一染料的性能，最终通过应用实验验证，是复配技术最为有效和简便的方法。除了为染料企业制造复配染料提供了一项技术，也为染料应用者在三原色以外如何选用拼色中的补充染料提供了可靠的依据。     

Application of Ozone in Stripping of Cotton Fabric Dyed with Reactive Dyes

ABSTRACT

This paper discusses the color stripping of cotton fabric dyed with four reactive dyes using ozone. An ozone color stripping process has been optimized in terms of pH, ozone dose, treatment time and dye concentration. Color stripping efficiency of the process is evaluated in light of the color properties including Lightness (L*), Lightness Difference (?L*), and Color Difference (?E*) in addition to strength properties, i.e., copper number and degree of polymerization as well as compared with a control method (conventional reductive color stripping method). The results demonstrate maximum color stripping at an ozone dose of 10 g/h, exposure time of 45 min, and pH maintained at 5. The Stripping Efficiency, however, decreases with increasing dye concentration from 0.5% to 4%, which implies that decolorization of dyed fabric with higher initial dye concentration requires higher ozone dose and/or longer exposure time. The strength of the ozone-stripped fabric sample is almost similar to that of control. The chemical oxygen demand of effluent generated by ozone stripping process is 97% lower than the effluent produced by the conventional stripping method. The Ozone Stripping Process hence proves to be environment-friendly as it consumes less water, energy, and chemicals.     

Effect of Mn Dispersion on Gas Phase Ozone Decomposition at Room Temperature Using Natural Manganese Oxides

In this study, various analyses were performed to evaluate the ozone removal characteristics using natural manganese ore (NMO) at room temperature. NMO exists primarily in the form of MnO₂, and the specific forms of manganese oxide are formed as the calcination temperature increases. The activity tests, XRD, BET, and XPS analyses confirmed that the dispersion of manganese site exposed to the surface was a critical factor for ozone removal using NMO. To evaluate the actual application of NMO as a catalyst for ozone decomposition, NMO was also made as a form of monolith; as a result, the catalyst showed an excellent conversion rate (over 80%) even at space velocity 30,000 h^?1.     

A Pilot-Scale Application of Ozone to Bleach Raw Cotton Fabric Using Various Additives

The influence of various additives on the efficiency of optimized ozone bleaching process at pilot scale has been discussed in this study. The results reveal that the best whiteness (63.79) and strength of bleached fabric is achieved with the addition of surfactant (2 g/L) at an ozone dose of 50 g/h, pH 5, and ozone treatment time of 45 min at room temperature. The dyeing quality of ozone-bleached and hydrogen peroxide-bleached fabric samples is almost identical. The analysis of variance of the experimental data validates that the process parameters have significantly affected the efficiency of ozone bleaching process.     

Influence of Chemical Surface Characteristics of Natural Zeolite on Catalytic Ozone Abatement

In this article, the effect of zeolite chemical surface properties on gaseous ozone removal was investigated. Zeolite samples with different surface chemical composition were prepared from a Chilean natural zeolite. Such treatments included acid de-alumination, and thermal treatment at 400 °C and 550 °C prior to contact with ozone. Chemical modification of natural zeolite showed that the generation of new Lewis acid sites on zeolite surface increases ozone removal. It is concluded that Lewis acid sites present on zeolite surface play a key role enhancing the gaseous ozone elimination.     

Surface Properties of Glucose-Based Surfactants and Their Application in Textile Dyeing with Natural Dyes

In this study, propylene glycol-based glycosides were obtained using an acetalization reaction in which glucose was first reacted with propylene glycol. Subsequently, the propylene glycol glycoside was reacted with alkyl glycidyl ether of varying carbon chain lengths (i.e., 08-G, 10-G, 12-G, 14-G, and 16-G) to synthesize a series of glucose-based biodegradable surfactants. The experimental results show that the surface activity of the C₈–C₁₂ glucose-based surfactants increases with the carbon chain length. However, the surface activity of the C₁₄–C₁₆ glucose-based surfactants decreased as the carbon chain length increased. Among all the surfactants, the C₁₂ glucose-based surfactant exhibited the most efficient emulsification ability, lowest surface tension, lowest fluorescence intensity, highest zeta potential, and good emulsification stability. The glucose-based surfactants were used as additives in natural plant dyes made from turmeric or henna to dye wool fabrics. Higher color strengths were observed in the C₁₄ glucose-based surfactant.     

Mechanical Properties and Stability to Light Exposure for Dyed Egyptian Cotton Fabrics with Natural and Synthetic Dyes

Synthetic dyes are more available than natural dyes were in the past, because of lower prices and wider ranges of bright shades with considerably improved color fastness properties. In current years, concern for the environment has created an increasing demand for natural dyes, which are friendlier to the environment than are synthetic dyes. The aim of this work is to study the effect of dyeing cotton fabrics with both a natural dye (henna) and a synthetic dye (Remazol blue) on some mechanical properties and those of stability to light exposure. The undyed and dyed cotton fabrics were tested for their mechanical behaviors expressed as tenacity (N), elongation %, and work-breaking (N · m). They were also tested for shrinkage and crease recovery angle. The stability to light before and after 100 h exposure was examined by investigating the microstructure [using x-ray diffraction (XRD)] and macrostructure [using a scanning electron microscope (SEM)] and the reflection spectra. The results proved that the cotton samples dyed with Henna dye have higher mechanical properties than those dyed with “Remazol” reactive dye. Moreover, the light fading behaviors of both synthetic and natural dyes were studied in terms of the reflection spectra (400–800 nm), microstructure, and macrostructure of the sample's fibers.     

Characterization of Natural Water for Potential to Oxidize Organic Pollutants with Ozone

A laboratory study has been designed to investigate the decomposition of ozone in natural water and to determine its potential to produce hydroxyl free radicals for the oxidation of micropollutants during the ozonation process of drinking water. This report describes the first data obtained using a continuous flow reactor capable of observing reactions with relatively short time scales (Q = 34 mL/min; 1.4 < t_c < 27 sec). Rates of ozone decay were studied in fulvic acid solution in the presence, or in the absence of radical scavenger (tert-butyl alcohol) or of promoter of ozone decomposition (formic acid), and a micropollutant of interest (tetrachloroethylene). Also, three natural waters were studied, illustrating that OH radical formation depends on chemical composition of the waters.     

Ozone Consumption in Natural Waters: Effects of Background Organic Matter,pH and Carbonate Species

It was demonstrated that, in natural waters, the overall kineticsof dissolved ozone consumption can be characterized by the “specific ozone utilization rate”, w[time ^?1]. The dependency of w on the chemical quality of the raw water was analyzed. And, the variation of w values measured in different water samples was explained in terms of the pH, alkalinity, and total organic carbon content of the solution matrix.     

改性棉织物及其染色性能的研究

本文采用高碘酸钠溶液将棉纤维选择性氧化成二醛纤维素,再用自制阳离子助剂WLS-10对氧化棉纤维进行处理。探讨了高碘酸钠和WLS-10助剂用量、处理时间、处理温度等条件对染色性能的影响。确定出高碘酸钠和WLS-10助剂改性处理的最佳工艺条件,并确定了改性棉织物最佳染色工艺,评价了改性效果。研究结果表明：改性棉织物采用无盐...     

槐米染色棉织物工艺及其抗紫外性能研究

为实现槐米染料的工业化应用及提高棉织物的功能性,分析了使用壳聚糖、Al3+、Fe2+媒染剂预媒染色法对棉织物染色效果的影响,重点研究了铝预媒染方法染色温度、染色时间、pH值等工艺参数对染色棉织物K/S值的影响,并测试了槐米染色棉织物的抗紫外性能。结果表明:直接使用槐米染色的效果较差;壳聚糖媒染对上染效果影响不大,使用铝、铁媒染剂,可得到不同颜色的棉织物;铝媒染剂染色棉织物为鲜艳的黄色,为较好的媒染方法;铝预媒染染色方法染色优化条件为:温度为80℃,染色时间120分钟,染浴pH值为6.8;铝预媒染染色棉织物具有较好的抗紫外性能。     

活性染料染棉常见异常分析

活性染料是纤维素纤维染色的主要染料。从棉织物染色常见的色迹、色点、色花、色差和色牢度等角度分析生产时每一个制程所需要注意的事项,并分析了上述制程中在对设备、水质、染助剂、胚布、前处理和染色工艺的选择可能造成的染色异常。     

棉织物活性染料冷轧堆染色工艺探讨

本文针对活性染料对棉织物的冷轧堆染色工艺进行了探讨。在探讨单因素影响染色效果的基础上,利用正交试验法确定了棉织物活性染料冷轧堆染色的优化工艺。与传统染色工艺进行对比的结果表明,活性染料冷轧堆染色具有设备简单、浴比小、固色率高、色差小、能耗低等优点,值得应用。     

棉纤维阳离子化与活性染料无盐染色

本文系统综述了棉纤维阳离子化试剂的发展，阳离子化试剂主要有6种类型：环氧类含氮化合物、一氟均三嗪型季铵盐化合物、氮杂环丁烷阳离子化合物、N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺和阳离子丙烯基共聚物、羟烷基铵盐化合物以及生物质阳离子化试剂。对各类阳离子化试剂在活性染料染色中的优缺点进行了分析：生物质阳离子化试剂的研究已逐步显现出优势．在棉纤维阳离子化同时赋与纤维其它功能性，出成为阳离子化试刺研发中的另一个重点有30篇参考文献。     

Application of Oxidation by a Combined Ozone/Ultraviolet Radiation System to the Treatment of Natural Water

When treating natural water, the simultaneous use of ozone and UV rays can lead to high level oxidation of the ozone–refractory organics. The main parameters affecting the efficiency of the O₃/UV system are: the ozonation rate, the average UV radiation intensity, the pH measurement, alkalinity, and the type of compound to be oxidized.

In optimum Ou/UV system application conditions, the abatement of COD in water from the Seine river is never above 30%. On the other hand, TOC removal is increased in weakly carbonated pond water loaded with humic matter. The O₃/UV system also ensures oxidation of saturated volatile organic halogens, with the exception of carbon tetrachloride.     

纯棉针织物湖蓝、艳绿系列染色生产实践

介绍纯棉针织物湖蓝、艳绿系列染色采取的改进措施,解决小样与大样色差大,易产生色花、色点、风印等质量问题。