垂直管内气液两相弹状流含气率研究

In order to investigate the influence of the entrance effect on the spatial distribution of phases, the experiments on gas-liquid two-phase slug flow in a vertical pipe of 0.03m ID were carried out by using optical probes and an EKTAPRO 1000 high speed motion analyzer. It demonstrates that the radial profile of slug flow void fraction is parabolic. Influenced by the falling liquid film, the radial profile curve of liquid slug void fraction in the wake region is also parabolic. Since fully turbulent velocity distribution is built up in the developed region,the void fraction profile in this region is the saddle type. At given superficial liquid velocity, the liquid slug void fraction increases with gas velocity. The radial profiles of liquid slug void fraction at different axial locations are all saddle curves, but void fraction is obviously high around the centerline in the entrance region. The nearer the measuring station is from the entrance, the farther the peak location is away from the wall.     

Reconstruction of electrical capacitance tomography images based on fast linearized alternating direction method of multipliers for two-phase flow system

Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) has been applied to two-phase flow measurement in recent years. Image reconstruction algorithms play an important role in the successful applications of ECT. To solve the il-posed and nonlinear inverse problem of ECT image reconstruction, a new ECT image reconstruction method based on fast lin-earized alternating direction method of multipliers (FLADMM) is proposed in this paper. On the basis of theoretical analysis of compressed sensing (CS), the data acquisition of ECT is regarded as a linear measurement process of permittivity distribution signal of pipe section. A new measurement matrix is designed and L1 regularization method is used to convert ECT inverse problem to a convex relaxation problem which contains prior knowledge. A new fast alternating direction method of multipliers which contained linearized idea is employed to minimize the objective function. Simulation data and experimental results indicate that compared with other methods, the quality and speed of reconstructed images are markedly improved. Also, the dynamic experimental results in-dicate that the proposed algorithm can fulfil the real-time requirement of ECT systems in the application.     

电容层析成像技术在分离器料腿浓度测量中的应用

Accurate solid concentration measurement plays a key role in the process industry. Measurements analyzed offline can be used to estimate process efficiencies, to identify problems in a flow, and to validate computational models. Online measurements can be used for active control. Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) is a unique measuring technique with great potential in multiphase flow measurement. Experimental studies are carried out on a solid concentration measurement in a cyclone separator dipleg, using ECT. In this experiment eight electrodes are selected for the ECT sensor that is placed on the straight tube of the dipleg. The fluctuating characteristics according to the screw feeder and the effect of the airflow rate from the top of the cyclone are analyzed. The feasibility and reliability of the method are verified by the experimental results.     

气液两相流的多尺度混沌特性分析

Using the high-speed camera the time sequences of the classical flow patterns of horizontal gas-liquid pipe flow are recorded, from which the average gray-scale values of single-frame images are extracted. Thus obtained gray-scale time series is decomposed by the Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) method, the various scales of the signals are processed by Hurst exponent method, and then the dual-fractal characteristics are obtained. The scattered bubble and the bubble cluster theories are applied to the evolution analysis of two-phase flow patterns. At the same time the various signals are checked in the chaotic recursion chart by which the two typical characteristics (diagonal average length and Shannon entropy) are obtained. Resulting term of these properties, the dynamic characteristics of gas-liquid two-phase flow patterns are quantitatively analyzed. The results show that the evolution paths of gas-liquid two-phase flow patterns can be well characterized by the integrated analysis on the basis of the gray-scale time series of flowing images from EMD, Hurst exponents and Recurrence Plot (RP). In the middle frequency section (2nd, 3rd, 4th scales), three flow patterns decomposed by the EMD exhibit dual fractal characteristics which represent the dynamic features of bubble cluster, single bubble, slug bubble and scattered bubble. According to the change of diagonal average lengths and recursive Shannon entropy characteristic value, the structure deterministic of the slug flow is better than the other two patterns. After the decomposition by EMD the slug flow and the mist flow in the high frequency section have obvious peaks. Anyway, it is an effective way to understand and characterize the dynamic characteristics of two-phase flow patterns using the multi-scale non-linear analysis method based on image gray-scale fluctuation signals.     

垂直管内通气空泡掺气过程仿真分析简

A semi-empirical gas entrainment model was proposed for the ventilated cavity in vertical pipe, based on which, a complete numerical scheme was established by coupling with the Eulerian-Eulerian two-fluid model to predict the multiscale flow field created by ventilated cavity. Model predictions were validated against experimental measurements on void fraction and bubble size distributions. Simulations were carried out to explore the effect of ventilation rate and inlet turbulence intensity on the macroscale cavity shape and the bubbly flow downstream of the ventilated cavity. As the ventilation rate increasing, a reverse trend was observed for the void fraction and bub- ble size distributions. It is concluded that the average void fraction in the pipe flow region is determined by the volumetric ratio between liquid and gas. However, the bubble size evolution is dominated by the breakage effect induced by turbulence in the vortex region. Furthermore, simulations were conducted to analyze geometric scale effect based upon Froude similitude. The results imply that the velocity distributions were properly scaled. Slight scale effect was seen for the void fraction caused by faster dispersion of bubbles in the larger size model. The com- paratively greater bubble size was predicted in the smaller model, implying significant scale effects in terms of tur- bulence and surface tension effect. It reveals that empirical correlations valid in wide range are required for the ex- trapolation from small-size laboratory models.     

非牛顿流体中垂直上升油气水三相泡状流及段塞流的动力学特性非线性检验(英文)

Based on the conductance fluctuation signals measured from vertical upward oil-gas-water three-phase flow experiment, time frequency representation and surrogate data method were used to investigate dynamical characteristics of oil-in-water type bubble and slug flows. The results indicate that oil-in-water type bubble flow will turn to deterministic motion with the increase of oil phase fraction f o and superficial gas velocity U sg under fixed flowrate of oil-water mixture Q mix . The dynamics of oil-in-water type slug flow becomes more complex with the increase of U sg under fixed flowrate of oil-water mixture. The change of f o leads to irregular influence on the dynamics of slug flow. These interesting findings suggest that the surrogate data method can be a faithful tool for characterizing dynamic characteristics of oil-in-water type bubble and slug flows.     

Interfacial Shear Stress of Stratified Flow in a Horizontal Pipe

Experimented data are presented for the void fraction aud the shear stresses of stratified gas-liquid flow in a pipe, A new technique was used to measure the interface shear strew. The interfacial shear stress was determined by using two methods: a momentum balance of gas and an extrapolation of the Reynolds shear stress prone at the gas-liquld interface. A new formula ,relatiog to the interfacial friction factor with the void fraction and superficiol gas Rcynold number, was dewloped to predict the interface shear stress. The predicted values are in good agreement with experimental data.     

基于改进的RBF网络和自适应小波图像增强的ECT两相流测量系统(英文)

Electrical capacitance tomography(ECT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that aims at visualizing the cross-sectional permittivity distribution and phase distribution of solid/gas two-phase flow based on the measured capacitance.To solve the nonlinear and ill-posed inverse problem:image reconstruction of ECT system,this paper proposed a new image reconstruction method based on improved radial basis function(RBF) neural network combined with adaptive wavelet image enhancement.Firstly,an improved RBF network was applied to establish the mapping model between the reconstruction image pixels and the capacitance values measured.Then,for better image quality,adaptive wavelet image enhancement technique was emphatically analyzed and studied,which belongs to a space-frequency analysis method and is suitable for image feature-enhanced.Through multi-level wavelet decomposition,edge points of the image produced from RBF network can be determined based on the neighborhood property of each sub-band;noise distribution in the space-frequency domain can be estimated based on statistical characteristics;after that a self-adaptive edge enhancement gain can be constructed.Finally,the image is reconstructed with adjusting wavelet coefficients.In this paper,a 12-electrode ECT system and a pneumatic conveying platform were built up to verify this image reconstruction algorithm.Experimental results demonstrated that adaptive wavelet image enhancement technique effectively implemented edge detection and image enhancement,and the improved RBF network and adaptive wavelet image enhancement hybrid algorithm greatly improved the quality of reconstructed image of solid/gas two-phase flow [pulverized coal(PC)/air].     

Local Measurement of Gas-Liquid Bubbly Flow with a Double-Sensor Probe

A double-sensor probe was used to measure local interfacial parameters of a gas-liquid bubbly flow in a horizontal tube. The parameters included void fraction, interfacial concentration, bubble size distribution, bubble frequency and bubble interface velocity. The authors paid special attention to the probe design and construction for minimizing measurement errors. Measures were also taken in the design of sensor ends for preventing corrosions in the flow. This is an effort to improve the current double-sensor probe technique to meet the ever-increasing needs to local varameter measurements in gas-liquid two-phase flows.     

基于MUSIG模型的竖直圆管内液氮过冷沸腾数值模拟研究(英文)

Multiple size group （MUSIG） model combined with a threedimensional twofluid model were em ployed to predict subcooled boiling flow of liquid nitrogen in a vertical upward tube. Based on the mechanism of boiling heat transfer, some important bubble model parameters were amended to be applicable to the modeling of liquid nitrogen. The distribution of different discrete bubble classes was demonstrated numerically and the distribu tion patterns of void fraction in the wallheated tube were analyzed. It was found that the average void fraction in creases nonlinearly along the axial direction with wall heat flux and it decreases with inlet mass flow rate and sub cooled temperature. The local void fraction exhibited a Ushape distribution in the radial direction. The partition of the wall heat flux along the tube was obtained. The results showed that heat flux consumed on evaporation is the leading part of surface heat transfer at the rear region of subcooled boiling. The turning point in the pressure drop curve reflects the instability of bubbly flow. Good agreement was achieved on the local heat transfer coefficient aalnst experimental measurements, which demonstrated the accuracy of the numerical model.     

基于ECT和蚂蚁算法的油气两相流空隙率在线测量

基于电容层析成像系统（ECT）和蚂蚁算法，提出了一种油气两相流空隙率在线测量的新方法。该方法利用电容层析成像系统12电极电容传感器所获取的66个测量电容信息，首先根据电容层析成像系统所获取的流型辨识结果确定对应流型下的实际空隙率测量模型参数f和b，然后利用蚂蚁算法的信息素信息，找到当前测量状态下对空隙率起主要作用的组合电容集合和相应的权重系数，从而实现空隙率测量。与流型相对应的空隙率测量线性模型参数f和b基于先验数据通过最小二乘方法确定。油气两相流的实验结果表明，该方法对空隙率的在线测量是有效的，避免了复杂的图像重建计算，实时性能佳，测量时间小于0.08 s。在几种典型流型下，提出的空隙率测量方法与常用的快关阀方法相比最大测量偏差小于5.5%。     

Void fraction in vertical gas-liquid slug flow: Influence of liquid slug content

In this study we develop a model for computing the mean void fraction and the liquid slug void fraction in vertical upward gas-liquid intermittent flow. A new model for the rate of gas entrained from the Taylor bubble to the liquid slug is formulated. It uses the work done by the pressure force at the rear of the Taylor bubble. Then an iterative approach is employed for equating the gas entrainment flux and the gas flux obtained via conservation equations. Model predictions are compared with experimental data. The developed iterative method is found to provide reasonable quantitative predictions of the entrainment flux and of the void fraction at low and moderate liquid slug void fraction conditions. However, with an increased liquid slug void fraction experimental data indicate that the flow in the liquid slug transits to churn-heterogeneous bubbly flow thus gas entrainment flux tends to zero. Considering this effect in the iterative model significantly improved the predictions for large liquid slug void fraction conditions.     

基于改进de Leeuw关系式的两相流质量流量测量

基于电容层析成像技术和文丘里管流量计,提出改进的de Leeuw关系式来实现油气两相流质量流量测量.实际测量中应用电容层析成像技术获取两相流空隙率和流型信息,由获取的空隙率通过关联Lockhart-Martinelli参数得到质量流量含气率.该改进关系式根据不同的流型信息选择经验参数 (该参数与气相弗劳德准数有关),结合质量流量含气率及文丘里管流量计获取的差压信息实现两相流质量流量测量.油气两相流的实验结果表明所提出的改进de Leeuw关系式是有效的.     

Void fraction measurement and calculation model of vertical upward co-current air–water slug flow

The focus of this paper is on the measurement and calculation model of void fraction for the vertical upward co-current air–water slug flow in a circular tube of 15 mm inner diameter. High-speed photography and optical probes were utilized, with water superficial velocity ranging from 0.089 to 0.65 m·s^-1 and gas superficial velocity ranging from 0.049 to 0.65 m·s^-1. A new void fraction model based on the local parameters was proposed, disposing the slug flow as a combination of Taylor bubbles and liquid slugs. In the Taylor bubble region, correction factors of liquid film thickness C_δ and nose shape C_Z^* were proposed to calculate α_TB. In the liquid slug region, the radial void fraction distribution profiles were obtained to calculate α_LS, by employing the image processing technique based on supervised machine learning. Results showed that the void fraction proportion in Taylor bubbles occupied crucial contribution to the overall void fraction. Multiple types of void fraction predictive correlations were assessed using the present data. The performance of the Schmidt model was optimal, while some models for slug flow performed not outstanding. Additionally, a predictive correlation was correlated between the central local void fraction and the cross-sectional averaged void fraction, as a straightforward form of the void fraction calculation model. The predictive correlation showed a good agreement with the present experimental data, as well as the data of Olerni et al., indicating that the new model was effective and applicable under the slug flow conditions.     

BUBBLE AND SLUG FLOW AT MICROGRAVITY CONDITIONS: STATE OF KNOWLEDGE AND OPEN QUESTIONS

Based on the experiments carried out over the past decade at microgravity conditions, an overview of our current knowledge of bubbly and slug flows is presented. The transition from bubble to slug flow, the void fraction and the pressure drop are discussed from the data collected in the literature. The transition from bubble to slug flow may be predicted by introducing a critical void fraction that depends on the fluid properties and the pipe diameter: however, the role of coalescence which controls this transition is not clearly understood. The void fraction may be accurately calculated using a drift-flux model: it is shown from local measurements that the drift of the gas with respect to the mixture is due to the non uniform radial distribution of void fraction. The pressuredrop happens to be controlled by the liquid flow for bubbly flow whereas for slug flow the experimental results show that pressure drops is larger than expected. From this study, the guidelines for future research in microgravity are given.     

弹状流液弹区含气率分布的试验研究

采用光纤探针法和高速摄影法对垂直上升气液两相弹状流的液弹区含气率分布进行了试验研究,测试管径为15 mm。一种基于机器学习的图像处理技术用来识别气液两相界面,通过搭建气泡边界提取的神经网路系统,使用构建的气泡边界数据库对模型进行多次迭代训练,该方法可以有效地识别多种复杂类型的气泡边界。试验得到了弹状流液弹区的径向含气率分布曲线,结果表明,壁峰分布是液弹区含气率分布的主要形式,其中泰勒气泡的尾迹效应对分布形式有重要影响,尾迹的旋涡中心和含气率分布的峰值相对应。针对弹状流液弹区径向含气率分布的两个主要特征——中心局部含气率和壁峰位置,分别提出了相应的预测公式,且与本文的试验数据吻合良好。     

Interrogating the effect of 90° bends on air–silicone oil flows using advanced instrumentation

When gas/liquid mixtures flow around a bend they are subjected to forces additional to those encountered in a straight pipe. The behaviour of the flows at the inlet and outlet of the bend depends on the orientation of the pipes. Air/silicone oil flows around a 90° bend have been investigated using advanced instrumentation: Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT), Wire Mesh Sensor Tomography (WMS) and high-speed video. The first two provide time and cross-sectionally resolved data on void fraction. ECT probes were mounted 10 diameters upstream of the bend whilst WMS was positioned either immediately upstream or immediately downstream of the bend. The downstream pipe was maintained horizontal whilst the upstream pipe was mounted either vertically or horizontally. The bend (R/D=2.3) was made of transparent acrylic resin. From an analysis of the output from the tomography equipment, flow patterns were identified using both the reconstructed images as well as the characteristic signatures of Probability Density Function (PDF) plots of the time series of cross-sectionally averaged void fraction as suggested by Costigan and Whalley (1996). The superficial velocities of the air ranged from 0.05 to 4.73 m/s and for the silicone oil from 0.05 to 0.38 m/s. Bubble/spherical cap, slug, unstable slug and churn flows were observed before the bend for the vertical pipe and plug, slug, stratified wavy and annular flows when the pipe was horizontal. Bubble, stratified wavy, slug, semi-annular and annular flows are seen after the bend for the vertical 90° bend whilst for the horizontal 90° bend, the flow patterns remained the same as before the bend. Flow patterns for the vertical and horizontal 90° bends are shown on the diagram of the gas superficial velocity versus liquid superficial velocity. These results are confirmed by the high-speed videos taken around the bend. A previously proposed criterion, to determine stratification after the bend, based on a modified Froude number have been shown to be valid for a liquid different from that tested in the original paper.     

气液两相垂直管流中弹状流型数学模型

本文对气液两相垂直管流的弹状流型的流动机理进行了分析,建立了数学模型。模型的特点是采用了以弹状气泡速度运动的相对座标系,在弹状气泡周围下落液膜流动、液体段空隙率计算和压降计算等方面部提出了新的观点。在两种管径中用空气-水系统进行了实验以验证模型,与一些其他作者的实验数据和理论模型也进行了比较,结果都表明这个机理模型计算的弹状流型的各种流体力学参数值与实验值吻合良好,也优于其他作者提出的模型。     

矩形截面螺旋通道内气液两相流局部含气率分布实验研究

应用电导探针测量技术,对矩形截面螺旋通道内气液两相流局部含气率进行实验研究。在不同的气相折算速度下,应用电导探针测量了弹状流弹单元的长度,并与可视化方法进行对比,验证了电导探针的可靠性,并为信号处理选择合适的阈值。分别在泡状流、弹状流及环状流三种流型的条件下,分析了气相与液相折算速度对局部含气率分布的影响。实验结果发现,螺旋通道气液两相局部含气率呈非对称的抛物线形分布,这种非对称性受流型和液相折算速度的影响。     

Hydrodynamic characteristics of gas-liquid slug flow in a downward inclined pipe

Gas-liquid slug flow in a downward inclined pipe was studied experimentally by employing a wire-mesh sensor that enables quantitative measurements of the cross-sectional void fraction distribution. Processing of the wire-mesh sensor data was applied to carry out a statistical analysis of characteristic parameters of downward slug flow, such as bubble and liquid slug length distributions, as well as to determine the ensemble-averaged shapes of the bubble nose, liquid film and bubble tail. It was found that the pipe inclination affects mainly the bubble length, while variation in the gas flow rate affects both bubble and slug length. The bubble nose shape is more sensitive to the flow conditions than the bubble tail. The 3D structure of an elongated bubble in downward slug flow was reconstructed from the wire-mesh sensor data.